david pritchard. bibliography.

[1] John Edward Abraham. A review of the MEPLAN modelling framework from a perspective of urban economics. Research Report CE98-2, University of Calgary, Department of Civil Engineering, Calgary, AB, Canada, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[2] John Edward Abraham. Parameter Estimation in Urban Models: Theory and Application to a Land Use Transport Interaction Model of the Sacramento, California Region. PhD thesis, University of Calgary, Department of Civil Engineering, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, land use transport link
[3] John Edward Abraham and John Douglas Hunt. Dynamic microsimulation of heterogeneous spatial markets. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Economics with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, Maastricht, The Netherlands, June 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling, ilute
[4] John Edward Abraham and John Douglas Hunt. Spatial market representations: concepts and application to integrated planning models. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual North American Meetings of the Regional Science Association International, San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling, ilute
[5] John Edward Abraham and John Douglas Hunt. Dynamic submodel integration using an offer-accept discrete event simulator. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Travel Behavior Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Lots of tiny details about simulation of market transactions. Includes some application to an Oregon model. Some discussion of fictional characters (auctioneer and aggregator) typical in microeconomic discussion of markets.
Keywords: urban economics, ilute
[6] John Edward Abraham and John Douglas Hunt. Market-based linkages in integrated land use transport models. In Proceedings of the 8th Computers in Planning and Urban Management Conference, Sendai, Japan, March 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
An economic market approach to urban system modelling is described, where all interactions are characterized as exchanges in a market. This leads to a natural partition of an integrated urban model into submodels based on the category of good or service being supplied or demanded, the type of agent making the demand or supply, and the time and place of interaction. Actors communicate through 6 defined operations on markets, decoupling the algorithms representing different behaviour. Agent based approaches to simulation are a natural extension of the market approach, allowing a transaction based simulation of heterogeneous spatial markets with individual agents making specific offers in specific places at specific times, and other agents accepting those offers at future specific times. Incorporating many existing modelling methods into such a framework requires a set of average prices by segmenting markets by commodity category, space and time, and wrapping the modules in interfaces that recast the inputs and ouputs into market operations. The paradigm is applied to two existing modelling frameworks: the Sacramento MEPLAN model and the Oregon statewide TLUMIP model.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[7] John Edward Abraham, Susan McMillan, Alan T. Brownlee, and John Douglas Hunt. Investigation of cycling sensitivities. In Transportation Research Board Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., USA, January 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[8] John Edward Abraham, T. Weidner, J. Gliebe, C. Willison, and John Douglas Hunt. Three methods for synthesizing base-year built form for use in integrated land use-transport models. Transportation Research Record, 1902:114-123, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, urban planning
[9] Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing. “not In My Back Yard”: Removing barriers to affordable housing. Technical report, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C., USA, July 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, urban planning
[10] Christopher Alexander. A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum, 122:58-62, 58-61, April, May 1965. [ bib ]
Apparently, a critique of hierarchical, tree-like city design (particularly conventional suburban street layouts)
Keywords: architecture, urban design, urban form, streets, street design
[11] Christopher Alexander. The timeless way of building. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1979. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[12] Christopher Alexander. The nature of order. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[13] Christopher Alexander, S. Ishikawa, M. Silverstein, M. Jacobson, and I. Fiksdahl-King. A pattern language. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[14] Christopher Alexander, H. Neis, A. Anninou, and I. King. A new theory of urban design. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[15] Don Alexander and Ray Tomalty. Smart Growth and sustainable development: challenges, solutions and policy directions. Local Environment, 7(4):397-409, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada, smart growth
[16] L.A. Alexander. Better downtown parking: Increasing the supply and managing it better. Technical report, Downtown Research & Development Center, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
This publication presents guidelines for improving downtown parking. It explains how to “think right” about downtown parking; how to “plan a total parking system” that meets all needs; how to get the “right amount of parking” and how to define your downtown “parking goals” and shape “parking plans” to reach them. In addition, this report aims to alert downtowners to essential “new ideas and concepts” such as efficient shared-parking, standards for calculating demand, organizing free parking districts, etc. Another basic idea covered relates to “making all parking more productive” by parking system management. Other topics covered include relationship to transit, handling heavy employee parking loads, metering or not metering, and the “ideal” parking system.

Keywords: parking, transportation demand management
[17] D. Patrick Allen, Nagui Rouphail, Joseph E. Hummer, and Joseph S. Milazzo II. Operational analysis of uninterrupted bicycle facilities. Transportation Research Record, 1636:30-36, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[18] Cheryl Allen-Munley, Janice Daniel, and Sunil Dhar. Urban bicycle route safety rating logistic model. Transportation Research Record, 1878, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
In response to the renewed appreciation of the benefits of bicycling to the environment and public health, public officials across the nation are working to establish new bicycle routes (1). During the past two decades, a number of methods have been endorsed for the selection of “suitable” bicycle routes. These methods are limited in that they do not explicitly address bicycle safety nor do they reflect urban conditions. The purpose of this research was to develop an objective bicycle route safety rating model based on injury severity. The model development was conducted using a logistic transformation of Jersey City's bicycle crash data for the period 1997-2000. The resulting model meets a 90% confidence level by using various operational and physical factors (traffic volume, lane width, population density, highway classification, the presence of vertical grades, one-way streets and truck routes) to predict the severity of an injury that would result from a motor vehicle crash that occurred at a specific location. The modeled rating of the bicycle route's safety is defined as the expected value of the predicted injury severity. This rating is founded on the premise that safe routes produce less severe accidents than unsafe routes. The contribution of this research goes beyond the model's predictive capacity in comparing the safety of alternative routes. The model provides planners with an understanding, derived from objective data, of the factors that add to the route's safety, the factors that reduce safety and the factors that are irrelevant. The model confirms widely held beliefs, as evidenced by the findings that highways with steep grades, truck routes and poor pavement quality, create an unfavorable environment for bicyclists. On the other hand, the model found that increased volume and reduced lane width, at least in urban areas, actually reduce the likelihood of severe injury. Planners are encouraged to follow the lead of experienced bicyclists in choosing routes that travel through the urban centers as opposed to diverting bicyclists to circuitous routes on wide, low volume roads at the periphery of cities.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[19] William Alonso. A theory of the urban land market. Papers and Proceedings, Regional Science Association, 6:149-157, 1960. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use modelling, land use transport link, urban economics
[20] Alta Planning and Design. San Francisco's shared lane pavement markings: Improving bicycle safety. Technical report, San Francisco Department of Parking and Traffic, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some useful research on a distinctive type of bicycle facility. I still have mixed feelings on this design, although I can definitely imagine situations where it would be useful. The two major positive points are: it legitimizes cyclists taking the lane; improves distance between bicycles and door zone on streets where bicycles could not be otherwise accommodated. These are both major design achievements; I've spent some time thinking about these exact problems, and haven't come up with anything nearly as effective as this. However, I'm worried that this could be used as an excuse to not build bicycle lanes. A properly designed bicycle lane and parking zone should leave a buffer between parking and cyclists, and is more inviting on busy streets than a shared lane could be. Furthermore, a bicycle lane gives cyclists a real speed advantage in congested traffic: their lane might be empty while vehicle lanes are bumper-to-bumper.

The report shows that these markings encourage drivers to give bikes more clearance when passing, and gives bicycles the comfort margin needed to get them out of the dooring zone. Unfortunately, they don't address the issue of pavement markings to encourage parked cars to stay close to the curb, which is also an important part of the story.

Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement marking
[21] Alan Altshuler. The Urban Transportation System. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[22] Katie Alvord. Divorce Your Car! Ending the love affair with the automobile. New Society Publishers, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, history, transport planning, urban planning
[23] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide for development of new bicycle facilities. Technical report, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., USA, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport planning
[24] American Public Transit Association. The transit fact book, 1996-97. Technical report, American Public Transit Association, Washington, D.C., USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[25] Alex Anas. NYSIM (The New York Simulation Model): A Model of Cost-Benefit Analysis of Transportation Projects. Regional Planning Association, New York City, NY, USA, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[26] Alex Anas. METROSIM: A unified economic model of transportation and land-use. Technical report, Alex Anas & Associates, Williamsville, NY, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[27] Alex Anas. Capitalization of urban travel improvements into residential and commercial real estate: Simulations with a unified model of housing, travel mode and shopping choices. Journal of Regional Science, 35(3):351-375, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[28] Alex Anas. NYMTC transportation models and data initiative, the NYMTC Land Use Model. Technical report, Alex Anas & Associates, Williamsville, NY, USA, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[29] Alex Anas, R. Arnott, and Kenneth A. Small. Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature, 36:1426-1464, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form
[30] Simon P. Anderson and André de Palma. The economics of pricing parking. Journal of Urban Economics, 55(1):1-20, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, urban economics
[31] William P. Anderson, Pavlos S. Kanaroglou, and Eric J. Miller. Urban form, energy and the environment: A review of issues, evidence and policy. Urban Studies, 33(1):7-35, February 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, energy
[32] William P. Anderson, Pavlos S. Kanaroglou, Eric J. Miller, and Ron N. Buliung. Simulating automobile emissions in an integrated urban model. Transportation Research Record, 1520:71-80, 1996. [ bib ]
The network component of an integrated urban model called IMULATE is interfaced with the MOBILE5.C emissions models. IMULATE produces estimates of traffic flows and average speeds on each link in an urban road network using a user equilibrium assignment algorithm. This information is combined with speed-dependent emissions factors generated by MOBILE5.C to calculate estimates of the three types of emissions on a link-by-link basis. The combined models are implemented for the Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, metropolitan area. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the spatial patterns of emissions in the morning peak period and to demonstrate the impact of congestion on emissions estimates. The incorporation of detailed network performance information yields significant benefits in the estimation of regional automobile emissions.

Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling, ilute, greenhouse gases
[33] S. Antcliff. An introduction to DYNAMOD-a dynamic population microsimulation model. Technical report, National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, Canberra, Australia, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[34] Jerry Anthony. Do state growth management regulations reduce sprawl? Urban Affairs Review, 39(3):376-397, 2004. [ bib ]
Interesting data, but hard to draw many conclusions. The regression model's pooling of data is very dodgy... the 1982-1992 data points and 1992-1997 likely have correlated error terms. I imagine the data has issues, too-I'm wary of urban density figures, particularly when they don't define them carefully and had to analyse every area in the United States. There are interesting insights, though, particularly regarding Hawaii, Washington, and Florida. Florida limits development to areas with adequate infrastructure... but includes “high level-of-service roads” as part of the definition, excluding inner-city and dense areas with congested roads!
Keywords: urban planning, smart growth
[35] C.L. Antonakos. Environmental and travel preferences of cyclists. Transportation Research Record, 1438:25-33, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[36] Donald Appleyard. Livable Streets. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design, streets, street design, traffic calming
[37] Donald Appleyard and Allan B. Jacobs. Toward an urban design manifesto. Technical report, Institute of Urban & Regional Design, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[38] Donald Appleyard and M. Lintell. The environmental quality of city streets: the residents' viewpoint. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 38(2):84-101, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design, street design
[39] Donald Appleyard, Kevin Lynch, and John Myer. The View from the Road. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1964. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban planning, street design
[40] Wayne R. Archer and Marc T. Smith. Why do suburban offices cluster? Geographical Analysis, 25(1):53-64, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: location choice, firm behaviour, urban form
[41] Theo A. Arentze and Harry J.P. Timmermans. An analysis of context and constraints-dependent shopping behaviour using qualitative decision principles. Urban Studies, 42(3), March 2005. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: shopping, activity-based modelling
[42] Richard Arnott. The economic theory of urban traffic congestion: A microscopic research agenda. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Environmental Economics and the Economics of Congestion, Venice, Italy, July 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport planning, congestion pricing, parking
[43] Richard Arnott, Tilmann Rave, and Ronnie Schob. Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Apparently contains a fairly positive view of cycling, from a group of economists.
Keywords: congestion pricing, transport planning, urban economics, bicycle planning, parking
[44] Shelley R. Arnstein. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4):216-224, July 1969. [ bib ]
Keywords: public participation, urban planning
[45] W. Brian Arthur. Urban systems and historical path dependence. In Jesse H. Ausubel and Robert Herman, editors, Cities and Their Vital Systems, pages 85-97. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 1988. [ bib | .html ]
Keywords: location choice, urban economics
[46] C.A. Ashley and C. Banister. Cycling to work from wards in a metropolitan area: 3 testing the model. Traffic Engineering and Control, 30(9), September 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle modelling
[47] Colin Ashton-Graham, Gary John, Bruce James, Werner Brög, and Helen Grey-Smith. Increasing cycling through `soft' measures (TravelSmart)-Perth, Western Australia. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 18, pages 274-289. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

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Keywords: bicycle planning, marketing, transit
[48] Ivonne Audirac, Anne H. Shermylen, and Marc T. Smith. Ideal urban form and visions of the good life: Florida's growth management dilemma. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(4):471-483, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[49] Tracy B. Augur. The dispersal of cities as a defensive measure. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, pages 29-35, Summer 1948. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, history
[50] Lisa Aultman-Hall. Commuter Bicycle Route Choice: Analysis of Major Determinants and Safety Implications. PhD thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle safety, route choice
[51] Lisa Aultman-Hall and Michael F. Adams Jr. Sidewalk bicycling safety issues. Transportation Research Record, 1636:71-76, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada
[52] Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall. Ottawa-Carleton commuter cyclist on and off road incident rates. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30:29-43, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada
[53] Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall. Research design insights from a survey of urban bicycle commuters. Transportation Research Record, 1636:21-28, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[54] Lisa Aultman-Hall, Fred Hall, and Brian B. Baetz. Analysis of bicycle commuter routes using Geographic Information Systems: Implications for bicycle planning. Transportation Research Record, 1578:102-110, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[55] Lisa Aultman-Hall and M. Kaltenecker. Toronto bicycle commuter safety rates. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31(6):675-686, November 1999. [ bib ]
Interesting. This is one of the first thorough, scientific attempts at understanding cycling collisions that I've seen. The sampling methodology is always tricky, and their approach here is certainly not perfect. I would have liked to see questions about the type of facility where falls/collisions happened in their survey-this seems like vital information. The actual dataset also has its problems: only a small fraction of total exposure was on paths or sidewalks (6%). Additionally, the study area only contains a small amount of path facilities (74km), and from what I know of Toronto paths, most were built quite a long time ago and are very poorly designed and maintained. Many sections of the Martin Goodman waterfront trail were horrific when I rode it to work in 1999, and there are some really dodgy sections in the Don Valley system.

But otherwise, the study methodology is fairly sound, and the authors are suitably conservative in their conclusions. I don't fully understand their weighting system, but I'll reread that at some point.

Overall, I'd be very hesitant to condemn paths or sidewalks on the basis of a study like this. Sidewalks definitely have problems, but this study really only shows that badly designed/maintained paths are unsafe-not a surprise, really. And it says nothing at all about the “bicycle segregation” debate, despite popular citations on Wikipedia for that purpose.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada, toronto
[56] Lisa Aultman-Hall, Matthew Roorda, and B.W. Baetz. Using GIS for evaluation of neighbourhood pedestrian accessibility. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 19:53-66, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, accessibility
[57] Kay W. Axhausen. Can we ever obtain the data we would like to have? In K. Westin, editor, Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modelling, pages 305-323. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling
[58] Kay W. Axhausen. Geographies of somewhere: A review of urban literature. Urban Studies, 37(16):1849-1864, 2000. [ bib ]
The past 10 years have seen the publication of a whole range of books from the US dealing with the loss of place in one way or the other. The books under review were, in general, written for broad audiences and are, in many cases, campaign documents. Their success and substantial number indicate an unease, which many academic texts cannot formulate. They are in this way evidence, in just the same way as were The Death and Life of Great American Cities or Edge City. This European-based review will critically review these recent books in an attempt to highlight their common threads. While the books show particular concern for the poverty of current urban and suburban environments, they lack any substantial discussion of the economic mechanisms which are reproducing the undesired results. They are also unaware of the recent developments in communications and transport technologies, which have considerable potential to influence future trends, which will be discussed in the review. Also included in the review are a number of transport-oriented books, as they formulate a different aspect of the same concern about the built environment.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, general interest
[59] Kay W. Axhausen and J.W. Polak. Choice of parking: stated preference approach. Transportation, 18(1):59-81, 19991. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[60] Daniel A. Badoe. An Investigation into the Long Range Transferability of Work-Trip Discrete Mode Choice Models. PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, canada
[61] Daniel A. Badoe and Eric J. Miller. Analysis of temporal transferability of disaggregate work trip mode choice models. Transportation Research Record, 1493:1-11, 1995. [ bib ]
An empirical study is presented of the long-range temporal transferability properties within a fixed geographic area of disaggregate logit models of work trip mode choice. The study area is the greater Toronto area, Ontario, Canada. The two temporal contexts are 1964 and 1986, with models estimated from 1964 data being used to predict 1986 travel choices. In addition to the very long transfer period (which does not appear to have been previously examined), a major feature of this study is that a wide variety of model specifications, ranging from the simplest possible market share model to a complex market segmentation model, are tested to investigate the relationship between model specification and transferability. Major findings of the study include (a) as in most transferability studies, model parameters are not temporally stable; (b) pragmatically the transferred models provide considerable useful information about application context travel behavior; (c) in general, improved model specification improves the extent of the model's transferability; (d) an important exception to Point c is the complex market segment model, which appears to be “overspecified” and, in the face of changing contextual factors during the 22-year period predicts 1986 conditions quite poorly; (e) Point c notwithstanding, simple level-of-service models perform very well in terms of their spatially aggregate predictions (which are often of primary practical importance to planners); (f) the models that best fit the estimation context (1964) data do not always transfer the best to 1986 conditions; and (g) “transfer scaling”, in which modal utility constants and scales are updated, can significantly improve model transferability.

Keywords: transport modelling, canada
[62] Daniel A. Badoe and Eric J. Miller. Comparison of alternative methods for updating disaggregate logit mode choice models. Transportation Research Record, 1493:90-100, 1995. [ bib ]
An empirical assessment of alternative methods of updating disaggregate travel choice models so that their transferability from the estimation context within which they were originally developed to an application context (which differs from the original estimation context geographically or temporally, or both) is presented. The case study for the empirical tests performed is a long-term temporal transfer of work trip logit mode choice models estimated using 1964 data for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) to represent 1986 work trip mode choice in the GTA. Three updating procedures that have been previously presented in the literature are examined (Bayesian updating, transfer scaling, and combined transfer estimation), plus a fourth new procedure, joint context estimation. All four procedures assume that a “small” data set of observed travel choices is available for the application context, which can be used in the updating procedure. The case study results indicate that the latter three procedures all possess merit as potential updating methods, with the choice among the three depending on such items as model specification and application context sample size. The results also indicate that if the application context sample size exceeds 400 to 500 observations, then updating may provide little or no improvement over simple estimation of an application context model, especially if “full” model specification is supported by the available data.

Keywords: transport modelling
[63] Daniel A. Badoe and Eric J. Miller. An automatic segmentation procedure for studying variations in mode choice behavior. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 32(2):190-215, 1998. [ bib ]
Urban areas are very complex and heterogeneous in terms of their population composition and activity systems. The transit system, modal choices and service levels available to the population also varies considerably across space and time. These similarities and differences in choices and levels of explanatory variables facing individual tripmakers have to be explicitly considered in any study of transit behavior. The common practice has been to include user attributes, in addition to the system characteristics, in the modal utility functions to help capture differences in choice behavior across individuals. However, it could well be that the mode-choice behavior of a segment of the population is fundamentally different from other segments of the population. In view of this, some studies have applied segmentation schemes to help identify the subgroups of presumably different travel responses. Typically, such schemes have been based on stratification of the population by a single variable, chosen either based on a priori notions or one-way cross tabulations. This paper develops analytical procedure that simultaneously deals with level of service, socioeconomic and spatial factors to determine the relative role each plays in determining travel behavior. The procedure is applied to data from the Toronto region to illustrate its use.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[64] Daniel A. Badoe and Eric J. Miller. Modeling mode choice with data from two independent cross-sectional surveys: an investigation. Transportation Planning and Technology, 21:235-261, 1998. [ bib ]
The prevailing practice in travel demand modelling is to estimate disaggregate models of mode choice with data from the most recent cross-sectional travel survey available on an urban area for forecasting purposes. Very often, however, most urban areas have available data from older cross-sectional surveys, which are often entirely ignored in the modelling effort. This paper explores the possibility of pooling data from two independent cross-sectional travel surveys on the same urban area for model estimation and forecasting by applying a model structure which allows for transfer-bias, referred to as the joint context estimation procedure. This procedure consists of joint, full information maximum likelihood estimation of a related set of logit choice models for the contexts which are based on the following two assumptions: (1) differences in model parameter values between contexts are expressible in terms of differences in the contexts' alternative-specific constants and overall scale of the contexts' utility functions; and (2) aside from these differences in alternative-specific constants and scales, model parameters are common across contexts. An empirical case study is presented, involving the use of two datasets, gathered 22 years apart (1964 and 1986) for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), to estimate morning peak period work trip mode choice models. The estimated models are applied in prediction tests on the 1964, 1986 and a third independent data set, the 1991-data, also collected in the GTA. The performance of the joint context models is compared to that of an independent model, estimated on the 1986 data only. The results clearly demonstrate that joint context estimation dominates the independent 1986-model in predictive performance. The paper concludes by briefly discussing the possible roles, which joint context estimation might play in the development of improved transferability of disaggregate choice models.

Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling, ilute
[65] Daniel A. Badoe and Eric J. Miller. Transportation land-use interaction: empirical findings in North America, and their implications for modeling. Transportation Research D, 5(4):235-263, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, land use transport link
[66] C. Baeijs, Y. Demazeau, and L. Alvares. Application des systèmes multi-agents à la généralisation cartographique. In Actes des 3èmes journées francophones sur l'Intelligence Artificielle Distribuée et les Systèmes Multi-Agents, Cambéry, France, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science
[67] T.J. Baerwald. The emergence of a new “downtown.”. Geographical Review, 68:308-318, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link
[68] R. Bain. Improving the quality of city centre parking: will the consumer pay? Traffic Engineering and Control, 43(5):175-179, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[69] Vladimir Bajic. The effects of a subway line on housing prices in Metropolitan Toronto. Urban Studies, 20(2):147-158, 1983. [ bib ]
Sounds interesting-looks at the impacts on real estate around the Spadina line.
Keywords: transport planning, canada, land use transport link
[70] Michael R. Baltes. Factors influencing nondiscretionary work trips by bicycle determined from 1990 U.S. census metropolitan statistical area data. Transportation Research Record, 1538:96-101, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[71] Reza Banai. `neotraditional' settlements and dimensions of performance. Environment and Planning B, 23:177-190, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[72] David Banister. Congestion: market pricing for parking. Built Environment, 15(3/4):251-256, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, congestion pricing
[73] David Banister. Equity and acceptability questions in internalising the social costs of transport. In Internalising the Social Costs of Transportation, pages 153-171. OECD European Conference of Ministers of Transport, 1994. [ bib |

detailed annotation

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Keywords: urban economics, equity
[74] David Banister. Reducing the need to travel through planning. Town Planning Review, 65:349-354, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transportation demand management
[75] David Banister. Implementing the possible? Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4):499-501, December 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, urban politics
[76] David Banister and Joseph Berechman. Transport Investment and Economic Development. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, finance
[77] David Banister and Stephen Marshall. Encouraging Travel Alternatives: Good Practice in Reducing Travel. The Stationery Office Books, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[78] David Banister and John Pucher. Can sustainable transport be made acceptable? In Presented at the STELLA Focus Group on Institutions, Regulation and Markets in Transportation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, May 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some good notes on the airline industry, which is often ignored in analyses of sustainable transportation. Leisure travel is a major and growing part of the airline business. Airlines are often in a privileged position in terms of taxes, and have few incentives to reduce externalities. “When thinking about measures to achieve sustainable transport, there are some (like pricing) that are common to all futures. Such measures need to be implemented now, even though their impacts might be slow in the initial stages. For example, the UK government has increased the costs of driving through raising fuel duty by at least 5 per cent in real terms each year. In the transport sector, this is the main policy being pursued to meet the Kyoto reduction targets for CO2 emissions. Over the past six years, this has increased the price of a litre of fuel from 45 pence to 85 pence (1994-2000), of which 70 pence is tax and duty. The escalator has been removed (2000) after pressure from industry and other interests, particularly those in rural areas.”
Keywords: transport planning, intercity transport
[79] David Banister, Dominic Stead, Peter Steen, Jonas Åkerman, Karl Dreborg, Peter Nijkamp, and Ruggero Schleicher-Tappeser. European Transport Policy and Sustainable Mobility. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[80] David Banister, S. Watson, and C. Wood. Sustainable cities: transport, energy and urban form. Environment and Planning B, 24(2):125-143, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[81] Gary Barnes and Kevin J. Krizek. Estimating bicycle demand. Transportation Research Record, 1939, 2005. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[82] Jonathan Barnett. Redesigning Cities: Principles, Practice, Implementation. APA Planners Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[83] L. Barr. Testing for the significance of induced highway travel demand in metropolitan areas. Transportation Research Record, 1706:1-8, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[84] Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, and Llewelyn-Davies Consultants. The use of density in urban planning. Research Report RES71, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, UK, June 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[85] L. Basford, Stuart J. Reid, T. Lester, J. Thomson, and A. Tolmie. Driver's perceptions of cyclists. Technical Report 549, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 2002. [ bib | http ]
This report describes research that examined the attitude and behaviour of drivers towards cycle users. A range of qualitative and quantitative research techniques was used, including the use of virtual reality equipment to simulate encounters between drivers and cyclists. Variations in driver attitude and behaviour based on a number of factors, including physical infrastructure and cyclists behaviour were examined. The research also examined the effectiveness of two different approaches to improving drivers' consideration of the needs of cyclists. The report makes recommendations to improve driver training, for the layout of roads and for future campaigns to raise awareness of cyclists among drivers.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[86] J. Bates, A. Skinner, G. Scholefield, and R. Bradley. Study of parking and traffic demand: II. a demand Traffic Restraint Analysis Model (TRAM). Traffic Engineering and Control, 38(3):135-141, March 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[87] D.F. Batten and D.E. Boyce. Spatial interaction, transportation, and interregional commodity flow models. In P. Nijkamp, editor, Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, volume 1: Regional Economics, pages 357-406. North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling
[88] Michael Batty. Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, agent-based modelling
[89] Michael Batty. Complexity in city systems: Understanding, evolution and design. Working Paper 117, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London, UK, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form
[90] W.J. Baumol and W.E. Oates. The Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2nd edition, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[91] BC Transit. SkyTrain: A catalyst for development. Technical report, BC Transit, Vancouver, BC, USA, April 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, canada
[92] M. Beck and L. Immers. Bicycle ownership and use in Amsterdam. Transportation Research Record, 1441, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[93] M.J. Beckmann. On the distribution of urban rent and residential density. Journal of Economic Theory, 1:60-67, 1969. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[94] M.J. Beckmann, C.B. McGuire, and C.B. Winston. Studies in the Economics of Transportation. Yale University Press, New Haven, CI, USA, 1956. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[95] Richard J. Beckmann, Keith A. Baggerly, and Michael D. McKay. Creating synthetic baseline populations. Transportation Research A, 30(6):415-435, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, population synthesis
[96] Edward Beimborn and Robert Puentes. Highways and transit: Leveling the playing field in federal transportation policy. Technical report, The Brookings Institution, December 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: finance, transit
[97] R. Bellah. The good society. Knopf, New York City, NY, USA, 199. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology
[98] R. Bellah et al. Habits of the heart: individualism and commitment in American life. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology
[99] Moshe E. Ben-Akiva. Structure of passenger travel demand models. Transportation Research Record, 526, 1974. [ bib ]
Common reference of Miller's, used to justify prominence of auto ownership in models.
Keywords: transport modelling
[100] Moshe E. Ben-Akiva and Steven R. Lerman. Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: discrete choice modelling, transport modelling
[101] Eran Ben-Joseph. Changing the residential street scene: Adapting the shared street (woonerf) concept to the suburban environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(4):504-515, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, streets, street design, pedestrian planning
[102] Joseph Berechman and R.E. Paaswell. Evaluation, prioritization and selection of transportation investment projects in New York City. Transportation, 32(3):223-249, 2005. [ bib ]
This article reports on a methodological framework undertaken by the authors to help the stakeholders in The Partnership of the City of NY to understand a group of significant transportation capital investment projects and to provide a means to discriminate among them. The authors' major objects was to inform these stakeholders how to make rational and systematic choices based on economic and transportation grounds, in an environment where appropriate data is lacking, no comprehensive regional transportation plan or objectives are defined, and the decision-making environment is highly fragmented. After the authors define the problem, they discuss details of the analysis, including the methodology used, the data sources, and the cost-benefit models. The authors then introduce the Goals Achievement Matrix for the selection and prioritization of projects. The final selections discuss key results and consider specific and general policy implications. Out of the sizeable number of large-scale transportation investment projects that have been proposed for New York City, eight were selected for close scrutiny and assessment. The authors briefly discuss the top three: the Fulton Transit Center and permanent PATH station, the Penn Station/Farley Post Office, and the Number 7 Subway Extension. These projects scored highest on both transportation benefits and economic development benefits scales.

I attended a talk given the author, which seems to have focused on the content of this paper.
Keywords: prioritisation, finance, transit
[103] Lance Berelowitz. Reinventing Vancouver's waterfront, projects for a new urban mythology. Bauwelt, 89(12):600-605, 1998. in German; author's original in English. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, canada
[104] J. Bergdall and R. Williams. Perception of density. Berkeley Planning Journal, 5:15-38, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, urban design
[105] A. Bergström and R. Magnusson. Potential of transferring car trips to bicycle during winter. Transportation Research A, 37:649-666, 2003. [ bib ]
In this Swedish study, the attitudes towards cycling during winter in general, and in relation to winter maintenance of cycleways in particular, is examined. Questionnaires were answered by a thousand employees at four major companies in two Swedish cities. There was a clear difference in mode choice between seasons. The number of car trips increased by 27% from summer to winter while the number of bicycle trips decreased by 47%. The number of car trips increased with distance while the number of bicycle trips decreased, and the decrease was even more significant in winter than in summer. There was a difference in opinion between different categories of cyclists, on what factors influenced the choice of transport mode for the journey to work. Temperature, precipitation, and road condition were the most important factors to those who cycled to work in summer but not in winter. Exercise was the most important to those who cycled frequently in winter, and travel time the most important to those who never cycled to work. By improving winter maintenance service levels on cycleways, it might be possible to increase the number of bicycle trips during winter by 18%, representing a corresponding decrease in the number of car trips of 6%. To increase cycling during winter, snow clearance was found to be the most important maintenance measure. Skid control was not considered as important for the choice of mode, although important to attend to for safety reasons.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle safety
[106] P.R. Berke and M.M. Conroy. Are we planning for sustainable development? An evaluation of 30 comprehensive plans. Journal of the American Planning Assocation, 66:21-33, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: smart growth, urban planning
[107] M.K. Berkowitz, N.T. Gallini, Eric J. Miller, and R.A. Wolfe. Forecasting vehicle holdings and usage with a disaggregate choice model. Journal of Forecasting, 6(4):249-269, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: vehicle ownership, discrete choice modelling
[108] M.K. Berkowitz, N.T. Gallini, Eric J. Miller, and R.A. Wolfe. Disaggregate analysis of the demand for gasoline. Canadian Journal of Economics, 23(2):253-275, May 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: energy
[109] M.A. Berman. The transportation effects of neo-traditional development. Journal of Planning Literature, 10(4):347-363, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning
[110] Inger Marie Bernhoft. In depth interviews with road users in cyclist accidents. In Proceedings of the 11th International Bicycle Planning Conference, pages 63-67, Graz, Austria and Maribor, Slovenia, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions
[111] Inger Marie Bernhoft. Risk perception and behavior of elderly pedestrians and cyclists in cities in Denmark. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
The risk perception and behavior of elderly pedestrians and cyclists in cities in Denmark have been revealed by means of a questionnaire administered to both elderly people aged 70 and above and a control group aged 40-49, and interviews with some of the elderly respondents. The elderly appreciate pedestrian crossings, signalized intersections and cycle paths significantly more than the control group does. To a larger extent they feel that it is dangerous to cross the road where these facilities are missing. Furthermore, the elderly pedestrians find the presence of a sidewalk very important on their route whereas the control group more often chooses the fastest route. Differences within the group of elderly respondents can be related to differences in health and physical abilities rather that to differences in age. Generally, the elderly road users state a more cautious behavior in specific traffic situations than the control group. Thus, a significantly higher proportion of the elderly than the control group choose to walk up to a pedestrian crossing if they can see one and stop the bicycle before turning left, and a significantly lower proportion of the elderly choose to cross at a red light, ride on the sidewalk and ride in the opposite direction on the cycle path.

Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, streets
[112] M. Bernick and Robert Cervero. Transit villages in the 21st century. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, transport planning
[113] Brian J.L. Berry. Paradigm lost. Urban Geography, 23(5):441-445, 2002. [ bib ]
A curious slice of the history of geography as a discipline.
Keywords: geography
[114] Luca Bertolini and Frank le Clercq. Urban development without more mobility by car? lessons from Amsterdam, a multimodal urban region. Environment and Planning A, 35(4):575-589, April 2003. [ bib ]
The fundamental dilemma in attempts to make urban development less dependent upon mobility by car is the inability of alternatives to match the quality of accessibility provided by private motorized transport. Failure to recognize this means that bringing about environmentally more sustainable urban mobility patterns is only possible at economic, social, and political costs that are unacceptable in most societies. In this paper we identify and discuss ways out of this dilemma, in the form of solutions that pursue the goal of increasing both sustainability and accessibility. We start by contending that what people ask is not a generic mobility, but rather opportunities to participate in spatially disjointed activities. Accordingly, accessibility should be defined as the amount and the diversity of 'spatial opportunities' that can be reached within a certain amount of time. Solutions to the accessibility - sustainability dilemma building upon this perspective (that is, planning concepts, policy measures) have been the object of recent research at the Universiteit van Amsterdam and are discussed and we look for, and find, evidence of the feasibility of these solutions in the actual trends in the Amsterdam urban region. Some policy implications of the findings are discussed.

They define accessibility as the “amount of `spatial opportunities' that can be reached within a certain amount of time,” an idea that matches my intuition. They base this on three assumptions about human behaviour: (a) For the most part people travel not just for the sake of it, but in order to participate in spatially disjointed activities (for example, living, working, shopping, visiting in different places); (b) People want to have a choice among as large a number and as diverse a range of activities as possible; (c) Travel costs, and particularly travel time rather than travel distance, set a limit to these possibilities (in the form of total daily travel-time budgets, travel-to-work time budgets, etc.). They also aim for a synergy with sustainability, and express their goal as “Developing conditions for as large as possible a share of the more environmentally friendly modes in urban mobility, while at the same time maintaining, and possible increasing, the amount and the diversity of activity places that can be reached within an acceptable travel time.” They note that “only activities with middle to high spatial reach and low intensity of use (for example, living, working, or recreating in low densities) are best served by the car system”... which would include hiking, I suppose. “[T]he most significant policy dealing with car environments has been the regulation of parking allowance, which has proved an invaluable tool in managing the accessibility of locations, most notably within the municipality of Amsterdam.” They close with an interesting note: they call the transport system the supply of mobility, and land-use patterns are the origin of the demand for mobility. It's an interesting and relevant labelling.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, accessibility
[115] Luca Bertolini, Frank le Clercq, and L. Kapoen. Sustainable accessibility: a conceptual framework to integrate transport and land use plan-making. two test-applications in the Netherlands and a reflection on the way forward. Transport Policy, 12(3):207-220, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: accessibility, land use transport link
[116] Luca Bertolini and Willem Salet. Planning concepts for cities in transition: Regionalization of urbanity in the Amsterdam structure plan. Journal of Planning Theory and Practice, 4(2):131-146, June 2003. [ bib ]
'Opting for urbanity' is the main thread running through the Amsterdam structure plan currently under preparation. But what is 'urbanity'? How is it emerging in a multi-centred region? What spatial planning implications does it entail? These questions were at the outset of a research study commissioned by the municipality of Amsterdam to the Amsterdam study centre for the Metropolitan Environment (AME) and summarized in this article. There are two main conclusions. The first is that traditional inside out development strategies-accommodating the expansion of a single core and its periphery-must be substituted by outside in development strategies, seeking to achieve a new synergy among different sub-centres and places at the urban-regional level. The second is that new sub-centres will have to be developed as real centres of urbanity instead of as mono-functional islands, as currently still the case. In order to implement these strategies the municipality needs to enter coalitions with a variety of public and private actors, spanning different spatial scales and policy sectors.

Keywords: urban planning
[117] Cristo Sergio Bertuglia, G. Leonardi, and A.G. Wilson, editors. Urban Dynamics: Designing an integrated model. Routledge, London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[118] D. Betson, D. Greenberg, and R. Kasten. A microsimulation model for analyzing alternative welfare reform proposals: an application to the program for better jobs and income. In R.H. Havemann and K. Hollenbeck, editors, Microeconomic Simulation Models for Public Policy Analysis, volume 1. Academic Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[119] Chandra R. Bhat. Analysis of travel mode and departure time choice for urban shopping trips. Transportation Research B, 32(6):361-371, August 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: mode choice, shopping
[120] Kiran U. Bhatta and Thomas J. Higgins. Road and parking pricing: Issues and research needs. Transportation Research Record, 1346:68-73, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, parking
[121] Timothy Blair. The bicycle compatibility of streets in downtown Calgary. Master's project, University of Calgary, Department of Environmental Design-Planning, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[122] J. Blake. Car parking bombshell. Town and Country Planning, 68(2), February 1999. [ bib ]
Apparently about the DETR report on parking standards for the southeast.
Keywords: parking
[123] P. Blake. Form Follows Fiasco: Why Modern Architecture Hasn't Worked. Little, Brown, Boston, MA, USA, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture
[124] S. Blore and J. Sutherland. Building Smileyville. Vancouver Magazine, 32(9):48-58, 105, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, canada
[125] Evelyn Blumenberg. En-gendering effective planning: spatial mismatch, low-income women, and transportation policy. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(3):269-281, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, gender, transport planning, urban planning
[126] Hans Blumenfeld. The modern metropolis: its origins, growth, characteristics and planning. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning
[127] Hans Blumenfeld. Metropolis extended. Journal of the American Planning Association, 52(3):346-348, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[128] Marlon G. Boarnet. Spillovers and locational effect of public infrastructure. Journal of Regional Science, 38(3):381-400, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[129] Marlon G. Boarnet and S. Chalermpong. New highways, house prices, and urban development: a case study of toll roads in Orange County, CA. Housing Policy Debate, 12(3):575-605, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[130] Marlon G. Boarnet and Randall Crane. The influence of land use on travel behavior: empirical strategies. Transportation Research A, 35:823-845, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link
[131] Marlon G. Boarnet and Randall Crane. Travel by design: the influence of urban form on travel. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2001. [ bib ]
The chapter I've read (2) was a fairly technical look at modelling the impacts of land use changes on travel demand.
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling, urban planning, land use transport link
[132] Marlon G. Boarnet and Andrew F. Haughwout. Do highways matter? Evidence and policy implications of metropolitan development. Discussion paper, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, August 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Growing concerns about traffic congestion and rapid suburban expansion (also known as sprawl) have reignited interest in the ways in which highway spending affects metropolitan growth patterns. This discussion paper extracts the best evidence to date on how highway investments distribute growth and economic activity across metropolitan areas. The paper also offers ideas on how transportation financing and policies can better respond to the various costs and benefits of highway projects in a region.

I didn't get much new from this paper... but there were some good references, like Moh93 and a range of land use impact studies.

It is interesting to see two authors with economics backgrounds write on this subject, and state that highway systems redistribute growth rather than create it-not the view that's taken by many provincial transportation agencies. That said, American cities are generally starting from a higher level of highway provision than Canadian cities.

I remain annoyed by the tendency (everywhere in the literature) to discount highways' effect on decentralisation. Yes, they are not a sufficient condition for decentralising-but they are still a necessary condition! If you don't build the highway, the ability to decentralise is extremely limited.

Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[133] Marlon G. Boarnet and S. Sarmiento. Can land-use policy really affect travel behavior: a study of the link between non-work travel and land-use characteristics. Urban Studies, 35:1155-1169, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[134] Wolfgang Bohle. German cycling policy experience. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 13, pages 209-222. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[135] C. Bollinger and K. Ihlandfeldt. The impact of rapid rail transit on economic development: the case of Atlanta's MARTA. Journal of Urban Economics, 42:179-204, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[136] Shaun Boney. Car parks: good, bad or just ugly? Town and Country Planning, 65(6), December 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[137] J. Bonsall and R. Stacey. A rapid transit strategy into the next century. Mimeo, OC Transpo, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning
[138] P. Bonsall. Can induced traffic be measured by surveys? Transportation, 23:17-34, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[139] Marco Bontje. The network city: a realistic planning concept? Recent trends in daily mobility and their possible planning implications in the Netherlands. In IFHP 2000 Rotterdam: Urban Networks, Towards a New Planning Perspective, pages 168-172, 2000. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: urban form
[140] L. Bookout and J. Wentling. Density by design. Urban Land, 47:10-15, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, urban design
[141] Ron A. Boschma and Koen Frenken. Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? towards and evolutionary economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(3):273-302, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: economics, geography, economic geography
[142] H. Botma. Method to determine level of service for bicycle paths and pedestrian-bicycle paths. Transportation Research Record, 1502:38-44, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[143] Larry S. Bourne. Recycling urban systems and metropolitan areas: a geographical agenda for the 1990s and beyond. Economic Geography, 67:185-209, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, urban planning
[144] Larry S. Bourne. Self-fulfilling prophecies? decentralization, inner city decline, and the quality of urban life. Journal of the American Planning Association, 58(4):509-513, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, geography
[145] Larry S. Bourne. Reurbanization, uneven urban development, and the debate on new urban forms. Urban Geography, 17(8):690-713, 1996. [ bib ]
Some interesting discussions on infill development. I found his description of centre-city abandonment interesting: “premature write-down of the existing built environment.” That particular economic spin on downtown decay summarizes my intuitive dislike for rundown centre city buildings. Consider a Victorian or Edwardian storefront in downtown Toronto: these are considered too expensive to build today in new neighbourhoods, and yet we let the existing stock of (valuable!) buildings decay in many parts of the city.

Bourne discusses an interesting model from Klaassen and van den Burg (over many papers). They characterize urban evolution in four stages: 1) urbanization; 2) outmigration; 3) disurbanization; and 4) reurbanization. It's an interesting breakdown for recent urban history, particularly in Canadian cities that are generally in phase four now.

Bourne also discusses the poor information/data available on single-lot infill sites in cities, and some strange strategies to combat urban decay, like Detroit's empowerment/enterprise zone in its centre.

Keywords: geography, urban form, urban planning
[146] M.E. Bouwman. Changing mobility patterns in a compact city: Environmental impacts. In G. de Roo and D. Miller, editors, Compact Cities and Sustainable Urban Development: A critical assessment of policies and plans from an international perspective. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 2000. [ bib ]
Allegedly finds very little differences in energy use across a range of spatial settings in the Netherlands.
Keywords: urban form, energy, transport planning, land use transport link
[147] P. Bovy, J. Orfeuil, and D. Zumkeller. Europe: A heterogenous single market. In I. Salomon et al., editor, A Billion Trips a Day. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[148] Piet H.L. Bovy and Mark A. Bradley. Route choice analyzed with stated-preference approaches. Transportation Research Record, 1037, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: route choice, transport modelling, bicycle planning
[149] D. Boyce. Impact of rapid transit on residential property sales prices. In M. Chatterjee, editor, Space Location and Regional Development, pages 145-153. Pion, London, UK, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning, transit, urban planning, urban form
[150] David Boyce. Is the sequential travel forecasting paradigm counterproductive? Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 128(4):169-183, December 2002. [ bib ]
Some interesting history. He discusses BecMcGWin56, a 1950s Chicago paper that was more “integrated” that the traditional four-stage model that was developed in parallel in Chicago. He criticizes the ill-defined feedback in the four-stage model.
Keywords: transport modelling
[151] D.E. Boyce. Urban transportation network-equilibrium and design models: recent achievements and future prospects. Environment and Planning A, 16:1445-1474, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[152] T. Bracher, H. Luda, and H.-J. Thiemann. Zusammenfassende Auswertung von Forschungsergebnissen zum Radverkehr in der Stadt. Technical report, Forschung Stadtverkehr, Bundesministerium für Verkehr (Federal Ministry of Traffic), Band A7, Bergisch Gladbach/Berlin/Bonn, Germany, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[153] Katherine L. Bradbury, Anthony Downs, and Kenneth A. Small. Urban Decline and the Future of American Cities. The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[154] L. Branscomb and J. Keller. Converging Infrastructures: Intelligent Transportation and the National Information Infrastructure. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[155] Stefan Bratzel. Conditions of success in sustainable urban transport policy: policy change in `relatively successful' European cities. Transport Reviews, 19(2):177-190, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[156] Michael J. Breheney. Contradictions of the compact city. Town and Country Planning, 60:21, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[157] Michael J. Breheney. Sustainable Development and Urban Form. Pion, London, UK, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[158] Michael J. Breheney. Centrists, decentrists and compromisers: Views on the future of urban form. In Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton, and Katie Williams, editors, The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?, pages 13-35. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[159] Michael J. Breheney. Counterurbanisation and sustainable urban forms. In J. Brotchie, M. Batty, P. Hall, and P. Newton, editors, Cities in Competition: The Emergence of Productive and Sustainable Cities for the 21st Century, pages 402-429. Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, Australia, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[160] Michael J. Breheney and Ralph Rookwood. Planning the sustainable city region. In A. Blowers, editor, Planning for a sustainable environment, pages 150-189. Earthscan, London, UK, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: sustainability, urban form
[161] Ray E. Brindle. Toronto-paradigm lost? Australian Planner, 30(3):123-130, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, canada
[162] Ray E. Brindle. Lies, damned lies and “automobile dependence”-some hyperbolic reflections. In Proceedings of the 1994 Australian Transport Research Forum, pages 117-131, Melbourne, Australia, 1994. [ bib | .pdf ]
An interesting read. (See also NewKen89, NewKen89b, NewKen99.) He makes a valid point about NewKen89's central graph: it's statistically misleading. They shows fuel use per capita plotted against density, but the real relationship in their data is between fuel use and urban area. Brindle gets a bit carried away criticizing NewKen89, however; while their presentation and analysis was wrong (severely undermining their credibility), the relationship they claimed does in fact exist, by equivalence with the fuel use vs. urban area relationship. Brindle has, however, shown conclusively that the 30 persons/hectare threshold claimed by NewKen is invalid. Refs: Gom91, Kir92, War91.
Keywords: transport planning, land use transport link
[163] Ray E. Brindle. Kicking the habit (part 1): some musings on the meaning of `car dependence'. Road and Transport Research, 12(3):61-73, September 2003. [ bib ]
The article argues that the role of urban form has been over-emphasized in the debate about changing travel habits. Personal preferences may need to be changed instead. There are some interesting quotes regarding access and housing preferences in the 1960s and 1970s, quite useful for understanding how little has changed.
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[164] Ray E. Brindle. Kicking the habit (part 2): what are the real options for reducing `car dependence'? Road and Transport Research, 12(4):34-40, December 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[165] Werner Brög. The acceptance of policies to encourage cycling. In Socialdata, Muenchen, Germany, 1982. Transportation Research Board. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[166] Werner Brög, E. Erl, S. Funke, and B. James. Behaviour change and sustainability from individualised marketing. In Proceedings of 24th ATRF Conference, Perth, Australia, September 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[167] Aleid E. Brouwer, Ilaria Mariotti, and Jos N. van Ommeren. The firm relocation decision: An empirical investigation. The Annals of Regional Science, 38(2):335-347, 2004. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: firm behaviour, demography of firms, location choice
[168] S.A. Brown and Thomas A. Lambe. Parking prices in the Central Business District. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 6:133-144, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[169] Robert Bruegmann. Sprawl: a compact history. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
From the one chapter I've read (10), this doesn't seem like a very worthwhile text. The rhetoric was quite extreme, and the perspective was 100% libertarian. Most importantly, his argumentation was quite weak, and he relied upon quite a bit of rhetorical sleight of hand to “prove” his points.
Keywords: urban form
[170] R. Brunner, J. Fitch, J. Gassia, L. Kathlene, and K. Hammond. Improving data utilization: The case-wise alternative. Policy Sciences, 20(4):365-395, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: methodology
[171] Eric C. Bruun and Vukan R. Vuchic. Time-area concept: Development, meaning and applications. Transportation Research Record, 1499:95-104, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[172] Eric C. Bruun, Vukan R. Vuchic, and Yong-Eun Shin. Time-distance diagrams: A powerful tool for service planning and control. Journal of Public Transportation, 2(2), 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit
[173] K. Bryan-Brown and T. Savill. Cycle theft in Great Britain. Technical Report 284, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 1997. [ bib ]
This report presents a summary of international literature on pedal cycle theft, cycle theft statistics for Great Britain and the results of a survey of victims of bicycle theft in Great Britain. The 1996 British Crime Survey estimated that there were 660,000 incidences of pedal cycle theft during 1995 in England and Wales, of which only 28% were reported to, and recorded by, the Police. The Scottish Crime Survey estimated that there were 26,000 bicycles stolen during 1993, representing a rise of 53% on the 1986 figures. A survey of bicycle theft victims was conducted in December 1996 and January 1997. Topics covered include attitudes towards bicycle theft and how theft and the threat of them affect cycling behaviour. These are compared with response from a control sample of cyclists who have never experienced theft. Results from the survey are compared with British Crime Survey findings.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[174] Colin D. Buchanan. Mixed Blessing: The Motor in Britain. Leonard Hill, London, UK, 1958. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, history
[175] Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion. The dispersed city: its spatial and temporal dynamics. In Pierre Filion, Trudi Bunting, and K. Curtis, editors, The Dynamics of the Dispersed City: Geographic and Planning Perspective on Waterloo Region, volume 47 of Department of Geography Publication Series, pages 9-54. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[176] Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion. Dispersed city form in Canada: A Kitchener CMA case study. The Canadian Geographer, 43:268-287, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, urban planning
[177] Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion, editors. Canadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, urban planning, geography, transport planning, history, urban economics
[178] Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion, and H. Priston. Density gradients in Canadian metropolititan regions, 1971-96: Differential patterns of central area and suburban growth and change. Urban Studies, 39(13):2531-2552, 2002. [ bib ]
This paper demonstrates that over the 25-year period, 1971-96, the majority of Canadian cities have undergone transition towards an increasingly decentralised urban form. The trends, however, are quite diverse, pointing to fundamental differences in the respective importance of growth in central and outer parts of the metropolitan area. On the whole, the relatively high densities observed in Canadian central cities, in comparison with US ones, appear to reflect residual centralisation rather than continued growth in metropolitan regions' innermost parts. Only Vancouver, and to a lesser extent Toronto and Victoria, exhibit indisputable evidence of post-1971 central-area growth. The predominant trend has been towards suburban-style, low-density expansion, albeit with considerable intercity variation regarding changes in central-area and suburban density. Findings presented here point to previously unidentified trends towards recentralisation in a few CMAs and, in about half of the surveyed metropolitan areas, densification of suburban tracts.

Keywords: canada, urban planning, urban form
[179] S. Bura, F. Guérin, H. Mathian, D. Pumain, and L. Sanders. Multi-agent systems and the dynamics of a settlement system. Geographical analysis, 28(2):161-178, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science, spatial modelling
[180] Robert Burchell, Anthony Downs, and Sahan Mukherji. Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[181] Robert Burchell, George Lowenstein, William R. Dolphin, Catherine C. Galley, Anthony Downs, Samuel Seskin, Katherine Gray Still, and Terry Moore. Costs of sprawl 2000. Report 74, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form, urban planning
[182] Robert Burchell, Naveed A. Shad, David Listokin, Hilary Phillips, Anthony Downs, Samuel Seskin, Judy S. Davis, Terry Moore, David Helton, and Michelle Gall. Costs of sprawl revisited. Report 39, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form, urban planning
[183] Dan Burden and Peter Lagerway. Road diets: Fixing the big roads. Technical report, Walkable Communities Inc., High Springs, FL, USA, March 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, streets, roadspace reallocation
[184] Peter J. Burt and Edward H. Adelson. The Laplacian Pyramid as a compact image code. IEEE Transactions on Communications, pages 532-540, April 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science
[185] Elizabeth Burton. The compact city: Just or just compact? A preliminary analysis. Urban Studies, 37(11):1969-2001, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, urban form
[186] Patrick Butler. Why the standard automobile insurance market breaks down in low income zip codes: A per-mile analysis of Texas auto insurance based on testimony before the Texas House Committee on Insurance april 6 and 13, 1999. Technical Report 633, Cents Per Mile Now, July 2000. [ bib | http ]
The Texas legislature relied on this analysis of zip-code pricing (red lining) and uninsured cars in passing the “cents-per-mile choice” law to cure these and other maladies produced by fixed annual rates per-car. As introduced, the legislation drafted to NOW's specifications made the cents-per-mile option a “mandatory offer” to all customers by all companies after a two year phase-in period. As passed, the law makes offering cents-per-mile rates as an alternative to annual rates per car voluntary for companies. Consumers need to demand that companies take the cure: measure the miles of protection they sell for the customers who want it.

Keywords: transportation demand management, insurance
[187] E. Caindec and P. Prastacos. Update of the POLIS land-use transportation models. Working paper, Assocation of Bay Area Governments, Oakland, CA, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[188] Sally Cairns. Going further with cycling. Town and Country Planning, 70(7/8):197, July/August 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[189] Sally Cairns. Cycle gains. Town and Country Planning, 72(8):230-233, September 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[190] Sally Cairns, Stephen Atkins, and Phil Goodwin. Disappearing traffic? The story so far. Municipal Engineer, 151(1):13-22, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Reallocating roadspace from general traffic, to improve conditions for pedestrians or cyclists or buses or on-street light rail or other high-occupancy vehicles, is often predicted to cause major traffic problems on neighbouring streets. This paper reports on two phases of research, resulting in the examination of over 70 case studies of roadspace reallocation from eleven countries, and the collation of opinions from over 200 transport professionals worldwide. The findings suggest that predictions of traffic problems are often unnecessarily alarmist, and that, given appropriate local circumstances, significant reductions in overall traffic levels can occur, with people making a far wider range of behavioural responses than has traditionally been assumed. Follow-up work has also highlighted the importance of managing how schemes are perceived by the public and reported in the media, with various lessons for avoiding problems. Finally, the findings highlight that well-designed schemes to reallocate roadspace can often contribute to a multiplicity of different policy aims and objectives.

Keywords: transport planning, streets, roadspace reallocation
[191] Sally Cairns, L. Sloman, C. Newson, J. Anable, A. Kirkbride, and Phil Goodwin. Smarter choices-changing the way we travel. Technical report, Department for Transport, London, UK, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management
[192] S. Caldwell and L.A. Keister. Wealth in America: family stock ownership and accumulation 1960-1995, volume 6 of European Research in Regional Science. Pion, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[193] Beth Callister. Vancouver area bicycle groups: approaches and effectiveness. Master's thesis, University of British Columbia, School of Community and Regional Planning, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999. [ bib ]
An interesting little essay, including some historical facts about Vancouver cycling groups that I wasn't aware of, such as the fact that BEST was originally an offshoot of Bicycle People. Too bad there's no online copy... reading it on microfiche on UBC campus is a pain.
Keywords: activism, bicycle planning, urban politics, canada
[194] Peter G. Calthorpe. The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the American Dream. Harper & Row, New York City, NY, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism, transit-oriented development
[195] Peter G. Calthorpe. The urban network: A new framework for growth. Technical report, Calthorpe Associates, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, streets, street design, new urbanism
[196] Peter G. Calthorpe. The urban network: A radical proposal. Planning, 68(5):10-15, 2002. [ bib ]
There is a critical need for a new paradigm of growth on undeveloped sites - one that complements urban infill and revitalization. The alternative transportation network proposed here calls for a new hierarchy of arterials and boulevards that allow for through traffic without always by-passing commercial centers - a road network that reinforces access to walkable neighborhoods and urban town centers without cutting them off from local pedestrian movement. A plan for new growth areas around Chicago proposes 3 types of major roads to replace the standard arterial grid: transit boulevards, throughways, and arterials. The transit boulevards combine the capacity of a major arterial with the intimacy of local frontage roads and the pedestrian orientation that comes with the transit system. Local arterials are multi-lane facilities that transition into a couplet of main streets at the village centers.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, streets, street design, new urbanism
[197] Peter G. Calthorpe and William B. Fulton. The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[198] Edward Calthrop. Evaluating on-street parking policy. Working Paper 2002-03, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
This paper uses a formal model to examine the welfare gains from a marginal increase in the price of on-street parking. The benefits of such a policy are shown to depend on the improvement in search externalities in the on-street parking market itself, plus effects on other distorted urban transport markets, including congested freeway and backroad use, mass-transit and off-street parking. The paper makes two further contributions. The model is sufficiently general that several well-known results from the parking literature emerge as special cases. The model is used to review the existing literature and highlights findings in separate parts of literature. Finally, a numerical simulation model is used to investigate the order of magnitude of an optimal urban parking fee. In particular, these results confirm the importance of taking into accounts effects on other distorted transport markets when deciding upon the level of the price for on-street parking. The model confirms that while parking pricing reform may lead to substantial improvements in parking search times, there is little overall impact on road congestion levels.

Keywords: urban economics, congestion pricing, parking
[199] Edward Calthrop and Stef Proost. Regulating on-street parking. Working Paper 2002-02, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Consider the choices available to a shopper driving to a city and trying to park downtown. One option, typical to many cities, is to follow the signposts to an off-street parking facility, which is often privately operated. Another option is to search for an on-street spot. If this proves unsuccessful, it is always possible to return to the off-street facility. We formalise such a setting and examine optimal on-street parking policy in the presence of an off-street market. Not surprisingly, the amount of socially-wasteful searching behaviour is shown to depend on the prices of both the off- and on-street market. If the off-street market is run competitively, optimal on-street policy reduces to a simple and attractive rule: set the on-street price equal to the resource cost of off-street parking supply. Other pricing rules result in either excessive searching behaviour or excessive off-street investment costs. Time restrictions - a common alternative to on-street fees - are also shown to be inefficient. In practice, however, off-street markets are unlikely to be competitive. We examine the case of a single off-street supplier playing as a Stackelberg follower to the government regulated on-street market. Based on a numerical example (calibrated to London), optimal on-street policy is shown to either involve setting a relatively high on-street price, such that the monopolist is induced to undercut and gain the entire parking demand, or setting a relatively low price, while the monopolist maximises profit on the residual demand curve. Which strategy is optimal is shown to be parameter dependent.

Keywords: urban economics, congestion pricing, parking
[200] Edward Calthrop and Stef Proost. Regulating on-street parking. Working Paper 2004-10, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2004. [ bib | .PDF ]
Consider a shopper or tourist driving downtown and trying to park. Two strategies are usually available: either park at a private off-street facility or search for a cheaper on-street spot. We formalise such a setting and use the model to study optimal government regulation of the on-street parking market. It is shown that the optimal on-street fee equals the marginal cost of off-street supply at the optimal quantity. If the off-street market is supplied under constant returns to scale, this provides a particular simple operational rule: the price on street should match that off street. We also extend the model to consider maximum length of stay restrictions and non-competitive private supply. A numerical model, calibrated to central London, investigates the magnitude of an optimal fee.

Keywords: urban economics, congestion pricing, parking
[201] Edward Calthrop, Stef Proost, and Kurt van Dender. Parking policies and road pricing. Urban Policy, 37(1):63-76, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, congestion pricing
[202] R. Camagni, R. Capello, and P. Nijkamp. New governance principles for sustainable urban transport. In R. Camagni, R. Capello, and P. Nijkamp, editors, New Contributions to Transportation Analysis in Europe, pages 213-250. Ashgate, Brookfield, VT, USA, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, governance
[203] I. Cameron, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and T.J. Lyons. Understanding and predicting private motorised urban mobility. Transportation Research D, 8:267-283, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[204] I. Cameron, T.J. Lyons, and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Trends in vehicle kilometers of travel in world cities, 1960-1990: underlying drivers and policy responses. Transport Policy, 11(3):287-298, July 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning
[205] I.C. Cameron, N.J. Harris, and N.J. Kehoe. Tram-related injuries in Sheffield. Injury, 32(4):275-277, May 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, bicycle planning
[206] Scott Campbell. Planning: Green cities, growing cities, just cities? Urban planning and the contradictions of sustainable development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3):296-312, 1996. [ bib ]
An interesting dissection of the tensions within sustainability. Campbell discusses the types of conflicts that arise between economic, social and environmental interests, and generally argues that the Achilles heel of suistainability remains its fuzzy vagueness. I liked his analogy of the planner as translator, and the need to make full translations of other camps' arguments into the language of each discipline, to ensure that no one camp dominates the other.
Keywords: sustainability, urban planning
[207] Canadian Institute of Planners and Go For Green. Community cycling manual: A planning and design guide. Technical report, Go For Green, Ottawa, ON, Canada, June 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[208] Jeffrey J. Cantos. Parking strategies and affordable housing: An efficient and equitable approach. Technical report, School of Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, parking
[209] Matthew Carmona. Road to nowhere: Urban design, highway engineers, and the design of cycle lanes. Town and Country Planning, 73(1):31, January 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, streets, urban design
[210] Juan A. Carrasco and Juan de Dios Ortúzar. A review and assessment of the nested logit model. Transport Reviews, 22(2):197-218, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, discrete choice modelling
[211] Juan A. Carrasco, B. Hogan, B. Wellmand, and Eric J. Miller. Collecting social network data to study social activity-travel behavior: An egocentric approach. Environment and Planning B, forthcoming, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[212] Juan A. Carrasco and Eric J. Miller. Exploring the propensity to perform social activities: A social network approach. Transportation, 33:463-480, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[213] Juan A. Carrasco, Eric J. Miller, and B. Wellman. The interaction between spatial and social networks: The case of social activity-travel. In Presented at the 11th International Association for Travel Behaviour Research Conference, Kyoto, Japan, August 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[214] Christian J.E. Castle and Andrew T. Crooks. Principles and concepts of agent-based modelling for developing geospatial simulations. Working Paper 110, University College London Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, London, UK, September 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science, spatial modelling, agent-based modelling
[215] Centre for Research and Contract Standardisation in Civil Engineering (CROW). Sign up for the bike: design manual for a cycle-friendly infrastructure. Technical report, CROW, Ede, The Netherlands, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[216] Centre for Research and Contract Standardisation in Civil Engineering (CROW). Aanbevelingen voor verkeersvoorzieningen binnen de bebouwde kom ASVV 1996 (recommendations for traffic and transport facilities in built-up areas). Technical Report 110, CROW, Ede, The Netherlands, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[217] Centre for Sustainable Transportation. The need to reduce transport energy use, and ways to do it. Sustainable Transportation Monitor, 10, June 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
This Monitor first updates energy matters discussed in previous Monitors. The updating concludes that reducing transport fuel use should be the overriding goal of Canada's transport policies, more important than reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and perhaps a better strategy for making progress towards sustainable transport.

This issue then discusses three of the many ways in which transport fuel use could be dramatically reduced. The first would allow short-term gains. It is to make more efficient use of trucks on the road. The second would have its main impacts in the medium term. It is to achieve major reductions in fuel use by new personal vehicles. The third is for the longer term. It is to secure much greater use of tethered vehicles (which get their energy from a rail or wire rather than from an on-board source such as a gasoline tank, a hydrogen storage device or a battery).

Some interesting thoughts on fuel usage: the rise in fuel use associated with freight transportation, and the low loading-levels of trucks; the need for a return to tethered transport.
Keywords: canada, energy, goods movement, transit
[218] Robert Cervero. Cost and performance impacts of transit subsidy programs. Transportation Research A, 18:407-413, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, transit, finance
[219] Robert Cervero. Light rail transit and urban development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 50(2):133-147, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit, transport planning, rail, land use transport link
[220] Robert Cervero. The anatomy of transit operating deficits. Urban Law and Policy, 6(3):281-298, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[221] Robert Cervero. A tale of two cities: Light rail transit in Canada. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 111(6):633-650, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning
[222] Robert Cervero. Suburban gridlock. Technical report, Center for Urban Policy Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[223] Robert Cervero. Urban transit in Canada: Integration and innovation at its best. Transportation Quarterly, 40(3):293-316, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit
[224] Robert Cervero. Land use mixing and suburban mobility. Transportation Quarterly, 42(3):429-446, July 1988. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[225] Robert Cervero. America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use-Transportation Link. Unwin-Hyman, Boston, MA, USA, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[226] Robert Cervero. Jobs-housing balance and regional mobility. American Planning Association Journal, 55(2):136-150, 1989. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form
[227] Robert Cervero. Suburban employment centers: Probing the influence of site features on the journey-to-work. Journal of Planning Education and Research, pages 75-85, 1989. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, urban design
[228] Robert Cervero. Profiling profitable bus routes. Transportation Quarterly, 44:183-201, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, finance, equity
[229] Robert Cervero. Transit pricing research: A review and synthesis. Transportation, 17:117-139, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, finance, equity
[230] Robert Cervero. Congestion, growth, and public choices. Berkeley Planning Journal, March 1991. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[231] Robert Cervero. Congestion relief: the land use alternative. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 10:119-129, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[232] Robert Cervero. Land uses and travel at suburban activity centers. Transportation Quarterly, 45:479-491, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[233] Robert Cervero. Assessing the impacts of urban rail transit on local real estate markets using quasi-experimental comparisons. Transportation Research A, 27(1):13-22, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[234] Robert Cervero. Ridership impacts of transit-focused development in California. Monograph 45, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[235] Robert Cervero. Transit supportive development in the United States: Experiences and prospects. Technical report, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit
[236] Robert Cervero. Making transit work in the suburbs. Transportation Research Record, 1451:3-11, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[237] Robert Cervero. Rail-oriented office development in California: how successful? Transportation Quarterly, 48(1):33-44, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit-oriented development
[238] Robert Cervero. Rail transit and joint development: Land market impacts in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1):83-94, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[239] Robert Cervero. BART @ 20: Land use and development impacts. Monograph 49, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, land use transport link, transport planning
[240] Robert Cervero. Sustainable new towns: Stockholm's rail-served satellites. Cities, 12(1):41-51, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, rail, urban form
[241] Robert Cervero. Jobs-housing balance revisited: Trends and impacts in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(4):492-511, 1996. [ bib ]
This paper is the best I've read on the jobs-housing issue, with a careful distinction between balance and containment, an examination of balance-with-mismatch, and a more careful analysis of the impacts on VMT and mode split.

One finding that interested me: balance was not correlated with a substantial change in VMT, but containment was (and was also correlated with higher levels of walking). Another interesting conclusion: imbalance is a planning failure, not a market failure, since it usually happens in jobs-surplus areas where residents apply political pressure (read: NIMBYism) to fight any market-driven changes to the residential stock.

I liked the description of jobs-housing balance as the potential for self-containment. I see the actual level of self-containment to be a function of two variables: jobs-housing balance, and travel times. Jobs-housing balance allows a city to easily respond to congestion or degraded travel times, by giving workers the option of moving closer to their jobs.

Keywords: urban planning, land use transport link, urban form
[242] Robert Cervero. Mixed land-uses and commuting: Evidence from the American housing survey. Transportation Research A, 30(5):361-377, 1996. [ bib ]
Past research suggests that mixed land-uses encourage non-auto commuting; however, the evidence remains sketchy. This paper explores this question by investigating how the presence of retail activities in neighborhoods influences the commuting choices of residents using data from the 1985 American Housing Survey. Having grocery stores and other consumer services within 300 feet of one's residence is found to encourage commuting by mass transit, walking and bicycling, controlling for such factors as residential densities and vehicle ownership levels. When retail shops are beyond 300 feet yet within 1 mile of residences, however, they tend to encourage auto-commuting, ostensibly because of the ability to efficiently link work and shop trips by car. The presence of nearby commercial land-uses is also associated with relatively low vehicle ownership rates and short commuting distances among residents of a mixed-use neighborhood. Overall, residential densities exerted a stronger influence on commuting mode choices than levels of land-use mixture, except for walking and bicycle commutes. For non-motorized commuting, the presence or absence of neighborhood shops is a better predictor of mode choice than residential densities.

Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form
[243] Robert Cervero. Traditional neighborhoods and commuting in the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation, 23:373-394, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning, urban design
[244] Robert Cervero. Paratransit in America: Redefining Mass Transportation. Praeger, Westport, CT, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[245] Robert Cervero. The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, transit-oriented development
[246] Robert Cervero. Integration of urban transport and urban planning. In M. Freire and R. Stren, editors, The Challenge of Urban Government: Policies and Practices, pages 407-427. The World Bank Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[247] Robert Cervero. Built environments and mode choice: Toward a normative framework. Transportation Research D, 7(4):265-284, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link
[248] Robert Cervero. Road expansion, urban growth, and induced travel: A path analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(2):145-163, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Claims that roadway investments spur new travel, known as induced demand, and thus fail to relieve traffic congestion have thwarted road development in the United States. Past studies point to a significant induced demand effect. This research employs a path model to causally sort out the links between freeway investments and traffic increases, using data for 24 California freeway projects across 15 years. Traffic increases are explained in terms of both faster travel speeds and land use shifts that occur in response to adding freeway lanes. While the path model confirms the presence of induced travel in both the short and longer run, estimated elasticities are lower than those of earlier studies. This research also reveals significant “induced growth” and “induced investment” effects-real estate development gravitates to improved freeways, and traffic increases spawn road investments over time. Travel-forecasting models are needed that account for these dynamics.

A much more sophisticated methodology to help untangle a complicated problem. The model suggests that it may be possible to build out of congestion without road pricing, although the author speculates that the ultimate urban form may look something like Houston. An interesting side note is the role of density, which exerts a strong influence on the level of induced demand. Unfortunately, since the dataset is from Southern California where truly high densities are rare, the model cannot say too much about roadway expansion in dense areas.
Keywords: transport planning, induced travel, urban form, land use transport link
[249] Robert Cervero and Michael Duncan. Walking, bicycling and urban landscapes: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9):1478-1483, 2003. [ bib | http ]
Some claim that cardependent cities contribute to obesity by discouraging walking and bicycling. In this article, we use household activity data from the San Francisco region to study the links between urban environments and nonmotorized travel.

We used factor analysis to represent the urban design and land-use diversity dimensions of built environments. Combining factor scores with control variables, like steep terrain, that gauge impediments to walking and bicycling, we estimated discrete-choice models. Builtenvironment factors exerted far weaker, although not inconsequential, influences on walking and bicycling than control variables.

Stronger evidence on the importance of urban landscapes in shaping foot and bicycle travel is needed if the urban planning and public health professions are to forge an effective alliance against cardependent sprawl.

A good study looking at the factors influencing cycling and walking. The perspective is Cervero's usual framework, the three Ds: density, diversity and design. All three are found to have significant influences on bicycle usage, with the residential end being slightly more important. Of the urban form variables, the presence of neighbourhood retail is found to be the strongest predictor of walking.

From an evaluation standpoint, I wish these authors would standardize/normalize the coefficients of their models! After limiting to statistically significant variables, normalization would allow me to compare the relative influence of each variable on bicycle usage. It would also be extremely useful to include the mean and standard deviation of all input variables, to allow some rough comparisons to other study areas. If the input data has low variance (e.g., a uniformly low-density suburb), meaningful patterns could be missed.

Finally, the bicycle model seems pretty shoddy-the rho-squared value is only 0.13! Since it only considers factors at origin and destination, I imagine it's missing a massive amount of valuable data, like the topography, safety and quality of the route itself.

Keywords: active transportation, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, bicycle modelling
[250] Robert Cervero and R. Gorham. Commuting in transit versus automobile neighborhoods. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(2):210-225, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit, land use transport link
[251] Robert Cervero and M. Hansen. Induced travel demand and induced road investment: a simultaneous-equation analysis. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 36(3):469-490, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, transport planning, land use transport link
[252] Robert Cervero and Kara Maria Kockelman. Travel demand and the 3 Ds: Density, diversity and design. Transportation Research D, 2(3):199-219, 1997. [ bib ]
The built environment is thought to influence travel demand along three principal dimensions - density, diversity, and design. This paper tests this proposition by examining how the “3Ds” affect trip rates and mode choice of residents in the San Francisco Bay Area. Using 1990 travel diary data and land-use records obtained from the U.S. census, regional inventories, and field surveys, models are estimated that relate features of the built environment to variations in vehicle miles traveled per household and mode choice, mainly for non-work trips. Factor analysis is used to linearly combine variables in the density and design dimensions of the built environment. The research finds that density, land-use diversity, and pedestrian-oriented designs generally reduce trip rates and encourage non-auto travel in statistically significant ways, though their influences appear to be fairly marginal. Elasticities between variables and factors that capture the 3Ds and various measures of travel demand are generally in the .06 to .18 range, expressed in absolute terms. Compact development was found to exert the strongest influence on personal business trips. Within-neighborhood retail shops, on the other hand, was most strongly associated with mode choice for work trips. And while a factor capturing “walking quality” was only moderately related to mode choice for non-work trips, those living in neighborhoods with grid-iron street designs and restricted commercial parking were nonetheless found to average significantly less vehicle miles of travel and rely less on single-occupant vehicles for non-work trips. Overall, this research shows that the elasticities between each dimension of the built environment and travel demand are modest to moderate, though certainly not inconsequential. Thus is supports the contention of new urbanists and others that creating more compact, diverse, and pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods, in combination, can meaningfully influence how Americans travel.

A solid study, and a useful decomposition of urban form. By the time I got around to reading it, I'd seen several similar papers (like Cervero and Duncan's later followup), so the conclusion was not surprising.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[253] Robert Cervero and John Landis. Twenty years of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system: Land use and development impacts. Transportation Research A, 31(4):309-333, July 1997. [ bib ]
A good, balanced paper.

A few comments on the models: the first model does not account for spatial autocorrelation, which may be an issue. The finding that station location within a highway median, incentive zoning, and restrictive zoning were not statistically correlated with building activity around stations is quite interesting.

Keywords: transit, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[254] Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch. Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Working Paper 281, University of California Transportation Center, July 1995. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link
[255] Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch. Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Transport Policy, 3:127-141, 1996. [ bib ]
Apparently fairly important - shows benefits of traditional neighbourhood design.
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link
[256] Robert Cervero and Samuel Seskin. The relationship between transit and urban form. Research Results Digest 7, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning, urban form
[257] Robert Cervero and Yu-Hsin Tsai. Job access and reverse commuting initiatives in California: Review & assessment. Transportation Research Record, 1859:79-86, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, transport planning
[258] Robert Cervero and Yu-Hsin Tsai. City CarShare in San Francisco, California: Second- year travel demand and car ownership impacts. Transportation Research Record, 1887:117-127, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: car sharing, transport planning
[259] Robert Cervero and Martin Wachs. An answer to the transit crisis: The case for distance-based fares. Journal of Contemporary Studies, 5(2):59-70, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit
[260] Robert Cervero and K.L. Wu. Polycentrism, commuting, and residential location in the San Francisco Bay Area. Environment and Planning A, 29:865-886, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[261] Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Lyon, Direction Promotion du Commerce, Service Urbanisme Commercial et Etudes. Deplacements moyens de transports liés aux achats. Technical report, Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Lyon, Lyon, France, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[262] K. Chatzis. A Conceptual Framework for Analysing the Long-term Evolution of Regulatory Control Practices within Large Technical Systems. Mimeo, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, governance
[263] Christopher R. Cherry, Elizabeth Deakin, Nathan Higgins, and S. Brian Huey. Systems-level approach to sustainable urban arterial revitalization. Transportation Research Record, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, street design
[264] Mark Childs. Parking Spaces: A Design, Implementation and Use Manual for Architects, Planners and Engineers. McGraw Hill, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[265] Noam Chomsky. Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. CBC Massey Lectures. House of Anansi, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1989. [ bib |

detailed annotation

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Keywords: politics, media
[266] W. Christaller. Central Places in Southern Germany. Prentice-Hall, 1966. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[267] Arza Churchman. Disentangling the concept of density. Journal of Planning Literature, 13(4):389-411, 1999. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: urban form
[268] D.J. Cieslewicz. The environmental impacts of sprawl. In G.D. Squires, editor, Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses, pages 23-38. The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[269] City of Toronto. Bicycle/motor-vehicle collision study. Technical report, City of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
An excellent, through report of bicycle/motor vehicle collisions, in a Canadian context. See also: Tom00.
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada
[270] City of Toronto. Toronto official plan. Technical report, City of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2004. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[271] City of Toronto and Toronto Transit Commission. Building a transit city. Technical report, City of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, January 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit, canada
[272] City of Vancouver. Downtown transportation plan. Technical report, City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 | http ]
This was my real introduction to transport planning, and now in retrospect I can see that this document represents a very progressive stance on transportation planning. See some of my detailed comments on cycling at the VACC website; I've been the lead person on downtown issues for the VACC for the last several years.
Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, goods movement, transit, canada
[273] City of Vancouver. Parking by-law. By-law 6059, City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: parking, zoning, canada
[274] City of Vancouver. Zoning and development by-law. By-law 3575, City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2005. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[275] City of Vancouver Engineering Services. 1999 bicycle plan: Reviewing the past, planning the future. Technical report, City of Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
By the time I actually got around to reading this, I was familiar with much of the content. I'm still surprised by how slowly they're implementing the non-downtown recommendations, but I suppose the downtown needs are by far the most pressing, and quite time-consuming. I like the fact that they actually define level-of-service measures for bicycle routes-I'd be curious to run the counts through a GIS and see how the existing routes do in terms of LoS.
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[276] Christophe Claramunt and B. Jiang. An integrated representation of spatial and temporal relationships. Geographical Systems, 3(4):154-159, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science, geographic information systems
[277] Christophe Claramunt, Christine Parent, and Marius Thériault. Design patterns for spatio-temporal processes. In Stefano Spaccapietra and F. Maryanski, editors, Searching for Semantics: Data Mining, Reverse Engineering, pages 415-428. Chapman & Hall, 1997. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: computer science, geographic information systems, ilute
[278] Stephen D. Clark and Matthew W. Page. Cycling and urban traffic management and control systems. Transportation Research Record, 1705:77-84, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[279] William A.V. Clark and Marianne Kuijpers-Linde. Commuting in restructuring urban regions. Urban Studies, 31(3):465-483, 1994. [ bib ]
A comparison of trends 1980-1990 in Southern California and the Netherlands. The authors seemed determined to push a particular thesis about increasing automobility and rising polycentricity, but the data from the Netherlands didn't really bear out their thesis: trips were generally getting quicker and both cycling and transit mode share were rising, despite growing auto ownership. They did make an interesting distinction between different forms of polycentric development: an “archipelago” with nodes in an urban sea (Los Angeles) versus “spheres of interest” where primary nodes have secondary nodes in their sphere (or orbit), and essentially partition the region (Netherlands).
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[280] Andy Clarke. US bicycle planning. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 17, pages 263-273. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[281] Andy Clarke and Linda Tracy. Bicycle safety-related research synthesis. Technical Report FHWA-RD-94062, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[282] Graham P. Clarke, editor. Microsimulation for Urban and Regional Policy Analysis, volume 6 of European Research in Regional Science. Pion, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[283] M. Clarke and E. Holm. Micro-simulation methods in human geography and planning: a review and further extensions. Geografiska Annaler, 69B:145-164, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[284] M. Clarke and M.E. Spowage. Integrated models for public policy analysis: an example of the practical use of simulation models in health care planning. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 55:25-45, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[285] P. Clarke et al. The use of stated preference techniques to investigate likely responses to changes in workplace parking supply. Traffic Engineering and Control, 34(7/8):350-354, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[286] G. Clay. Will the real Portland please stand up? Landscape Architecture, 88(5):155-156, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[287] Jo Cleary. Developing healthy travel habits in the young: Safe routes to school in the UK. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 6, pages 86-99. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[288] Jo Cleary and Hugh McClintock. Evaluation of the Cycle Challenge Project: A case study of the Nottingham cycle-friendly employers' project. Transport Policy, 8(2):117-125, April 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[289] Jo Cleary and Hugh McClintock. The Nottingham cycle-friendly employers' project: lessons for encouraging cycle commuting. Local Environment, 5(2):217-222, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[290] Cleary Hughes Associates. Nottingham Cycle Challenge Project: Final report. Technical report, Cleary Hughes Associates, Hucknall, Nottingham, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[291] A.D. Cliff and J.K. Ord. Spatial Autocorrelation. Pion, London, UK, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[292] Nigel Coates. Parking policy and bicycle promotion in Oxford. In Proceedings of Velo-City 1997, Barcelona, Spain, September 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, parking
[293] W.R. Code. The strength of the centre: downtown offices and metropolitan decentralization policy in Toronto. Environment and Planning A, 15:1361-1380, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[294] W.J. Coffey. The evolution of Canada's metropolitan economies. Technical report, Institute for Research on Public Policy, Montreal, QC, Canada, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, history
[295] Colliers International. North American CBD parking rate survey. Technical report, Colliers International, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning, data
[296] Commission for Integrated Transport. European best practice in delivering integrated transport. Technical report, Commission for Integrated Transport, London, UK, November 2001. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit
[297] Sonny Conder and Keith Lawton. Alternative futures for integrated transportation and land use models contrasted with “Trend-Delphi” models: Portland Oregon Metro results. Transportation Research Record, 1805, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport modelling
[298] Patrick Condon. Sustainable Urban Landscapes: The Surrey Design Charette. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: public participation
[299] Heather Conn and Henry Ewert. Vancouver's Glory Years: Public Transit 1890-1915. Whitecap Books, North Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, history, canada, transit
[300] P. Cook. Back to the future: Modernity, postmodernity and locality. Unwin Hyman Ltd., London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography
[301] D. Coombe. Induced traffic: what do transportation models tell us? Transportation, 23(1):83-101, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, induced travel
[302] D. Coombe, P. Guest, J. Bates, and P. le Masurier. Study of parking and traffic demand: I. the research programme. Traffic Engineering and Control, 38(2), February 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[303] Denvil Coombe, John Bates, and Martin Dale. Modelling the traffic impacts of highway capacity reductions. Traffic Engineering and Control, 39(7/8):430-433, July 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, roadspace reallocation
[304] Andy Cope, Sally Cairns, Ken Fox, Debbie A. Lawlor, Mary Lockie, Les Lumsdon, Chris Riddoch, and Paul Rosen. The UK national cycle network: an assessment of the benefits of a sustainable transport infrastructure. World Transport Policy and Practice, 9(1), 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[305] P.M. Coppack. An exploration of amenity and its role in the development of the urban field. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, geography, canada
[306] Robert Cowan. The Connected City. Urban Initiatives, London, UK, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[307] W. Cox, J. Love, and N. Newton. Competition in public transport: International state of the art. In Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Passenger Transport, Leeds, UK, May 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, finance, transport planning
[308] Randall Crane. Cars and drivers in the new suburbs: linking access to travel in neotraditional planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(1):51-65, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[309] Randall Crane. The influence of uncertain job location on urban form and the journey to work. Journal of Urban Economics, 39(3):342-358, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban form, land use transport link, location choice
[310] Randall Crane. On form versus function: will the New Urbanism reduce traffic, or increase it? Journal of Planning Education and Research, 15(2):117-126, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, land use transport link, new urbanism
[311] Randall Crane. Travel by design? Access Magazine, 12:2-7, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link
[312] Randall Crane. The influence of urban form on travel: an interpretive review. Journal of Planning Literature, 15:3-23, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[313] Randall Crane. The impacts of urban form on travel: an interpretive review. Journal of Planning Literature, 15:3-23, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[314] Randall Crane and R. Crepeau. Does neighbourhood design influence travel? a behavioral analysis of travel diary and gis data. Transportation Research D, 3(4):225-238, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[315] J.H. Crawford. Carfree Cities. International Books, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[316] M. Crawford. The architect and the mall. In John Jerde Partnership International, editor, You are Here, pages 44-54. Phaidon, London, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture
[317] Adil Cubukgil and Eric J. Miller. Occupational status and the journey-to-work. Transportation, 11(3):251-276, September 1982. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: transport modelling, demographics
[318] G. Cullen. Townscape. Architectural Press, London, UK, 1961. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[319] S. Cullinane. Attitudes towards the car in the UK: some implications for policies on congestion and the environment. Transportation Review, 26A:291-301, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[320] Cyclists' Public Affairs Group. BikeFrame: A model cycling policy. Technical report, Cyclists' Touring Club and the Bicycle Association, Godalming, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[321] E. Dalby and A.E. Williamson. Pedestrian and traffic management. techniques in Delft: report of a visit made in December 1975. Technical Report SR257, Crowthorne Transport & Road Research Laboratory, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[322] Martin Dale and Richard Smith. Estimating London's parking space capacity. Traffic Engineering and Control, 41(8):325-328, September 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[323] D. Damm and A. Lerman. Response of urban real estate values in anticipation of the Washington Metro. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 1(3):315-335, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[324] P.W. Daniels and A.M. Warnes. Movement in Cities: Spatial Perspectives in Urban Transport and Travel. Methuen, London, UK, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[325] Danish Road Directorate. Collection of cycle concepts. Technical report, Danish Road Directorate, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Promotion of more and safer bicycle traffic produces healthier road users and helps to create better towns. Collection of Cycle Concepts presents some ideas on how to increase the use of bicycles and how to prevent bicycle accidents.

The growth in car traffic is creating environmental problems and congestion. Compared to other countries in Europe traffic problems in Denmark are still modest. An important explanation for this is the development in the course of the last century of a robust bicycle culture. Today, one trip out of five in Denmark is by bicycle.

The future role of the bicycle must also be strong in order to create a sustainable society. It is important to develop and infrastructure that permits the optimal exploitation of the bicycle's qualities and possibilities.

A larger share of the short trips in towns can take place by bicycle. The car is often indispensable on longer trips. The bicycle can not be alone. Intermodality is important. The right balance of good roads and paths for pedestrians, cyclists and motorists can create better towns without losing the interaction between modes of transport.

The bicycle can more often be used as feeder traffic for coach, bus, train and plane on longer trips. This calls for safe an functional access roads and terminals with good possibilities for interchanges.

Not only road administrations, but also companies, institutions, schools associations ets, must contribute to changing our attitudes to transport and making it more acceptable to cycle. The individual advantages are big. Half an hour's cycling daily increases our mean life expectancy by 1-2 years and gives better quality of life, both physically and mentally.

There are many measures that can be taken to improve cyclist safety. In spite of this, the accident risk for Danish cyclists has not changed over the past 25 years. It is necessary to approach the problem more systematically and introduce proposed solutions and places and among target groups where they will have the greatest impact.

The main challenge is promoting more and safer bicycle traffic is the need to implement a wide range of measures simultaneously. I therefore invite the reader to consider the many ideas contained in Collection of Cycle Concepts-and be inspired of those ideas, which apply to local conditions.

This is probably the best bicycle planning guide I've run into so far. Throroughly recommended for anyone interested in these issues, and for anyone already involved in bicycle planning or advocacy.

Some of the good stuff: route sweeping, every 2-8 weeks, plus extra autumn service to deal with leaves and a special service for weekends to deal with broken glass near nightlife zones (p. 123); “cycle crossings,” where pavement markings are extended through an intersection to reduce conflicts with turning motor vehicles (p. 89); advanced stop lines; cute advertisements (p. 37); signage (pp. 102-105); effect of distance on mode choice (p. 46); discussion of the need for small shops (p. 46); graph showing how age affects cycling speed and distance (p. 12); wheel ramp on stairs (p. 95); bike parking maps (p. 108), with symbols for covered/uncovered and number of spaces.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box, pavement colouring, bicycle segregation, bicycle parking, bicycle collisions, traffic calming
[326] M. Dasgupta and F. Webster. Land use/transport interaction: Policy relevance of the ISGLUTI study. In Proceedings of the Sixth World Conference on Transport Research, Lyon, France, 1992. World Congress on Transport Research. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[327] Gavin Davidson. Area wide traffic management: A strategy for improving the economic, social and environmental health of urban centers. Master's thesis, Simon Fraser University, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, traffic calming, canada
[328] Gavin Davidson, Mark Roseland, and Don Alexander. Area-wide traffic management: An innovative strategy for urban centres. World Transport Policy and Practice, 4(4), 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some interesting notes, especially relevant for my work with Vancouver's Downtown Transportation Plan. They discuss a consensus-building approach they used in discussions over the plan, bringing stakeholders together in an effort to find some common ground.
Keywords: transportation demand management, transport planning, canada
[329] D. Davies. Light rapid transit: implications for cyclists. Technical report, Cycle Touring and Campaigning, June/July 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, bicycle planning
[330] D.G. Davies, L. Chinn, G.S. Buckle, and Stuart J. Reid. Cycling in vehicle restricted areas. Technical Report 583, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 2003. [ bib | http ]
Vehicle restricted areas (VRAs) or `pedestrian areas' in town centres are sometimes important routes for cyclists. However, cycling is prohibited in many VRAs on the grounds of pedestrian comfort and safety. TRL studied the behaviour of 2,220 cyclists at sites in Cambridge, Hull and Salisbury where cycling is permitted for part or all of the day. TRL also interviewed 300 pedestrians and 150 cyclists at these sites to obtain additional details about behaviour and attitudes. The report presents data on cycling speeds, dismounting and pedestrian flows and identifies those factors that significantly influence cyclist behaviour. It also shows which types of cyclists are most likely to ignore cycling bans and to cycle fast. The interviews reveal varying levels of acceptance by pedestrians of cycling in VRAs, and indicate that some injurious incidents occur. Conclusions are presented about how the physical layout of the VRA and other factors can affect pedestrian safety and comfort. The report does not endorse or reject cycling in VRAs, but presents information that may assist with appropriate local regulation and design.

Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[331] D.G. Davies, S. Gray, G. Gardner, and G. Harland. A quantitative study of attitudes of individuals to cycling. Technical Report 481, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, Crowthorne, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[332] D.G. Davies, M.E. Halliday, M. Mayes, and R.L. Pocock. Attitudes to cycling: a qualitative study and conceptual framework. Technical Report 266, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, Crowthorne, UK, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[333] D.G. Davies and E. Hartley. New cycle owners: Expectations and experience. Technical Report 369, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Cycle sales have increased substantially but overall cycle use has not. This project investigated the expectations and experiences of new cycle owners to see how they might be encouraged to cycle more, particularly for utility purposes. 76 adults who did not regularly cycle, who were buying a new cycle for themselves, were interviewed in cycle shops immediately after their purchase, about their planned cycle use and expectations. After one month they completed a four-day travel diary. After another month, they were interviewed in-depth regarding their cycle use, experiences and attitudes. Almost all those who completed the survey were pleased with their purchase. The majority cycled at least once a week, some much more frequently. Leisure was the main journey purpose but those who cycled to work tended to cycle more frequently. Physical effort, practical difficulties, the weather and the danger and unpleasantness from motor traffic were the main deterrents. One quarter reported using their cars less. However, most continued to use cars for the majority of journeys, including many under one mile. The report concludes that measures are needed to overcome practical barriers to greater cycle use, and to make cycling more enjoyable, for both new and existing cyclists.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[334] Judy S. Davis, Arthur C. Nelson, and Kenneth J. Dueker. The new 'burbs: The exurbs and their implications for planning policy. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1):45-59, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[335] Mike Davis. How Eden lost its garden. In Allen Scott and Edward Soja, editors, The City. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: history
[336] Mike Davis. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making of the Third World. Verso, London, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: history
[337] Mike Davis. Dead Cities and other tales. The New Press, New York, NY, USA, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: general interest, history, sociology, urban planning, urban politics
[338] Mike Davis. Ozzie and Harriet in hell: On the decline of the inner suburbs. In William S. Saunders, editor, Sprawl and Suburbia: A Harvard Design Magazine Reader, chapter 3, pages 27-33. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[339] Ronald M. Davis and Barry Pless. BMJ bans accidents. \newblock {\em British Medical Journal}, 322:1320—1321, 2001.bib ]
Keywords: bicycle collisions
[340] Allison L.C. de Cerreño. Dynamics of on-street parking in large central cities. Technical report, Wagner Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & Management, New York University, New York City, NY, USA, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Funded by the Federal Highway Administration, the purpose of this report is three-fold: (1) to determine, to the degree possible, the impact that on-street parking has on transportation, development, and land-use; (2) to identify and review comprehensively “on-street” parking policies and management practices in large cities; and, (3) to recommend best practice strategies for on-street parking in large cities. The report is the culmination of a year-long study, which included an extensive literature review, one-on-one discussions with city parking officials, a peer-to-peer exchange session in Boston, and a detailed questionnaire to which nine U.S. cities responded.

Keywords: parking
[341] Allison L.C. de Cerreño. Dynamics of on-street parking in large central cities. Transportation Research Record, 1898:130-137, 2004. [ bib ]
Not too relevant from a sustainable transportation perspective. The bulk of the paper addresses the mechanics of parking management (metering technology, loading regulations, etc.) rather than the bigger issues of choosing appropriate prices, balancing on-street and off-street parking, encouraging quick turnover short-term parking, or residential permit systems.
Keywords: parking, streets
[342] Juan de Dios Ortúzar, Andrés Iacobelli, and Claudio Valeze. Estimating demand for a cycleway network. Transportation Research A, 34(5):353-374, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle modelling
[343] Juan de Dios Ortúzar and L.G. Willumsen. Modelling Transport. John Wiley and Sons, New York City, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, discrete choice modelling
[344] Elizabeth Deakin, Ally Bechtel, Amber Crabbe, Mary Archer, Shannon Cairns, Andrew Kluter, Kamshing Leung, and Jason Ni. Parking management and downtown land development in Berkeley, California. Transportation Research Record, 1898:124-129, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[345] Elizabeth Deakin and T. Lathrop. In Proceedings of the Conference on Research Needs in Land Use Modeling and Analysis, Berkeley, CA, USA, June 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, transport planning, urban planning
[346] M. Dear. Rapid transit and suburban residential land uses. Traffic Quarterly, 29(2):223-242, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transit, urban planning, transport planning
[347] P. DeCorla-Souza and H. Cohen. Estimating induced travel for evaluation of metropolitan highway expansion. Transportation, 26:249-262, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, induced travel
[348] Devaiyoti Deka. Social and environmental justice issues in urban transportation. In Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano, editors, The Geography of Urban Transportation, chapter 12, pages 332-355. Guildford Press, New York City, NY, USA, 3rd edition, 2004. [ bib ]
A good overview of the full breadth of equity issues in transportation planning. A few distinctive points: 1) access to health care is often ignored. 2) Residential dispersal is a valid solution to spatial mismatch, but transportation is usually touted as the politically easier solution instead. My thoughts: in some ways, providing subsidised transit connections for reverse commutes is a subsidy to suburbanising businesses, giving them access to low-wage employees at a low-cost location. Without that access, they might choose to locate closer to low-wage workers. 3) In addition to poor/rich urban/suburban, short trip/long trip cross-subsidies, there are also peak/off-peak trip cross-subsidies: off-peak travellers (e.g., low income midnight shift workers, part-time workers) do not require the expensive “peaked” service of the regular workday. (To be fair, late night service is also often heavily subsidised.) 4) The rationale for federal/state funding of transit projects in suburban areas, despite inefficiency: suburbs pay a substantial chunk of taxes, and need to see some returns. If the funds didn't go through a federal level, this might not be an issue: cities could fund their own transit projects... 5) The environmental justice discussion is interesting, particularly the details of the various Bus Riders' Unions. 6) Rich drivers generate more pollution than poor drivers, both from longer trips and from lower fuel efficiency.
Keywords: transport planning, equity
[349] Benedict G.C. Dellaert, Theo A. Arentze, Michel Bierlaire, Aloys W.J. Borgers, and Harry J.P. Timmermans. Investigating consumers' tendency to combine multiple shopping purposes and destinations. Journal of Marketing Research, 35:177-188, May 1998. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: transport modelling, shopping
[350] Marc DeLucchi. Total cost of motor-vehicle use. Access Magazine, 8:7-13, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[351] Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions. A road safety good practice guide. Technical report, Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, London, UK, 2001. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[352] Michelle DeRobertis and Rhonda Rae. Buses and bicycles: Design alternatives for sharing the road. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 71(5):36-44, May 2001. [ bib ]
This is a very good idea for streets with heavy bus traffic. Following the VACC's recommendation, Vancouver has implemented this on downtown Burrard St.
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit, streets, pavement marking
[353] Donald Dewees. The effect of a subway on residential property values in Toronto. Journal of Urban Economics, 3(4):357-369, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning, land use transport link
[354] Atze Dijkstra, Peter Levelt, Jytte Thomsen, Ole Thorson, Jan van Severen, Peter Vansevenant, Puk Kristine Nilsson, Else Jørgensen, Belinda la Cour Lund, and Jan Grubb Laursen. Best practices to promote cycling and walking. Technical report, Danish Road Directorate, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
The ADONIS project was commissioned by the European Commission to a Consortium comprising 7 partners as part of the Fourth Framework Programme. Original title of the project is: Analysis and Development Of New Insight into Substitution of short car trips by cycling and walking (ADONIS).

The ADONIS project was partly funded by the EU - DG VII Transport RTD Programme, Urban Sector and was co-financed by Danish Transport Council, Danish Ministry of Transport, Municipality of Barcelona, Catalan Institute of Road safety, SAINCO TRAFICO S.A., Swedish Transport & Communications Research Board and Belgian Institute for Traffic Safety.

Interesting ideas: C10 (New types of designs for bus stops) describes some interesting ways of designing bus stops to reduce conflicts with cyclists. In one of the options, the bicycle lane is against the curb, but the bus does not pull into the curb to let passengers off. Instead, it stops in its lane, and passengers walk across the bicycle lane. To help them, zebra crossings are marked across the bicycle lane at the bus doors. I think this design is only needed because buses in Denmark are not allowed to pull up to the curb when there is a bicycle lane. C17a-b (Two-way bicycle traffic in one-way streets in Belgium and the Netherlands) gives some interesting background on the effectiveness of this desirable tactic in those countries, and includes some useful signs used there. C18 (two-way traffic on cycle tracks) makes the interesting point that two-way tracks can be good solutions when there are many T juntions on one side of the street, but few on the other (e.g., next to rail tracks or water).

The crossings section is excellent: all of C19-C32 are worth reading. These ideas are first-rate, and few of them have been adopted in North America, from what I've seen. These are some of the biggest issues that I have with current design on this continent. I liked their use of the term “cycle crossing” where the bike lane/path is marked through an intersection.

The parking section (C33-C38) isn't too revolutionary. There are a few interesting details of free public bicycle programmes, and company bicycle programmes in C40-C42. The rest of the policy section (C39-C44) was unexciting, and likewise for the education section (C45-C52).

The organisation section had some interesting ideas. C53 discusses bicycles on public transport (mainly commuter rail routes) in Copenhagen. C56 (“BikeBusters”) describes a programme where committed car drivers were given a free bike, free bus tickets for a year, and asked to fill in trip diaries and track their weight and cholesterol. Others describe bike-to-school programmes, bicycle courier companies, and priority snow cleaning.

Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, pavement colouring, pavement marking, streets
[355] M. Dijst and W. Schenkel. Urban performance in perspective. In M. Dijst, W. Schenkel, and I. Thomas, editors, Governing Cities on the Move: Functional and Management Perspectives on Transformations of European Urban Infrastructures, pages 1-18. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, governance
[356] Jennifer Dill. Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning
[357] Jennifer Dill and Theresa Carr. Bicycle commuting and facilities in major U.S. cities: If you build them, commuters will use them. Transportation Research Record, 1828:116-123, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some surveys indicate that providing bicycle lanes and paths may encourage more people to commute by bicycle. The presence of a striped lane or separated path can increase a cyclist's perception of safety. With growing concerns over traffic congestion and vehicle pollution, public policy makers are increasingly promoting bicycling as an alternative for commuting and other utilitarian trip purposes. State and local spending on bicycle facilities has increased significantly over the past decade. Previous studies have linked higher levels of bicycle commuting to various demographic and geographic variables. At least one analysis showed that cities with higher levels of bicycle infrastructure (lanes and paths) witnessed higher levels of bicycle commuting. Research was conducted that affirms that finding by analyzing data from 43 large cities across the United States. This cross-sectional analysis improves on previous research by including a larger sample of cities, not including predominantly college towns, and using consistent data from the Bureau of the Census 2000 Supplemental Survey. Although the analysis has limitations, it does support the assertion that new bicycle lanes in large cities will be used by commuters.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[358] H. Dimitriou. Transport Planning for Third World Cities. Routledge, London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[359] D. Dingemans. Rapid transit and suburban residential land use. Traffic Quarterly, 32(2):289-306, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, transit
[360] John F. DiRenzo, Bart Cima, and Edward Barber. Parking management tactics. Technical Report FHWA-PL-81-010, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 1981. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: parking
[361] G. Diver, Peter W.G. Newman, and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. An evaluation of better cities: Environmental component. Technical report, Government of Australia, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, Australia, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[362] Linda B. Dixon. Bicycle and pedestrian level-of-service performance measures and standards for congestion management systems. Transportation Research Record, 1538:1-9, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[363] Sean T. Doherty. Interactive methods for activity scheduling processes. In K. Goulias, editor, Transportation Systems Planning: Methods and Applications, volume 7, pages 25-51. CRC Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[364] Sean T. Doherty. Should we abandon activity type analysis? In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Travel Behavior Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some interesting results from the CHASE survey. Shows that activity classification types (shopping, work, etc.) correlate very poorly with activity flexibility in time and space. Consequently, using an “average” flexibility for each activity type captures very little of the true flexibility of the activities.
Keywords: activity-based modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[365] Sean T. Doherty, Lisa Aultman-Hall, and Jill Swaynos. Commuter cyclist accident patterns in Toronto and Ottawa. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 126(1):21-26, Jan/Feb 2000. [ bib ]
In this study, self-reported cyclist collision and fall information from a mail-back questionnaire was analyzed for a sample of 2,945 adult cyclists who commute to work/school in Toronto and Ottawa. Analysis focused on incident frequencies by month, time of day, location, road surface condition, and injury level. These results are presented in order to provide a valuable complement to other sources of bicycle incident data obtained primarily from emergency room hospital records. Only a small percentage of collision and fall incidents resulted in a major injury and would therefore be found in a bicycle accident database compiled from emergency room hospital records. Slightly more, 19.2 and 11.7% of the collisions in Ottawa and Toronto, respectively, were reported to police. The results of the study found that collisions were more sensitive to automobile traffic, whereas falls were more sensitive to the prevailing roadway surface conditions. There was a higher proportion of falls than collisions during the winter months in both cities. However, the severity of injuries from collisions and falls were fairly consistent across time periods. Even when the severity of collisions and falls were considered for different roadway environmental conditions and between roads and off-road, no difference was found. This analysis suggests that minor collisions and falls should be considered in accessing the safety experience of bicyclists.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada
[366] Sean T. Doherty and Kay W. Axhausen. The development of a unified modeling framework of the household activity-travel scheduling process. In W. Brilon, F. Huber, M. Schreckengerg, and H. Wallentowitz, editors, Traffic and Mobility: Simulation-Economics-Environment, pages 35-56. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[367] Sean T. Doherty, Kay W. Axhausen, Tommy Gärling, and Eric J. Miller. A conceptual model of the weekly household activity-travel scheduling process. In Network on European Communications and Transport Activities Euroconference, Israel, April 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[368] Sean T. Doherty and Eric J. Miller. Tracing the household activity scheduling process using a one week computer-based survey. In Proceedings of the International Association of Travel Behavior Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Travel Behavior Research and Applications, Austin, TX, USA, September 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[369] Sean T. Doherty and Eric J. Miller. Activity patterns derived from a one-week household activity scheduling survey. In Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[370] Sean T. Doherty and Eric J. Miller. A computerized household activity scheduling survey. Transportation, 27(1):75-97, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[371] Sean T. Doherty, Eric J. Miller, Kay W. Axhausen, and Tommy Gärling. A conceptual model of the weekly household activity-travel scheduling process. In E. Stern, I. Salomon, and P. Bovy, editors, Travel Behaviour: Patterns, Implications and Modelling, pages 148-165. Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[372] Sean T. Doherty and Abolfazl Mohammadian. Application of artificial neural network models to activity scheduling time horizon. Transportation Research Record, 1854:43-49, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[373] Sean T. Doherty, Erika Nemeth, Matthew J. Roorda, and Eric J. Miller. Design and assessment of the Toronto Area computerized household activity scheduling survey. Transportation Research Record, 1894:140-149, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada, travel behaviour
[374] P. Donnelly. Rail transit impact studies: Atlanta, Washington, and San Diego. Technical report, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[375] J.T. Doolittle and E.K. Porter. Integration of bicycles and transit. TCRP Synthesis 4, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, intermodal, transit
[376] D. Dornbush. BART-induced changes in property values and rents: Land use and urban development projects, phase i, BART impact study. Technical report, U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C., USA, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[377] Steve Dotterer. Portland's arterial streets classification policy. In Anne V. Moudon, editor, Public Streets for Public Use, chapter 12, pages 170-179. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, transport planning
[378] R. Dowling. Neotraditionalism in the suburban landscape: Cultural geographies of exclusion in Vancouver, Canada. Urban Geography, 19(2):105-122, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, canada
[379] Richard Dowling, Joseph Holland, and Allen Huang. Guidelines for applying microsimulation modeling software. Technical report, California Department of Transportation, Oakland, CA, USA, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[380] Richard Dowling, Ireson, Skabardonis, Gillen, Stopher, Horowitz, Bowman, Elizabeth Deakin, and Dulla. Predicting short-term and long-term air quality effects of traffic-flow improvement projects. Technical Report NCHRP 25-21, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning
[381] Anthony Downs. The law of peak-hour expressway congestion. Traffic Quarterly, 33:347-362, 1962. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling
[382] Anthony Downs. Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 1992. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: transport planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, urban form, induced travel, zoning
[383] Anthony Downs. New Visions for Metropolitan America. The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, 1994. [ bib ]
In the first three chapters (the only part I've read), there were some very interesting discussion of growth management policies, equity and racial segregation in the USA.

One point I found interesting was the discussion of preferences. In general, Americans want single-family detached houses, auto-based travel, free parking and short travel times. The planning system in many ways guarantees the first two: suburbs have extremely high minimum standards for housing (low density single-family homes), and generally provide generous roads and free parking. The last aspect of preferences cannot be guaranteed due to growth and swamping of existing roads by new travel, discussed at length in the book. This is the aspect I find interesting: the system is inherently biased towards one set of preferences (housing) and limits trading off housing against travel time-if an individual prefers short travel times and is willing to accept “lower quality” dense housing in return, that option is rarely available. In other words, this minimum provision limits choices, a point that Andre Sorensen has made repeatedly in his discussions in the course I'm taking.

Downs notes that one-third of US households did not live in single-family homes in 1990, and one-third were renters (presumably with substantial overlap). He describes the provision of low-cost housing as a “trickle-down” process: since cheap new housing is prohibited, only degraded older houses are available for those who cannot afford the suburban single-family home. This process breaks down when “net housing construciton is lower than net household formation”-i.e., periods of rapid growth.

Keywords: urban planning, equity, zoning, urban politics, smart growth
[384] Anthony Downs. Some realities about sprawl and urban decline. Housing Policy Debate, 10(4):955-974, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[385] Anthony Downs. What does Smart Growth really mean? Planning, 67(4):20-25, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, smart growth
[386] Anthony Downs. Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2004. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: transport planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, urban form, induced travel, zoning
[387] Anthony Downs. Smart Growth: Why we discuss it more than we do it. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(4):367-378, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, urban politics, smart growth
[388] DSB (Danish State Railways). Cykelparkering og cykelcentre: et idekatalog (Cycle parking and cycle centres: a catalogue of ideas). Technical report, DSB Styregruppen vedr. cykelparkering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[389] DSB (Danish State Railways, S-Togsdivision). Handlingsplan for forbedring af cykelparkering ved S-stationer (Plan for promotion of cycle parking at S-train stations). Technical report, DSB Styregruppen vedr. cykelparkering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[390] Andrés Duany. The pseudoscience of planning. Internet, 2000. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: urban planning
[391] Andrés Duany. Introduction to the special issue dedicated to the Transect. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3):251-260, 2002. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: new urbanism, urban planning, urban design
[392] Andrés Duany. Neighbourhood design in practice. In Peter Neal, editor, Urban Villages and the Making of Communities, chapter 4, pages 85-102. Spon Press, London, UK, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism, urban planning
[393] Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Towns and town-making principles. Rizzoli International Publications, New York City, NY, USA, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[394] Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. The second coming of the American small town. Wilson Quarterly, pages 19-48, Winter 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism
[395] Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. The neighbourhood, the district, and the corridor. In Peter Katz, editor, New Urbanism: Towards an architecture of community, pages xvii-xx. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, architecture, new urbanism, urban design
[396] Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck. Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream. North Point Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, urban planning, new urbanism
[397] Andrés Duany and Emily Talen. Transect planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3):254-266, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, new urbanism
[398] Michael Quinn Dudley. Sprawl as strategy: City planners face the bomb. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21:52-63, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, history
[399] S. Duncan. Qualitative change in human geography: an introduction. Geoforum, 10(1-4), 1979. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[400] R. Dunphy. Toronto: A pioneering transit model in a suburbanizing future. In Moving Beyond Gridlock: Traffic and Development, pages 109-124. The Urban Land Institute, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit
[401] R. Dunphy and K. Fisher. Transportation, congestion and density: New insights. Transportation Research Record, 1552, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[402] Robert T. Dunphy. Conflicted over congestion. Urban Land, 63(5):81-86, May 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[403] Robert T. Dunphy. Housing and traffic. Urban Land, 63(2):76-80, February 2004. [ bib ]
Interesting, with some good statistics. The author shows that if transportation and housing costs are combined, total spending amounts to 47-57% of income across almost all of the United States. The split between transport and housing varies dramatically, of course, but the point is that you aren't really saving people any money by building an auto-dependent region; you're just choosing a different urban form. Top 10 most expensive: San Diego, Tampa, Los Angeles, Miami, Denver, Atlanta, Phoenix, Cleveland and San Francisco. Bottom 11: Portland, Baltimore, Houston, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Anchorage, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis/St. Paul, St. Louis and Honolulu. New York, surprisingly, is right in the middle of the pack.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[404] Robert T. Dunphy. Pricing traffic/pacing growth. Urban Land, 63(5):88-91, May 2004. [ bib ]
Some interesting notes flowing from the London congestion charging scheme. New York has studied the idea, and is in fact already partway there, since they have tolls on many of the bridges entering Manhattan.
Keywords: congestion pricing
[405] Alan Durning. The car and the city. Technical report, Northwest Environment Watch, 1996. [ bib ]
Comparison of Portland, Seattle and Vancouver
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, canada
[406] R. Eash. Destination and mode choice models for nonmotorized travel. Transportation Research Record, 1674:1-8, 1999. [ bib ]
Apparently, this talks about the inapplicability of motorized travel models to peds/bikes.
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, transport modelling
[407] M. Echenique and A. Saint. Cities for the new millenium. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[408] ECONorthwest. Metro urban centers: An evaluation of the density of development. Technical report, Metro, Portland, OR, July 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[409] ECONorthwest. Metro corridors project: Analysis of land use and transportation issues. Technical report, Metro and the Transportation Growth Management Program, Oregon Department of Transportation/Department of Land Conservation and Development, Portland, OR, USA, August 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, streets
[410] ECONorthwest. Metro corridors project: Case study report. Technical report, Metro and the Transportation Growth Management Program, Oregon Department of Transportation/Department of Land Conservation and Development, Portland, OR, USA, June 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, streets
[411] Brian Edwards. Sustainable architecture: European directives and building design. Architectural Press, Oxford, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture
[412] M.J. Egenhofer and R.G. Golledge, editors. Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: geographic information systems
[413] Jean Eid, Henry G. Overman, Diego Puga, and Matthew A. Turner. Fat City: Questioning the relationship between urban sprawl and obesity. Manuscript paper, University of Toronto, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
After a quick read, my main criticism regards their choice of neighbourhood variables. I am not convinced that they are capturing “walkability” in their coarse residential sprawl index or “mixed-use” index. While these two variables are intended to capture density and diversity (ignoring design), they ignore the work environment and probably do a poor job of measuring the residential environment. They also tried using the Smart Growth America sprawl index, but this index is not local enough to capture the necessary neighbourhood-scale effects.

Additionally, I have to wonder about their sample-how many walkable environments were actually sampled? In the US, an unstratified sampling strategy would not include many walkable locations.

Finally, I have to wonder about time lags: their model only captures a change in BMI in the year following a move (when a change in sprawl/mixed use is observed). What about subsequent years?

That said, these weaknesses are present in many other papers in the literature, and they do bring some interesting perspectives and methodology to the table. The inclusion of occupation variables associated with strength and strenuousness was a valuable addition to modelling in this area. I'd need to read the paper more closely before I'd be prepared to defend my complaints, really.

Keywords: urban planning, active transportation, land use transport link
[414] Ilan Elgar and Christopher Kennedy. Review of optimal transit subsidies: Comparison between models. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(2):71-78, June 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, finance
[415] Ilan Elgar and Eric J. Miller. A conceptual model of small office firm location. Transportation Research Record, 1977:190-196, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling, location choice
[416] J.R. Elliot and C.C. Wright. The collapse of parking enforcement in large towns: some causes and solutions. Traffic Engineering and Control, 23(6):304-310, June 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[417] Cliff Ellis. The New Urbanism: Critiques and rebuttals. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3):261-291, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
An excellent summary and rebuttal of the critiques of New Urbanism, with a very solid bibliography thrown in for good measure.

Good quotes: “Neoclassical economics is presented as a neutral methodology, when it actually prescribes a political theory favouring individual self-interest and consumerism over public-spirited behaviour and deliberative political choices.”

“[...] New Urbanism will not abolish traffic congestion. But all congestion is not equal. San Francisco and Paris have congestion, but the streets are alive, the quality of life is high, and alternatives to driving are plentiful. As many New Urbanists have pointed out, the worst-case scenario is really congestion in the suburbs, where the landscape is openly hostile to pedestrians and transit service is minimal.”

“Andrés Duany has trenchantly argued that it makes no sense to throw away all of our town-planning traditions in the vain hope that a few architectural masterpieces will result. This has produced `an appalling win-loss ratio', with hundreds of disasters littering the landscape for every masterpiece produced.”

Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[418] A. Elmi, Daniel A. Badoe, and Eric J. Miller. Transferability analysis of work-trip distribution models. Transportation Research Record, 1676:169-176, 1999. [ bib ]
An empirical study of the temporal transferability properties of entropy-type trip-distribution models, applied within a fixed geographic region, is presented. Data for the study were drawn from three travel surveys conducted in 1964, 1986, and 1996 in the Toronto region. Very long transfer periods were examined, and a wide variety of model specifications were tested. These specifications ranged from the simple proportional flow model to an occupationally stratified, doubly constrained entropy model, for which spatial separation was measured by highway travel time. These models were estimated using data from 1964 and 1986. The estimated 1964 models were transferred to 1986 and 1996 to predict the distribution of travel. The 1986 models also were transferred to 1996 to predict the distribution of travel. Results showed that the travel-time parameter was not temporally stable. However, pragmatically, the transferred models were found to provide forecasts very comparable to those generated by models estimated in the respective application contexts. Improved model specification consistently resulted in improved precision of the forecasts obtained. In particular, stratification of the data by worker occupation category resulted in models with the best fit to estimation data, as well as forecasts. However, from a decision- oriented perspective, the improvement in precision obtained from additional complexity in specification did not warrant a recommendation for use of more complex models. Thus, the simple, doubly constrained entropy model with spatial separation measured by highway travel time appears satisfactory for use in practical modeling efforts.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada
[419] Rune Elvik. Which are the relevant costs and benefits of road safety measures designed for pedestrians and cyclists? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32:37-45, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle collisions, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, finance
[420] Rune Elvik. Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of safety effects. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33:327-336, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, traffic calming, bicycle collisions
[421] Rune Elvik. Improving road safety in Norway and Sweden: analysing the efficiency of policy priorities. Traffic Engineering and Control, 42(1):9-16, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: prioritisation, streets, bicycle collisions
[422] J. Emery, C. Crump, and P. Bors. Reliability and validity of two instruments designed to assess the walking and bicycling suitability of sidewalks and roads. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, active transportation
[423] Energy Pathways, Inc. Condominium parking standards in Mississauga. Technical report, Canadian Mortgage and Housing Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[424] Kim V.L. England. Suburban pink collar ghettos: the spatial entrapment of women? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83(2):225-242, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, gender, urban planning
[425] M. Enoch. UK parking cash out experience, and lessons from California. Traffic Engineering and Control, 48(5):184-187, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[426] Gerd Enxing. Decision behaviour of advanced producer services with regard to the choice of location. In Jouke van Dijk and Piet H. Pellenbarg, editors, Demography of Firms: Spatial Dynamics of Firm Behaviour, volume 262, chapter 14, pages 271-283. Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Netherlands Geographical Studies, Utrecht/Groningen, The Netherlands, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: firm behaviour, demography of firms, location choice
[427] Bruce Epperson. Evaluating suitability of roadways for bicycle use: towards a cycling level-of-service standard. Transportation Research Record, 1438:9-16, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[428] D. Alrutz et al. Begleitforschung Fahrradfrendliche Städte und Gemeinden NRW: Maßnahmen- und Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung. Technical report, Ministerium für Wirtschaft und Mittelstand, Energie und Verkehr NRW, Düsseldorf, Germany, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[429] European Parking Association. EPA urban parking policy guide: Statement for COST 342. Technical report, European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), Cologne, Germany, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking
[430] B. Evill. Population, urban density and fuel use: Eliminating the spurious correlation. Urban Policy and Research, 13(1):29-36, 1995. [ bib ]
Demonstrated that NewKen89's approach was sound.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[431] Reid Ewing. Measuring transportation performance. Transportation Quarterly, 49(1):91-104, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[432] Reid Ewing. Best Development Practices: Doing the Right Thing and Making Money at the Same Time. The Planners Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, bicycle planning
[433] Reid Ewing. Counterpoint: Is Los-Angeles-style sprawl desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1):107-126, 1997. [ bib ]
A good counterpoint to Gordon & Richardson's article. My one regret with this article: because the author tries to stick to a clearly defensible urban form, and because he tries to avoid seeming “hopelessly European or Canadian,” his definition of a “compact” urban form is actually quite low-density and sprawling by any other nation's standards. He advocates a density of about 4 units per acre, which is below the level required to support even one bus every half hour.
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[434] Reid Ewing. Transportation & Land Use Innovations: When you can't pave your way out of congestion. American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[435] Reid Ewing. Traffic calming: State of the practice. Technical report, Institute of Transportation Engineers/Federal Highway Administration, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: traffic calming, streets
[436] Reid Ewing. Impacts of traffic calming. Transportation Quarterly, 55(1):33-45, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, traffic calming
[437] Reid Ewing, Keith Bartholomew, Steve Winkelman, Jerry Walters, and Don Chen. Growing cooler: The evidence on urban development and climate change. Technical report, Urban Land Institute, 2007. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: land use transport link, greenhouse gases
[438] Reid Ewing, Steven J. Brown, and Aaron Hoyt. Traffic calming practice revisited. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 75(11):22-27, 2005. [ bib ]
This paper describes a survey that was conducted with 21 U.S. jurisdictions concerning their traffic calming practices. The findings are compared to previous studies to demonstrate how policies and practices have evolved as the field has matured. The jurisdictions were surveyed regarding traffic calming program staffing, budgets, controversies and litigation. Process issues such as project initiation, prioritization/resource allocation, public approval, road user needs and technical issues such as street eligibility were also included. Finding showed significant changes in the mainstreaming of programs within transportation or public works departments, less public controversy surrounding programs, greater reliance on private financing of construction, more public involvement in planning through neighborhood traffic committees, limited expansion of eligibility beyond local streets to collectors and arterials, and expansion of individual agency toolboxes to include a greater range of speed control measures.

I was surprised by the tiny amount of money devoted to traffic calming in the jurisdictions they surveyed: only $80,000 total in Portland, with other funds coming from residents or the general public works department fund. They note that most projects are resident-initiated, rather than being identified by staff. Most cities prioritize projects using reasonable criteria: speed, volume, collisions, proximity to schools/hospitals/parks, ped/bike volumes, density, street width, and sidewalks are sometimes used. Some take a first come, first serve approach, and Sacramento even uses a lottery.
Keywords: traffic calming, streets, prioritisation
[439] Reid Ewing and Robert Cervero. Travel and the built environment-synthesis. In Redefining, reevaluating and reinventing transit: the transportation/land use/environmental connection, Annual Policy and Research Symposium Series, UCLA Conference Center, Lake Arrowhead, CA, USA, October 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit, urban planning
[440] Reid Ewing, Padma Haliyur, and G. William Page. Getting around a traditional city, a suburban planned unit development, and everything in between. Transportation Research Record, 1466:53-62, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban form
[441] Reid Ewing and C. Kooshian. U.S. experience with traffic calming. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 8(7):28-33, August 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: traffic calming, streets
[442] Reid Ewing, Rolf Pendall, and Don Chen. Measuring sprawl and its impact. Technical report, Smart Growth America, Washington, D.C., USA, 2002. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[443] Reid Ewing, William Schroeer, and William Greene. School location and student travel: Analysis of factors affecting mode choice. Transportation Research Record, 1895:55-63, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[444] Ardeshir Faghri and Erika Egyháziová. Development of a computer simulation model of mixed motor vehicle and bicycle traffic on an urban road network. Transportation Research Record, 1674:86-93, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[445] Ray Fair. Disequilibrium in housing models. Journal of Finance, 27(2):207-221, May 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[446] Joel Fajans and Melanie Curry. Why bicyclists hate stop signs. Access Magazine, 18:28-31, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, streets, traffic controls
[447] B.P. Feeney. A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand. VTI Rapport 308A, Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Linkoping, Sweden, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[448] B.P. Feeney. A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand. Transportation Planning and Technology, 13:229-234, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[449] Sharon Feigon, David Hoyt, Lisa McNally, Ryan Mooney-Bullock, Sara Campbell, and Dennis Leach. Travel matters: Mitigating climate change with sustainable surface transportation. Report 93, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2003. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: transport planning, greenhouse gases
[450] Eran Feitelson and Orit Rotem. The case for taxing surface parking. Transportation Research D, 9(4):319-333, 2004. [ bib ]
Surface parking generates multiple externalities. If left to the market the supply of parking is likely to be suboptimal. But parking requirements ignore most of the externalities. This paper suggests that a tax approach may be a more efficient method to internalize the externalities associated with parking provision, thereby assuring an optimal supply of parking. However, in practice it is infeasible to value all externalities in monetary terms and to set such a tax. Hence, a suboptimal flat surface parking tax is advanced. In addition to its contribution to the reduction of externalities from land cover, this tax is likely to have several noteworthy positive attributes. It is simple to assess. It will provide an incentive for intensifying the use of parking. It may also increase the attractiveness of providing underground parking relative to surface parking, thereby reducing the attractiveness of suburban retail centers relative to central cities. A discussion of implementation issues suggests that a surface parking tax may face relatively low transaction costs. These will be largely a function of the use of revenues. Hence, the use of revenues should be specified when such a tax is proposed.

Keywords: parking, transport planning
[451] Martin Fellendorf. VISSIM: A microscopic simulation tool to evaluate actuated signal control including bus priority. In Proceedings of the 64th ITE Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, USA, October 1994. Institute of Traffic Engineers. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[452] Martin Fellendorf. VISSIM: Ein Instrument zur Beurteilung verkehrsabhängiger Steuerungen. In Tagungsband zum Kolloqium “Verkehrsabhängige Steuerung am Knotenpunkt”, pages 58-68, Köln (Cologne), Germany, 1994. Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrswesen. [ bib ]
This guy is the chief researcher at PTV AG (makers of VISSIM)
Keywords: transport modelling
[453] J. Ferber and A. Drogoul. Using reactive multi-agent systems in simulation and problem solving. In L. Gasser and N. Avouris, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence: Theory and practice. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Germany, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science
[454] Erik Ferguson. Transportation demand management: Planning, development and implementation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(4):442-456, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, transport planning
[455] Erik Ferguson. Transportation Demand Management. American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, USA, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management
[456] Nils Ferrand. Multi-reactive agents paradigm for spatial modelling. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 167-184. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling
[457] R. Field. Are you being squeezed at road narrowings? Technical report, Cyclists' Touring Club, Godalming, Surrey, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[458] G.J. Fielding and D.B. Klein. How to franchise highways. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 27(2):113-130, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, congestion pricing
[459] Pierre Filion. The neighbourhood improvement plan, Montreal and Toronto: contrasts between a participatory and a centralized approach to urban policy making. Urban History Review, 17:16-28, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[460] Pierre Filion. Planning proposals and urban development trends: can the gap be bridged? Plan Canada, 35(5):17-19, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[461] Pierre Filion. Metropolitan planning objectives and implementation constraints: planning in a post-Fordist and postmodern age. Environment and Planning A, 28(9):1637-1660, 1996. [ bib ]
Planning faces the predicament that as recommendations become bolder possibilities for implementation deteriorate. This is imputed to society's transition from a Fordist and modern to a post-Fordist and postmodern era. On the one hand, postmodern values account for more public participation and heightened environmental sensitivity, which translate into proposals for alternative forms of urban development. On the other hand, the implementation of these proposals is impaired by reduced public sector resources as a result of the economic instability associated with post-Fordism. Another impediment is the difficulty to achieve sufficient support for planning objectives in the postmodern context. This context is marked by a fragmentation of values, attachment to the existing built environment, and suspicion between social groups. The empirical focus is on Toronto's bold metropolitan planning proposals. Most recent planning documents call for reurbanization efforts, a compact urban form, and reduced reliance on the car. In this paper I cast doubts, however, on the eventual actualization of these proposals by highlighting weaknesses in the present and anticipated implementation context. These are tied to factors that are specific to Toronto, but also to a greater extent to the post-Fordist and postmodern environment.

A few interesting ideas. He argues that the postmodern attachment of value to public participation and plural views could undermine processes aimed at changing suburban form to better accommodate plurality. He suggests that NIMBYism arises from suspicion between factions in a fractured society, and this will in turn hinder changes to existing urban form (infill, etc.) and favour greenfield development where such arguments can be avoided. In the light of his arguments, I find policies such as urban growth boundaries more appealing: they prevent greenfield alternatives and force NIMBYism to be confronted directly. Toronto already seems to be headed in this direction, as social housing projects are increasingly recognised as necessary and located in all wards, instead of being fought off by all wards.
Keywords: geography, urban planning, politics, canada, urban form
[462] Pierre Filion. Rupture or continuity? modern and postmodern planning in Toronto. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23:423-444, 1999. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[463] Pierre Filion. Balancing concentration and dispersion? public policy and urban structure in Toronto. Environment and Planning C, 18:163-189, 2000. [ bib ]
An excellent, detached and comprehensive overview of postwar trends in the Toronto region. The hypothesis that Toronto may have “the best of both worlds” by having both dispersed and concentrated environments is an interesting one, although the retention of that status would require both realms to grow at similar rates, which has not been the trend in recent decades.
Keywords: canada, urban planning, geography, urban politics, toronto
[464] Pierre Filion. Suburban mixed-use centres and urban dispersion: What difference do they make? Environment and Planning A, 33(1):141-160, 2001. [ bib ]
Some very good points in a comparison of several Toronto shopping centres that I know well. Hard data makes for an interesting comparison exercise. The amazing thing, really, is the allocation of space in each centre: roughly 2.5:1 ratio of space for cars to space for buildings (except North York Centre, at 2:1), compared with 1:2 in downtown Toronto. North York Centre still comes out almost as bad as the others, since it uses its saved space mostly for open park space (38% of total space!)

“If suburban mixed-use centres have been successful in juxtaposing different land uses, their integration of these uses has been far less impressive.”

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban design, pedestrian planning
[465] Pierre Filion. Towards smart growth? The difficult implementation of alternatives to urban dispersion. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 12(1):48-70, 2003. [ bib ]
The smart growth concept has recently achieved prominence within the planning profession. It represents a reaction to mounting resentment towards the adverse consequences of prevailing forms of urbanization: air pollution, high development costs and deteriorating quality of life. The article examines the possibility of implementing smart growth proposals within the prevailing political, economic and value environment. After drawing lessons from the lack of success of attempts at altering urban development over the last thirty years, the article proposes two smart growth strategies. To maintain their implementation potential and capacity to modify urbanization trends, the strategies avoid clashes with entrenched preference patterns and powerful interest groups. The first strategy consists in an expansion of the high-density transit-oriented compact urban realm into the ambient low-density car-dependent dispersed realm. The second strategy involves the creation of mixed-use high-density corridors, hospitable to transit use and walking, within newly urbanized areas.

An excellent article, aimed at realistic incremental policies to change urban densities, the main obstacle to mode share changes. The solutions he presents are not new at all, but the political context and discussion of suburban values are worth thinking about.
Keywords: urban planning, urban politics, canada, urban form, smart growth
[466] Pierre Filion. The Urban Growth Centres strategy in the Greater Golden Horseshoe: Lessons from downtowns, nodes, and corridors. Technical report, The Neptis Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada, May 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban form, canada, toronto
[467] Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting. Local power and its limits: Three decades of attempts to revitalize Kitchener's CBD. Urban History Review, 12:48-70, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, canada, urban planning
[468] Pierre Filion, Trudi Bunting, and City of Kitchener Planning Department. Housing development potential in Kitchener's core area: Markets and recommendations. Technical report, City of Kitchener, Kitchener, ON, Canada, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[469] Pierre Filion, Trudi Bunting, and K. Curtis, editors. The Dynamics of the Dispersed City: Geographic and Planning Perspective on Waterloo Region. University of Waterloo, Department of Geography, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[470] Pierre Filion, Trudi Bunting, Kathleen McSpurren, and Alan Tse. Canada-U.S. metropolitan density patterns: Zonal convergence and divergence. Urban Geography, 25(1):42-65, 2004. [ bib ]
The paper compares density patterns of the three largest Canadian metropolitan regions with those of a sample of 12 U.S. urban areas with comparable populations. It verifies if such patterns support claims of Canadian urban distinctiveness prevalent within this country's research literature. Findings indicate that regional differences among U.S. cities are as important as cross-national distinctions. Measures of centrality and overall density place observed Canadian metrpolitan areas within the same category as older U.S. East Coast metropolitan areas. Inter-city comparisons of historically and geographically defined zones suggest a period of cross-national convergence before World War II, when the inner city was developed, followed by a period of divergence from the 1940s to the 1970s, when the inner suburb was built. The development of the outer suburb, which began in the early 1970s, marks a return to cross-national convergence. These results question the continued relevance of the literature on the distinctiveness of Canadian urbanization.

Very interesting. They find that Canadian cities, as a group, do stand out from American cities-they are denser overall (than American cities of comparable size), and denser in their cores and inner suburbs. In the outer suburbs, however, densities are indistinguishable from American cities. Beyond that, however, Canadian cities have much smaller exurban regions than their American counterparts. They fit a cubic polynomial to the density/distance-from-CBD graph, and don't find Canadian cities to be as distinctive in that measure; I'm not sure how solid their analysis there is, though (haven't read it closely enough). Generally, the Canadian cities are distinctive as a group, since all of the major Canadian cities are dense, but are generally similar to northeastern American cities. The U.S. just has a wider variety of cities. “Our work does not so much refute the perspective espoused by the Canadian urban specificity literature as situate it historically and geographically. According to zonal findings and events that have marked the evolution of cities in the two countries, most of the noted cross-national differences can be linked to the period that ran from the end of World War II to the 1970s.” Overall, I don't think their results justify the final sentence of their abstract (repeated in their introduction); I think Canadian cities are quite distinctive. In particular, they don't discuss exurban trends very much, although these are a very significant part of American city development today: the Canadian cities have only 18 percent of their population in exurban areas, while the American cities are clustered closer to 30 percent, with some as high as 50 percent (Atlanta, Boston).
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, canada
[471] Pierre Filion, Trudi Bunting, and K. Warriner. The entrenchment of urban dispersion: Residential preferences and location patterns in the dispersed city. Urban Studies, 36:1317-1347, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[472] C.S. Fischer. The urban experience. Harcourt, Bruce, Jonavich, New York City, NY, USA, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[473] Manfred M. Fischer. Spatial interaction models and the role of the geographic information systems. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 33-43. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling
[474] F. Fitzroy and I. Smith. Priority over pricing: Lessons from Zurich on the redundacy of road pricing. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 27(2):207-214, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, congestion pricing
[475] David Fleming. Energy and the common purpose: Descending the energy staircase with Tradeable Energy Quotas (TEQs). Internet. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: greenhouse gases, energy
[476] Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette Skamris Holm, and Søren Buhl. Underestimating costs in public works projects: error or lie? Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3):279-295, 2002. [ bib ]
A very interesting article. The theory that actors lie about project costs for political gain is supported by the statistically significant results found in this article.
Keywords: transport planning, politics, finance, transit
[477] R. Fogelson. The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles from 1850 to 1930. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, history, urban planning
[478] Department for Transport. Advanced Stop Lines for cyclists. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 08/93, Department for Transport, Traffic Advisory Unit, London, UK, 1993. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[479] Department for Transport. Further development of Advanced Stop Lines. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 05/96, Department for Transport, Traffic Advisory Unit, London, UK, 1996. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[480] L. Ford. Lynch revisited: New Urbanism and theories of good city form. Cities, 16(4):247-257, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, new urbanism
[481] John Forester. Bicycle Transportation. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[482] John Forester. How to make biking a real alternative. Transportation and Environment, 21:59-61, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[483] John Forester. The bicycle transportation controversy. Transportation Quarterly, 55(2):7-17, Spring 2001. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[484] Jon F. Forni, Thorburn Colquhoun, and David Hasen. The use of coloured surfacing in road layout. In European Transport Forum Annual Meeting, Traffic Management and Road Safety, September 1997. [ bib ]
Quote: Forni, Colquhoun and Hasen reported in 1997 a study of the use of coloured surfacing in road layouts in Europe. They found that the colour red is the most commonly used pavement colour for road safety in Europe. However, colours including yellow and other combination colours have been successfully used to reduce speeds and collisions. The study suggested adopting green coloured surfacing for schemes that aim to identify sections of road for use by certain vehicles such as buses or bicycles.
Keywords: bicycle planning
[485] D. Forrest, J. Glen, and R. Ward. The impacts of a light rail system on the structure of house prices: a hedonic longitudinal study. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 30(1):15-30, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning
[486] J.W. Forrester. Urban Dynamics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1969. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[487] Adrian Forsyth and Ken Miyata. Tropical Nature. Macmillan, New York City, NY, USA, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: ecology
[488] Bay Area Economic Forum. Market-based solutions to the transportation crisis: Executive summary. Technical report, Bay Area Economic Forum, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, parking
[489] A. Stewart Fotheringham. GIS-based spatial modelling: A step forwards or a step backwards? In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 21-30. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling
[490] A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors. Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling, transport modelling
[491] A. Stewart Fotheringham and D.W. Wong. The modifiable areal unit problem and multivariate analysis. Environment and Planning A, 23:1025-1044, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[492] M. Francis. Mapping downtown activity. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 1:21-35, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, pedestrian planning
[493] Lawrence D. Frank. Impacts of mixed used and density on utilization of three modes of travel: Single-occupant vehicle, transit, walking. Transportation Research Record, 1466:44-52, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form
[494] Lawrence D. Frank. Improving air quality through growth management and travel reduction strategies. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 124(1):11-32, 1998. [ bib ]
Land-use impacts on travel demand and vehicle emissions is emerging as a topic of major interest, as several regions around the nation struggle to demonstrate conformance with the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). The implementation of the CAAA threatens the withholding of federal transportation funding from several regions unable to demonstrate the ability to meet milestone reductions in emissions required by the CAAA. A case study of a network of policies emerging in Washington State as part of growth management efforts is presented. These policies, when coupled with federal clean air (CAAA) and surface transportation legislation (ISTEA), provide a framework for the implementation of land-use strategies that are associated with less vehicular travel and emissions. A review of the land development and transportation investment policies espoused in newly adopted local comprehensive plans in the Central Puget Sound Region of Washington State are presented. This review indicates a shift toward planning solutions that could result in reduced vehicle emissions if implemented.

Keywords: transport planning, transportation demand management, urban form, greenhouse gases
[495] Lawrence D. Frank. Land use and transportation interaction: implications on public health and quality of life. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20(1):6-22, September 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Increases in per capita vehicle usage and associated emissions have spawned an increased the examination of the ways in which our communities and regions are developing. Associated with increased vehicle usage are decreased levels of walking and biking, two valid forms of physical activity. The Surgeon General's 1996 report, Physical Activity and Health, highlights the increasing level of physical inactivity as a growing cause of mortality. The costs and benefits of contrasting land development and transportation investment practices have been the subject of considerable debate in the literature. Findings have been refuted based on methodological grounds and inaccurate interpretation of data. Several of these studies, their methodological approaches, and their critiques are analyzed. While most agree that the built environment influences travel, considerable disagreement exists over the likely impacts of increased density, mix, and street connectivity on air quality, transportation system performance, and household activity patterns.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, land use transport link
[496] Lawrence D. Frank. Transportation, air quality and thinking big: Pollution control requires a holistic approach. T.R. News, 213:35-37, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: energy, transport planning, urban planning
[497] Lawrence D. Frank. Land use and transportation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Environment Research Needs in Transportation, pages 127-137. Transportation Research Board, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[498] Lawrence D. Frank, Martin A. Andresen, and Thomas L. Schmid. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(2):87-96, August 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Obesity is a major health problem in the United States and around the world. To date, relationships between obesity and aspects of the built environment have not been evaluated empirically at the individual level. Objective

To evaluate the relationship between the built environment around each participant's place of residence and self-reported travel patterns (walking and time in a car), body mass index (BMI), and obesity for specific gender and ethnicity classifications.

Body Mass Index, minutes spent in a car, kilometers walked, age, income, educational attainment, and gender were derived through a travel survey of 10,878 participants in the Atlanta, Georgia region. Objective measures of land use mix, net residential density, and street connectivity were developed within a 1-kilometer network distance of each participant's place of residence. A cross-sectional design was used to associate urban form measures with obesity, BMI, and transportation-related activity when adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Discrete analyses were conducted across gender and ethnicity. The data were collected between 2000 and 2002 and analysis was conducted in 2004.

Land-use mix had the strongest association with obesity (BMI>=30 kg/m^2), with each quartile increase being associated with a 12.2% reduction in the likelihood of obesity across gender and ethnicity. Each additional hour spent in a car per day was associated with a 6% increase in the likelihood of obesity. Conversely, each additional kilometer walked per day was associated with a 4.8% reduction in the likelihood of obesity. As a continuous measure, BMI was significantly associated with urban form for white cohorts. Relationships among urban form, walk distance, and time in a car were stronger among white than black cohorts.

Measures of the built environment and travel patterns are important predictors of obesity across gender and ethnicity, yet relationships among the built environment, travel patterns, and weight may vary across gender and ethnicity. Strategies to increase land-use mix and distance walked while reducing time in a car can be effective as health interventions.

A very useful addition to the debates on urban form. I'm a fan of anything bring active transportation into the debate, rather than just trying to reduce SOV trips. I'm curious about why they found land-use mix and walking distance to be statistically independent influences on obesity. Their speculation that it may be related to nutrition (and so-called “food deserts”) is an interesting idea.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, urban form, land use transport link
[499] Lawrence D. Frank and Robert T. Dunphy. Smart Growth and transportation. Urban Land, 76(5):58-63, May 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[500] Lawrence D. Frank and Peter O. Engelke. An annotated bibliography of research on land development and transportation practices that impact physical activity and health. Working Paper 2, Active Community Environments, January 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning
[501] Lawrence D. Frank and Peter O. Engelke. The built environment and human activity patterns: exploring the impacts of urban form on public health. Journal of Planning Literature, 16(2):202-218, November 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
An increasing body of evidence suggests that moderate forms of physical activity (such as walking and bicycling), when engaged in regularly, can have important beneficial effects on public health. This article reviews current public health, planning, and urban design research to determine, first, how walking and bicycling might be critically important exercise behaviors for improving public health, second, how urban form affects the frequency of walking and bicycling as a form of physical activity, and third, how the public health considerations outlined in this article might reorient planners' thinking toward the realization of health-promotive environments. The current lack of emphasis on the interdependencies between built form and overall quality of life, as measured by health, safety, and welfare considerations, suggests the need for a rethinking of public policy approaches to transportation investment and land development.

Keywords: active transportation, urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[502] Lawrence D. Frank and Peter O. Engelke. Multiple impacts of urban form on public health. International Regional Science Review, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation, urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[503] Lawrence D. Frank, Peter O. Engelke, and Thomas L. Schmid. Health and Community Design: The Impacts of the Built Environment on Physical Activity. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning, land use transport link
[504] Lawrence D. Frank, Peter O. Engelke, Thomas L. Schmid, and Richard E. Killingsworth. How land use and transportation systems impact public health: A literature review of the relationship between physical activity and built form. Working Paper 1, Active Community Environments, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, land use transport link, urban form
[505] Lawrence D. Frank and Gary Pivo. Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking. Transportation Research Record, 1466:44-52, 1994. [ bib ]
Findings from an empirical analysis to test the impacts of land-use mix, population density, and employment density on the use of the single-occupant vehicle (SOV), transit and walking for both work trips and shopping trips are presented. The hypothetical relationships tested focused on whether there is a relationship between urban form and modal choice, whether this relationship exists when controlling for non-urban form factors, whether this relationship is linear or nonlinear, and whether a stronger relationship exists between modal choice and urban form when they are measured at both trip ends as opposed to either the origin or the destination. A review of the literature and experiences suggested that a fair amount of information is known about the impacts of density on mode choice. However, considerable debate exists over whether density itself is actually the causal stimulus or a surrogate for other factors. To address this issue a data base was developed with a comprehensive set of variables for which density may be a proxy, for example, demographics and level of service. This analysis employed a correlational research design in which mode choice was compared among census tracts with differing levels of density and mix. Findings from this research indicate that density and mix are both related to mode choice, even when controlling for non-urban form factors for both work trips and shopping trips. Furthermore, the relationship between population and employment density and mode choice for SOV, transit and walking is nonlinear for both work and shopping trips. Transit usage and walking increase as density and land-use mix increase, whereas SOV usage declines. The findings from this research suggest that measuring urban form at both trip ends provides a greater ability to predict travel choices than looking at trip ends separately. The findings also suggest that increasing the level of land-use mix at the trip origins and destinations is also related to a reduction in SOV travel and an increase in transit and walking.

Solid research, with more convincing methodology than Sch96 (which I read at about the same time).

Overall, the most interesting result of the paper is the demonstration of nonlinearity. Figures 2 and 3 of their paper show a graph of modal share vs. employment density, and vs. population density. These graphs show that major increases in bus/walk modes only happen at employment densities greater than 125 employees/acre (work trips), or 13 residents/acre (shopping trips). The implications for policy are obvious: if you aren't going to reach those thresholds, you're wasting your time. Also, the employment graph shows substantial nonlinearity: between 75 and 125 employees/acre, there is essentially no change in mode share.

They also had some predictable results: walking trips were the most sensitive to increases in population density; it's worth considering densities at both trip ends (i.e., both residential population density and employment population density); etc.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, transit, active transportation, land use transport link
[506] Lawrence D. Frank, James F. Sallis, Terry L. Conway, James E. Chapman, Brian E. Saelens, and William Bachman. Many pathways from land use to health: Associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1):75-87, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: active transportation
[507] Lawrence D. Frank, Thomas L. Schmid, James F. Sallis, James E. Chapman, and Brian E. Saelens. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2S2):117-125, 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: active transportation
[508] Lawrence D. Frank, Brian Stone, and William Bachman. Linking land use with household vehicle emissions in the Central Puget Sound: Methodological framework and findings. Transportation Research D, 5(3):173-196, May 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
A leading cause of air pollution in many urban regions is mobile source emissions that are largely attributable to household vehicle travel. While household travel patterns have been previously related with land use in the literature (Crane, R., 1996. Journal of the American Planning Association 62 (1, Winter); Cervero, R. and Kockelman, C., 1997. Transportation Research Part D 2 (3), 199-219), little work has been conducted that effectively extends this relationship to vehicle emissions. This paper describes a methodology for quantifying relationships between land use, travel choices, and vehicle emissions within the Seattle, Washington region. Our analysis incorporates land use measures of density and mix which affect the proximity of trip origins to destinations; a measure of connectivity which impacts the directness and completeness of pedestrian and motorized linkages; vehicle trip generation by operating mode; vehicle miles/h of travel and speed; and estimated household vehicle emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide. The data used for this project consists of the Puget Sound Transportation Panel Travel Survey, the 1990 US Census, employment density data from the Washington State Employment Security Office, and information on Seattle's vehicle fleet mix and climatological attributes provided by the Washington State Department of Ecology. Analyses are based on a cross-sectional research design in which comparisons are made of variations in household travel demand and emissions across alternative urban form typologies. Base emission rates from MOBILE5a and separate engine start rates are used to calculate total vehicle emissions in grams accounting for fleet characteristics and other inputs reflecting adopted transportation control measures. Emissions per trip are based on the network distance of each trip, average travel speed, and a multi-stage engine operating mode (cold start, hot start, and stabilized) function.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[509] Jean Frebault and Christiane Dalmais. Transports en commun et politique urbaine dans l'agglomération Lyonnaise. Technical report, Agence d'Urbanisme de la Communauté Urbaine de Lyon, Lyon, France, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[510] J. Freedman. Crowding and behaviour. Viking, New York City, NY, USA, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[511] Martin Frick and Kay W. Axhausen. Generating synthetic populations using IPF and Monte Carlo techniques: Some new results. In Proceedings of the 4th Swiss Transport Research Conference, Monte Verità, Switzerland, March 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, population synthesis
[512] M. Fried. Grieving for a lost home. In J. Duhl, editor, The Urban Condition, pages 151-171. Simon & Schuster, New York City, NY, USA, 1963. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, urban planning
[513] B. Friedman, S.P. Gordon, and J.B. Peers. Effects of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics. Transportation Research Record, 1466:63-70, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[514] T. Froitzheim. Fahrradstationen an Bahnofen: Modelle, Chancen, Risiken. Technical report, ADFC-Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[515] L. Frost. The new urban frontier: Urbanisation and city building in Australasia and the American West. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning
[516] Howard Frumkin, Lawrence D. Frank, and Richard Jackson. Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and building for healthy communities. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning
[517] D. Fukuda and S. Morichi. Incorporating aggregate behavior in an individual's discrete choice: An application to analyzing illegal bicycle parking behavior. Transportation Research A, 41(4):313-325, May 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, bicycle planning
[518] Ray Fuller and Jorge A. Santos, editors. Human Factors for Highway Engineers. Pergamon, 2002. [ bib ]
[519] L. Fulton, D. Meszler, R. Noland, and J. Thomas. A statistical analysis of induced travel effects in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic region. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 3(1):1-14, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[520] Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen-und Verkehrswesen. Empfehlungen für Radverkehrsanlagen ERA 95. Technical report, FGSV, Cologne, Germany, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[521] Franz Fürst. Empirical analysis of office markets: a spatiotemporal approach. PhD thesis, Technischen Universität Berlin, Fakultät Wirtschaft und Management, Berlin, Germany, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: real estate economics, economics, firm behaviour
[522] Gunter Gad. Office location dynamics in Toronto: suburbanization and central district specialization. Urban Geography, 6:331-351, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: location choice, urban planning, canada, geography
[523] Philine Gaffron. The implementation of walking and cycling policies in British local authorities. Transport Policy, 10(3):235-244, July 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[524] Ralph Gakenheimer. Six strategic decisions for transportation in mega-cities. In Roland J. Fuchs, Ellen Brennan, Joseph Chamie, Fu chen Lo, and Juha I. Uitto, editors, Mega-city growth and the future, chapter 13, pages 332-348. United Nations University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[525] G. Galster, R. Hanson, M. Ratcliffe, H. Wolman, S. Coleman, and J. Freihage. Wrestling sprawl to the ground: Defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4):681-717, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[526] C. Gannon and M. Dean. Rapid transit and office development. Traffic Quarterly, 29(2):223-242, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, land use transport link
[527] H. Gans. The Urban Villagers: Group and Class Life in the Life of Italian-Americans. Free Press, Glencoe, NY, USA, 1962. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, urban planning
[528] H. Gans. People and Plans: Essay on Urban Problems and Solutions. Basic, New York City, NY, USA, 1968. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, urban planning
[529] J.Th. Gantvoort. Pedestrian planning in the Netherlands. In World Developments in Pedestrian Planning, Glasgow, UK, July 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[530] Per Gårder, Lars Leden, and Urho Pulkkinen. Measuring the safety effect of raised bicycle crossings using a new research methodology. Transportation Research Record, 1636:64-70, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[531] G. Gardner. Transport implications of leisure cycling. Technical Report 347, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
This research considers the links between leisure cycling, purely for the enjoyment of it, and cycling for more utility purposes, such as to work. Surveys of more than 500 leisure cyclists, non-cyclists and those who cycle to work have been completed along with depth interviews and discussion groups. The main focus of the work is to understand what are the differences between the perceptions of leisure cycling and utility cycling and to determine how this might be overcome in order to increase the use of cycling for utility journeys. Recommendations are made of the type of facility and promotional means that might encourage more people to move from leisure cycling to utility cycling.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[532] Gary Gardner. When cities take bicycles seriously. World Watch Magazine, 115:16-22, September/October 1998. [ bib | http ]
A basic overview of the rationale for urban bicycling, and the obstacles facing further promotion. It has some interesting points regarding bike-based police and parking enforcement. I think those officers are great, along with the bike-based paramedics (stretcher trailer and all) I saw in Vancouver's Grey Cup festivities in November 2005.
Keywords: bicycle planning
[533] J. Garrard, G. Rose, and S. Lo. Promoting transportation cycling for women: The role of bicycle infrastructure. Preventive Medicine, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[534] Joel Garreau. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. Anchor Doubleday, New York City, NY, USA, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban politics
[535] Mark Garrett and Brian Taylor. Reconsidering social equity in public transit. Berkeley Planning Journal, 13:6-27, 1999. [ bib ]
Some interesting notes on racial/income equity in transit service. Apparently, transit users were only 20% minorities in 1977-but that rose to 63% by 1995! I hadn't realised that the racialisation of transport in the USA was so recent. Also, some interesting notes on US funding formulas for transit: a heavy weight on service area coverage, and little weight on ridership achieved.
Keywords: equity, transport planning, finance
[536] Mark Garrett and Martin Wachs. Transportation Planning on Trial: The Clean Air Act and Travel Forecasting. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1996. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling, activism
[537] Norman W. Garrick and Jianhong Wang. New concepts for context-based design of streets and highways. Transportation Research Record, 1912:57-64, 2005. [ bib ]
Discusses some of the history of street design standards, and problems with the typical current approach, where freeway design standards are applied to urban street design. Emphasis on design speed, curve radii, and design process. Good refs: Mar02.
Keywords: streets, urban design, street design
[538] Birgitta Gatersleben and Katherine M. Appleton. Contemplating cycling to work: attitudes and perceptions in different stages of change. Transportation Research A, 41(4):302-312, May 2007. [ bib | DOI ]
In 1996 the UK government introduced the National Cycle Strategy which aimed to double the number of cycling trips by the end of 2002 and double them again by 2012. So far, however, these targets have not been met. The House of Commons ascribes this to “a fundamental lack of commitment to cycling on an individual, regional and national level”. This paper addresses the individual level by examining the views of commuters in different stages of change as distinguished by Prochaska2019s model [Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., 1984. The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Change. Dow Jones/Irwin, Homewood IL]. This model views behaviour change as a process rather than an event. Two studies were conducted amongst university staff and students: a survey study and an action study. The studies showed that as people progress from precontemplation to action their attitudes towards cycling become more positive and their perceptions of various personal and external barriers change. This suggests that different strategies are necessary to move people in different stages of change to action and maintenance. At the moment, it seems that regular cyclists form a very small minority of people who will cycle under most circumstances simply because they like cycling. The majority of people have never contemplated cycling. There is, however, also a group of people who would like to cycle and could be persuaded to cycle under the right circumstances.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle attitudes
[539] A.C. Gatrell. Distance and Space: A Geographical Perspective. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[540] D. Gatzlaff and M. Smith. The impact of the Miami Metrorail on the value of residences near station locations. Land Economics, 69(1):54-66, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transit, transport planning
[541] Jan Gehl. Livet mellom husene (Life between buildings). Kunstakademiets arkitekthøgskole, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1971. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[542] Jan Gehl. The residential street environment. Built Environment, 6(1):51-61, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, pedestrian planning
[543] Jan Gehl. Soft edges in residential streets. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 3(2):89-102, May 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, pedestrian planning
[544] Jan Gehl. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, pedestrian planning
[545] Jan Gehl. Life between buildings. Arkitektens Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4th edition, 2001. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: urban planning
[546] Jan Gehl and L. Gemzøe. Public spaces, public life. Technical report, City of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[547] Christian Gerondeau. Moving peopl and goods in europe. In Driving America Conference, Washington, D.C., USA, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit
[548] K.T. Geurs and J.R. Ritsema van Eck. Accessibility measures: review and applications; evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact). Technical Report 408505006, National Institution for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, June 2002. [ bib | .html ]
This report describes an extensive literature study and three case studies aimed at reviewing accessibility measures for their ability to evaluate the accessibility impacts of national land-use and transport scenarios, and related social and economic impacts. Several activity- and utility-based accessibility measures were computed to analyse job accessibility by car and public transport in the Netherlands for: (1) the (base) year 1995, (2) a Trend, or business-as-usual, scenario, representing the continuation of (restrictive) Dutch land-use policies and historical land-use trends for 1995-2020, (2) a Tolerant scenario, representing a land-use scenario, in which consumers' housing preferences determine land-use developments for 1995-2020. The scenarios are based on calculations using national land-use models and a national transport model. The main conclusion arising from this study is that the current Dutch practice of evaluating the (infrastructure-based) accessibility impacts of (land-use) transport projects, plans or scenarios can be improved by estimating activity-based accessibility measures, using existing land-use and transport data, and/or models. Activity-based accessibility measures are very well able to analyse accessibility impacts, satisfactorily incorporate the different components of accessibility (i.e. the transport, land-use, temporal and individual components) and serve as a useful tool for analysing social impacts. Utility-based accessibility measures may provide a useful basis for economic evaluations of land-use transport scenarios, but further research is necessary to analyse the added value to existing evaluation methods.

Keywords: transport modelling, accessibility
[549] Nasir Gharaibeh, Cynthia Wilson, Michael Darter, and George Jones. Development of a bike path management system for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Transportation Research Record, 1636:56-63, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[550] K. Gilbert and M. McCarthy. Deaths of cyclists in London 1985-92: the hazards of road traffic. British Medical Journal, 308:1534-1537, June 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions
[551] Billie Giles-Corti. People or places: what should be the target? Journal of Science & Medicine in Sports, 9:357-366, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation, urban form
[552] David W. Gillen. Estimation and specification of the effects of parking costs on urban transport mode choice. Journal of Urban Economics, 4:186-199, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[553] David W. Gillen. Parking policy, parking location decisions and the distribution of congestion. Transportation, 7(1):69-86, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[554] David W. Gillen. Investing in infrastructure: will it really yield a more competitive nation? ITS Review, 16(3):2-3, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: finance
[555] Oliver Gillham. The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl Debate. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Seems reasonable, with a more balanced coverage of the debate than others (GorRic97, even Ewi97).
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[556] Herbert Girardet. Sustainable cities: A contradiction in terms? In David Satterthwaite, editor, The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities. Earthscan, London, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: sustainability
[557] Genevieve Giuliano. New directions for understanding transportation and land use. Environment and Planning A, 21:145-159, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[558] Genevieve Giuliano. Is jobs-housing balance a transportation issue? Transportation Research Record, 1305:305-312, 1992. [ bib | www: ]
A good discussion of this issue, although it's admittedly not a topic I find particularly important.

One possible reason why suburb-to-suburb commutes may wind up being relatively short: “the relative homogeneity of suburban areas (making it easy to locate near one's job, or conversely negating any advantage of living far from one's job).”

In general, I agree with most of the author's conclusions. I don't see jobs-housing balance as a central issue in transportation planning. I would aim more for diversity: providing a mixture of types of jobs and types of housing in every community. Aiming for an exact or near-exact balance is futile, as the author argues, but I believe that there is nonetheless a need to give people the option of locating near their jobs, which may not be provided automatically by the market. (See, for example, the absence of family-oriented condominiums in downtown Toronto, despite clear evidence of a demand after they were built in downtown Vancouver.)

Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[559] Genevieve Giuliano. Transportation demand management: promise or panacea? Journal of the American Planning Association, 58(3):327-335, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transportation demand management
[560] Genevieve Giuliano. The weakening transportation-land use connection. Access Magazine, 6:3-11, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[561] Genevieve Giuliano. Land use impacts of transportation investments: Highways and transit. In Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano, editors, The Geography of Urban Transportation, chapter 9, pages 237-273. Guildford Press, New York City, NY, USA, 3rd edition, 2004. [ bib ]
A very good article, covering the theory, the empirical tests, and the methodology involved in measuring land use impacts. Overall, I agree with most of the analysis, with the exception of the closing tirade against planners who support transit and oppose highway expansion.

I found the discussion of the 1980 beltway study (PayBla80) quite interesting-54 U.S. cities, with and without beltway highways, to see what the impacts were on central cities. It's a good question about regional structure and urban form.

There is one key difference between the highway studies and the transit studies cited: since the studies are American, the highways are in areas with no competing modes. As a result, presence/absence of a highway is an indication of the presence/absence of access, really, since the transit service is almost universally poorer than the road access. The transit facilities, by contrast, each represent fairly incremental improvements to access to areas that are already well-served by highways; furthermore, they are competing with highways, while the highway projects listed aren't really competing with transit. Finally, many of the transit facilities studied sound like examples of poor planning overall.

Boarnet & Chalermpong's 2001 study of toll roads in Orange County shows an example of a simple highway project providing access to an otherwise inaccessible region. If there was a comparable example of rail providing access to an empty hinterland (like streetcars at the turn of the century), it might make a fair comparison. For this reason, I'd like to look closer at Haider & Miller's study in Toronto. It's a context where both modes are quite viable: rail and highways both attract significant customers. Absence of highways does not mean absence of access, since transit can fill that void; and vice versa.

That said, the conclusions the author draws about highway impacts and transit impacts are somewhat fair. I would perhaps expand the field of impact of rail beyond the narrow corridor she ascribes to it-with feeder bus systems, a rail line can have impacts well beyond its immediate corridor.

The one argument I would like to pursue further is the author's claim that transit systems should have a decentralising effect similar to highways, since they provide access and allow people to access the centre quickly from a distance. From a theoretical perspective considering a single rail line, I agree with this; however, it ignores two important points: the focussing effect of transit, and the accessibility peaks at intersecting facilities. Mutually supportive transit+land use involves a concentration of activities along the transit corridor, focusing origins/destinations within a linear region. Highways do also have some focusing effects-hence the higher land values near interchanges. However, since the transit feeder mode is usually foot rather than car, a transit facility will tend to have a stronger focusing effect. This is not a direct argument against decentralisation, but it is a partial argument: the transit facility may allow radial decentralisation, but it will simultaneously encourage circumferential centralisation.

Finally, when multiple transportation facilities intersect, there is a peaking of accessibility, providing a single focal point. This can be seen at the intersection of freeways, or the intersection of transit lines. It is here that transit can encourage radial centralisation: if multiple transit facilities intersect at the city centre, the accessibility peak created at that location could potentially counter the decentralising effects of the individual transit lines. Transit probably has more potential for centralising than highways do, since more than two transit facilities can intersect in close geographic proximity-or, as in many North American city centres, multiple transit facilities and a highway could converge on the downtown.

Keywords: transport planning, land use transport link, urban planning
[562] Genevieve Giuliano and Kenneth A. Small. Subcenters in the Los Angeles region. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21(2):163-182, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[563] Genevieve Giuliano and Kenneth A. Small. Is the journey to work explained by urban structure? Urban Studies, 30:1485-1500, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[564] E.L. Glaeser. Cities and ethics: An essay for Jane Jacobs. Journal of Urban Affairs, 22(4):473-493, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[565] Stephen B. Goddard. Getting There: The Epic Struggle between Road and Rail in the American Century. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, finance, urban politics
[566] Tom Godefrooj. Segregation or integration? The Dutch approach. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle segregation
[567] Sally Goerner. Chaos and the Evolving Ecological Universe. Gordon and Breach, Langhorne, PA, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: mathematics, ecology
[568] Sally Goerner. After the Clockwork Universe: The Emerging Science and Culture of Integral Society. Floris, Edinburgh, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: mathematics, sociology
[569] Michael Goldberg. Transportation as an economic growth engine: Challenges, opportunities and policy suggestions. Technical report, British Columbia Progress Board, December 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, politics
[570] Michael A. Goldberg and John Mercer. The Myth of the North American City. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[571] J. Golias, G. Yannis, and M. Harvatis. Off-street parking choice sensitivity. Transportation Planning and Technology, 25(4):333-348, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[572] Jose A. Gomez-Ibañez. A global view of automobile dependence. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(3):376-379, 1991. [ bib ]
Book review (of NewKen89?)
Keywords: transport planning
[573] Jose A. Gomez-Ibañez and J. Meyer. Privatizing and deregulating local public services: Lessons from Britain's buses. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(1):9-21, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, finance
[574] L.S.Q. Gonzales. Short run bus transit planning: demand prediction at the route level. S.M. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[575] Phil Goodwin. The `rule of three': A possible solution to the political problem of competing objectives for road pricing. Traffic Engineering and Control, 30(10), October 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing
[576] Phil Goodwin. A review of demand elasticities with special reference to short and long run effects of price changes. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 26(2):155-169, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[577] Phil Goodwin. The end of hierarchy? A new perspective of managing the road network. Technical report, Council for the Protecton of Rural England, London, UK, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, transport planning
[578] Phil Goodwin. Empirical evidence on induced traffic. Transportation, 23(1):35-54, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[579] Phil Goodwin. Solving congestion. Inaugural Lecture for the Professorship of Transport Policy, University College London, 1997. [ bib | http ]
A good overview of progress from the 1960s “predict and provide” approach to the current idea that road capacity is fundamentally a policy decision.
Keywords: transport modelling, history, transport planning
[580] Phil Goodwin. The end of equilibrium. In T. Gårling, T. Laitila, and K. Westin, editors, Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modelling. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[581] Phil Goodwin. Congestion charging in central London: Lessons learned. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4):501-505, December 2004. [ bib ]
Some interesting analysis of the politics in this issue. Goodwin notes that the use of revenue from congestion charging is an essential part of any scheme, in which “the beneficiaries were as visible and influential as the motorists who paid it” even if the only goal is to reduce congestion, not to raise revenue. In London's case, the revenue was funneled to public transport improvements. He also notes the implications for modelling: the traffic reduction was at the upper end of the range estimated by models, and the revenues from the scheme were hence lower than expected. “This is not particular to road pricing: it is part of a general reappraisal of establish transport modelling techniques, which have a built-in tendency to underestimate the range and complexity of the behaviour response to policy, which in turn causes an overestimation of the benefits of infrastructure expansion, and an underestimation of the benefits of demand management.” In a footnote, he adds that “some of the earlier modelling work had actually forecast a bigger effect, closer to what happened, but this had been progressively revised downwards by the modelling teams in order to produce robust, defensible, conservative assessments.”
Keywords: congestion pricing, urban politics, transport modelling
[582] Phil Goodwin, J. Dargay, and M. Hanly. Elasticities of road traffic and fuel consumption with respect to price and income: a review. Transport Reviews, 24(3):275-292, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[583] Phil Goodwin, Carmen Hass-Klau, and Sally Cairns. Evidence on the effects of road capacity reductions on traffic levels. Traffic Engineering and Control, 39(6):348-354, June 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, transport planning, roadspace reallocation
[584] Phil Goodwin and Robert B. Nolan. Building new roads really does create extra traffic: a response to Prakesh et al. Applied Economics, 35(13), September 2003. [ bib ]
A recent article by Prakash et al. (Applied Economics, 33, 1579-85, 2001) asserted that induced travel effects do not occur. This paper is criticized on several grounds. It disregards much of the recent work in this area that has empirically estimated induced travel relationships. The models specified are inappropriate for properly addressing this question, both in their use of road expenditure data (based on a misunderstanding of how this may relate to traffic growth) and specification of a model that does not account for other variables that generally have a large effect on traffic growth (notably population and income growth). The evidence in the literature is summarized and an analysis of UK road expenditure data shows that expenditure is not a good measure of actual road capacity that is built.

Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[585] D. Gordon. Steering a New Course: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, energy
[586] D. Gordon and S. Vipond. Gross density and New Urbanism: comparing conventional and New Urbanist suburbs in Markham, Ontario. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(1):41-54, 2005. [ bib ]
Very interesting. Markham looks like it may be a good control case for future investigations. Having lived away from the GTA for many years, I was surprised to hear of consistent support for such policies from Markham, which was quite car-dependent in my time.
Keywords: urban design, urban form, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism
[587] Peter Gordon, Ajay Kumar, and Harry Richardson. The influence of metropolitan spatial structure on commuting time. Journal of Urban Economics, 26:138-151, 1989. [ bib ]
A reasonable paper, but I'm skeptical of the data. The authors used highly aggregated metropolitan-level data to draw inferences about travel behaviour, which seems a bit dubious. They did at least include a variable summarizing how “monocentric” each area was, but did not otherwise disaggregate the data at all. I'm not convinced that behaviour can be analysed meaningfully at that scale.
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link
[588] Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson. Gasoline consumption and cities: A reply. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(3):342-345, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, transport planning, energy, land use transport link
[589] Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson. Beyond polycentricity: The dispersed metropolis, Los Angeles, 1970-1990. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3):161-173, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[590] Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson. Are compact cities a desirable planning goal? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1):95-106, 1997. [ bib | http ]
While initially convincing, this article relies on some very dubious rhetorical methods to attack compact urban form. It's worthwhile if only to help develop the critical skills to dissect invalid argumentation. Be sure to read Ewing (1997) as well.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[591] Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson. Where's the sprawl? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1):275-278, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[592] Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson. Bicycling in the United States: A fringe mode? Transportation Quarterly, 52(1):9-11, Winter 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[593] Peter Gordon, Harry Richardson, and Myung-Jin Jun. The commuting paradox: Evidence from the top twenty. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(4):416-420, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[594] R. Gorham. Regional planning and travel behavior: A comparative study of the San Francisco and Stockholm metropolitan regions. Master's thesis, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[595] Stephen Graham. Constructing premium network spaces. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(1):182-200, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: geography, transport planning
[596] Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin. Splintering Urbanism. Routledge, London, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, transport planning
[597] Fanis Grammenos, Julie Tasker-Brown, and Soxag Pogharian. Residential street pattern design. Technical Report 75, Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2002. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[598] Jill Grant. Mixed use in theory and practice: Canadian experience with implementing a planning principle. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(1):71-84, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, urban planning, urban form, zoning
[599] Roberta B. Gratz. The living city. Simon & Schuster, New York City, NY, USA, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, ecology
[600] Sigurd Grava. Urban Transportation Systems: Choices for Communities. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[601] S. Gray, C. Vance, and M.P. Pickett. Special parking areas in London. Technical Report TRL-97-279, Transport Research Laboratory, London, UK, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[602] Greater Vancouver Regional District. Livable region strategic plan. Technical report, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, transport planning, canada
[603] Greater Vancouver Regional District. 2003 sustainability report. Technical report, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[604] R. Green and O. James. Rail Transit Station Area Development: Small Area Modeling in Washington, D.C. M.E. Sharpe Publishers, Armonk, NY, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit
[605] Michael J. Greenwald. The road less travelled: New Urbanist inducements to travel mode substitution for nonwork trips. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 23(1):39-57, 2003. [ bib | DOI ]
I haven't fully absorbed the meaning of this author's models yet.
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, transport planning, pedestrian planning
[606] John Grimshaw. The UK National Cycle Network: a millenium project. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 7, pages 100-109. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[607] Jeffrey Guan. Population synthesis for the ILUTE model. Working paper, Joint Program in Transportation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, population synthesis
[608] Jeffrey Guan. Synthesizing family relationships between individuals for the ILUTE micro-simulation model. B.A.Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, population synthesis
[609] N. Guthrie, D.G. Davies, and G. Gardner. Cyclist's assessments of road and traffic conditions: the development of a cyclability index. Technical Report 490, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, Crowthorne, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
This project examined the factors that determine how suitable a road is for cycling (its level of service for cycling, here termed `cyclability'). Using a specially equipped instrumented bicycle, 51 cyclists road a 9.2km route and made subjective assessments of the `cyclability' of its 11 links. The authors then tried to explain the subjective scores in terms of objective road and traffic data. These included road width, surface quality, traffic flow and speed, passing distance, gradient, `lateral conflict', effort and aesthetics. This approach has potential applications in the field of cycle route planning as it can provide engineers with reassurance that certain types of conditions are likely to be deemed satisfactory by the majority of cyclists.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle modelling
[610] S. Guy, Stephen Graham, and Simon Marvin. Splintering networks: cities and technical networks in 1990s Britain. Urban Studies, 34(2):191-216, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography
[611] Khandker M.N. Habib, Ilan Elgar, and Eric J. Miller. Stress triggered household decision to change dwelling: A simultaneous dynamic approach. In Presented at the 11th International Association for Travel Behaviour Research Conference, Kyoto, Japan, August 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[612] Khandker M.N. Habib and Eric J. Miller. Modelling activity generation: A utility based model for activity-travel demand. In Presented at the 11th International Association for Travel Behaviour Research Conference, Kyoto, Japan, August 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[613] Khandker M.N. Habib and Eric J. Miller. Modelling individuals' frequency and time allocation behaviour for shopping activities considering household level random effects. Transportation Research Record, forthcoming, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[614] Khandker M.N. Habib and Eric J. Miller. Modelling skeletal components of workers' daily activity schedules. Transportation Research Record, forthcoming, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[615] T. Hägerstrand. What about people in regional science? Papers of the Regional Science Association, 24(7):7-21, 1970. [ bib ]
About activity-based vs. trip-based travel modelling
Keywords: spatial modelling, transport modelling
[616] T. Hägerstrand. Space, time and human conditions. In A. Karlqvist, L. Lundqvist, and F. Snickars, editors, Dynamic Allocation of Urban Space, pages 3-12. Saxon House, Farnborough, UK, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, transport modelling
[617] T. Hägerstrand. Survival and arena: on the life-history of individuals in relation to their geographical environment. Monadnock, 49:9-29, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[618] T. Hägerstrand. Action in the physical everyday world. In A.D. Cliff, P. Gould, A. Hoare, and N. Thrift, editors, Diffusing Geography: Essays for Peter Haggett. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[619] Murtaza Haider. Spatio-temporal Modelling of Housing Starts in the Greater Toronto Area. PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2003. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, ilute, canada
[620] Murtaza Haider. Modeling location choices of housing builders in the Greater Toronto, Canada, Area. Transportation Research Record, 1898:148-156, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, ilute, canada, urban planning
[621] Murtaza Haider and Eric J. Miller. Effects of transportation infrastructure and locational elements on residential real estate values. In Proceedings of the Annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, D.C., USA, January 1999. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, ilute, urban planning, land use transport link
[622] Murtaza Haider and Eric J. Miller. Effects of infrastructure and locational elements on residential real estate values: An application of autoregressive techniques. Transportation Research Record, 1722:1-8, 2000. [ bib ]
Proximity to transportation infrastructure (highways and public transit) influences residential real estate values. Housing values also are influenced by propinquity to a shopping facility or a recreational amenity. Spatial autoregressive (SAR) models were used to estimate the impact of locational elements on the price of residential properties sold during 1995 in the Greater Toronto Area. A large data set consisting of 27,400 freehold sales was used in the study. Moran's I was estimated to determine the effects of spatial autocorrelation that existed in housing values. SAR models, using a combination of locational influences, neighborhood characteristics, and structural attributes, explained 83% variance in housing values. Using the “comparable sales approach,” a spatiotemporal lag variable was estimated for every property in the database. This research discovered that SAR models offered a better fit than nonspatial models. This study also discovered that in the presence of other explanatory variables, locational and transportation factors were not strong determinants of housing values. On the other hand, the number of washrooms and the average household income in a neighborhood were found to be significant determinants of housing values. Stepwise regression techniques were used to determine reduced spatial hedonic models.

Keywords: ilute, canada, urban planning, land use transport link
[623] R.P. Haining. Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[624] Derek Halden. Using accessibility measures to integrate land use and transport policy in Edinburgh and Lothians. Transport Policy, 9(4):313-324, October 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, accessibility
[625] Peter Hall. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. Basil Blackwell Limited, Oxford, UK, 1988. [ bib ]
In the chapter I read (#9), there was some mildly interesting background, although mostly material I'd seen before elsewhere. There's some discussion of Harland Bartholomew, the planner who laid out Vancouver's street grid, although he's claimed to belong to the same camp as Robert Moses. The most interesting part of the chapter was the way he highlighted the impossibility of effective land planning in the American regulatory system, how that came about, and how it differs from Europe.
Keywords: history, urban planning, land use transport link
[626] Peter Hall. The future of the metropolis and its form. Regional Studies, 31(3):211-220, 1997. [ bib ]
Some interesting discussion of the British experience in urban planning, drawing from Stone (1973). On the basis of cost, Stone recommended settlements of about 250,000 people instead of a huge monocentric city. Hall draws comparisons between the British experience of heavy land use regulation and the American experience, and finds that while British planning restricted land supply and raised housing prices, any solution today would require massive releases of land in high pressure areas, causing a dismemberment of the land use planning system. He discussed European sustainable urban development policies (pedestrian zones, traffic calming, and road pricing), but argues that by focusing on the centre they may be transferring the problem to the suburbs. He includes some interesting discussion of late 1990s planning efforts in France to provide radial transit to the inner suburbs of Paris (ORBITALE) and extensions of the RER system (LUTECE). He also discusses the Dutch ABC system (EXTRA).
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form
[627] Peter Hall. Cities in Civilization. Pantheon, New York City, NY, USA, 1998. [ bib ]
According to KenMilShaMacCol05, this discusses P3s.
Keywords: finance
[628] Peter Hall. Sustainable cities or town cramming? In Antonia Layard, Simin Davoudi, and Susan Batty, editors, Planning for a sustainable future, chapter 7, pages 101-114. E&FN Spon, New York City, NY, USA, 2001. [ bib ]
I found this article interesting, and it spanned a wide range of the debates on “desirable density.” I liked the effort to discuss net vs. gross density, comparisons of many different measures, the relation to declining household size (and hence lower person densities), and the relation to transit service. However, I found some of the arguments unpersuasive, particularly the argument in favour of a density of 30-40 units/net hectare-but perhaps I need to read the source study. I quite liked the historical aside of “London vs. the continent” (Rasmussen 1937) and even the bleeding edge of American debate (Jacobs and Appleyard 1987).

Useful refs on density: DETR 1998 report (BSPUCLLD98), Rudlin and Falk (1999); also, Susan Owens (1984).

Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[629] Peter Hall. The Buchanan report: 40 years on. Transport, 157(1):7-14, 2004. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: history, urban planning, transport planning
[630] Peter Hall, Stephen Marshall, and Michelle Lowe. The changing urban hierarchy in England and Wales: 1913-1998. Regional Studies, 35(9):775-807, December 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, streets
[631] M. Hamer. Wheels within wheels: A study of the road lobby. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, UK, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, transport planning
[632] Bruce W. Hamilton. Zoning and property taxation in a system of local governments. Urban Studies, 12:205-211, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: zoning, equity, urban planning
[633] S. Hanaoka. Present bicycle traffic situation in Japanese cities. In Proceedings of Velo-City 1997, Barcelona, Spain, September 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[634] Susan L. Handy. Regional versus local accessibility: neo-traditional development and its implications for non-work travel. Built Environment, 18(4):253-267, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[635] Susan L. Handy. Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior. Transportation Research D, 1:151-165, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, methodology
[636] Susan L. Handy. Understanding the link between urban form and nonwork travel behavior. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 15:183-198, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban form, transport planning
[637] Susan L. Handy. Urban form and pedestrian choices: study of Austin neighborhoods. Transportation Research Record, 1552:135-144, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, pedestrian planning, land use transport link
[638] Susan L. Handy, Marlon G. Boarnet, Reid Ewing, and Richard E. Killingsworth. How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2S):64-73, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, active transportation
[639] Susan L. Handy, Xinyu Cao, and Patricia L. Mokhtarian. Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking: Empirical evidence from Northern California. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1):55-74, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
An excellent article investigating the role of attitudes in walking and biking. Most importantly, they attempted a quasi-longitudinal method. They discussed the feedbacks between the act of walking and attitudes about walking, although their method is not sophisticated enough to examine those feedbacks.

Some of the numbers are scary. For the average suburban respondent, the minimum distance to any establishment was about 550m, versus 250m for an urban respondent. The distance to any household maintenance establishment (e.g., groceries, drugstore, etc.) was 800m versus 400m for urban. No wonder no one walks!

Their cycling model had a surprisingly high R-squared value, 0.258-most disaggregate cycling models that I've seen are much lower. Cervero & Duncan had about 0.13; Krizek had about 0.22. Mind you, this could just be a result of their model structure, which is quite unusual.

Regarding their actual models, I'm mildly concerned by the pro-bike/walk and pro-transit attitude variables in their cycling model. While the signs are plausible, the variables are fairly highly correlated; is it possible that the parameters are therefore misestimated? (Mind you, a correlation of 0.3 isn't that high, at the end of the day.) More importantly, what is the “alternatives factor”? I'm guessing that it refers to the “PA options” factor, but it's not clear. Finally, why is a change in the “socializing behaviour” in the new neighbourhood associated with greater cycling? This isn't explored in the paper, but I could imagine that it means “more other people out cycling”-the classic “safety in numbers” hypothesis from the cycling literature.

Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, land use transport link
[640] Susan L. Handy and Kelly J. Clifton. Evaluating neighborhood accessibility: Possibilities and practicalities. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 4(2/3), September/December 2001. [ bib | .html ]
Efforts to improve transportation choices and enhance accessibility at the neighborhood level have been hampered by a lack of practical planning tools. This paper identifies the factors that contribute to accessibility at the neighborhood level and explores different ways that planners can evaluate neighborhood accessibility. A gap between the data needed to describe important accessibility factors and the data readily available to local planning departments points to two complementary strategies: a city-wide approach using available data and geographic information systems to evaluate accessibility for neighborhoods across the city, and a neighborhood-specific approach to building a detailed accessibility database. Examples of both are presented.

Keywords: transport modelling, accessibility
[641] Susan L. Handy, Lisa Weston, and Patricia Mokhtarian. Driving by choice or necessity? Transportation Research A, 39(2/3):183-203, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[642] Susan L. Handy, Lisa Weston, Jumin Song, K. Maria D. Lane, and Jennifer Terry. The education of transportation planning professionals. Technical report, Southwest Regional University Transportation Center, Austin, TX, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, land use transport link
[643] J. Hannigan. Fantasy Cities: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. Routledge, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, urban planning
[644] M. Hansen. Do new highways generate traffic? Access Magazine, 7(2):16-22, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, transport planning
[645] M. Hansen and Y.L. Huang. Road supply and traffic in urban areas: A panel study. Transportation Research A, 31:205-218, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, induced travel, land use transport link
[646] Susan Hanson. The context of urban travel. In Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano, editors, The Geography of Urban Transportation, chapter 1, pages 3-29. Guildford Press, New York City, NY, USA, 3rd edition, 2004. [ bib ]
Nothing too exciting here; basically just Transport Planning 101.
Keywords: transport planning
[647] Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt. On suburban pink collar ghettos: The spatial entrapment of women? by Kim England. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(3):500-504, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, gender, urban planning
[648] A. Hanton and S. McCombie. Provision for cycle parking at railway stations in the London area. Technical report, London Cycling Campaign, London, UK, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, rail
[649] G. Hardin. The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162:1243-1248, 1968. [ bib ]
[650] Melanie Hare. Exploring growth management roles in Ontario: Learning from “who does what” elsewhere. Technical report, Ontario Professional Planners Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, September 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, smart growth, canada
[651] Patrick H. Hare. Making housing affordable by reducing second car ownership. Technical report, Patrick Hare Planning and Design, Washington, D.C., USA, April 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, equity, parking
[652] Patrick H. Hare. Planning, transportation, and the home economics of reduced car ownership; planning as if household budgets mattered. Technical report, Patrick Hare Planning and Design, Washington, D.C., USA, April 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, equity, parking
[653] David L. Harkey, Donald W. Reinfurt, and Matthew Knuiman. Development of the bicycle compatability index. Transportation Research Record, 1636:13-20, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[654] David L. Harkey and J. Richard Stewart. Evaluation of shared-use facilities for bicycles and motor vehicles. Transportation Research Record, 1578:111-118, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[655] Antoine Haroun and Eric J. Miller. A descriptive analysis of a region-wide residential mobility survey. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the North American Regional Science Association, November 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling, travel behaviour
[656] B. Harris. The anatomy of microsimulation. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management. University of Hawaii, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[657] Britton Harris. The real issues concerning Lee's “Requiem”. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1):31-34, 1994. [ bib ]
Dismisses Lee73. Mostly critical of the tone of the article, and the divisions it produced in the planning community, divorcing planning from modelling for a long period. Claims are mostly about Lee's rhetoric, the authorities he appealed to, and his limited understanding of the models. Comparisons with GIS are unfortunate, since GIS has a much larger market and hence has seen much faster development than transport modelling.
Keywords: spatial modelling, transport modelling
[658] Richard Harris. Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1996. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban planning, history, urban form, canada
[659] James Harrison. Planning for more cycling: the York experience bucks the trend. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 9, pages 143-154. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[660] S.I. Hart and A.L. Spivak. The Elephant in the Bedroom: Automobile Dependence and Denial. New Paradigm, Pasadena, CA, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest
[661] P.G. Hartwick and J.M. Hartwick. Efficient resource allocation in a multinucleated city with intermediate goods. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88:340-352, 1974. [ bib ]
early 2D model of city
Keywords: urban economics
[662] David Harvey. Thew New Urbanism and the communitarian trap: On social problems and the false hope of design. In William S. Saunders, editor, Sprawl and Suburbia: A Harvard Design Magazine Reader, chapter 2, pages 21-26. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism
[663] Greig Harvey and Elizabeth Deakin. A Manual of Regional Transportation Modeling Practice for Air Quality Analysis. National Association of Regional Governments, Washington, D.C., USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[664] Carmen Hass-Klau. Cycle safety: a comparison between British and (West) German cities. Technical report, Environmental and Transport Planning, Brighton, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[665] Carmen Hass-Klau. An illustrated guide to traffic calming: the future way of managing traffic. Technical report, Friends of the Earth, London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, traffic calming
[666] Carmen Hass-Klau. The pedestrian and city traffic. Belhaven Press, London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning
[667] Carmen Hass-Klau. The theory and practice of traffic calming: can Britain learn from the German experience? Discussion Paper 10, Oxford University, Transportation Unit, Rees Jeffreys Road Fund, Oxford, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning, traffic calming
[668] Carmen Hass-Klau. Impact of pedestrianization and traffic calming on retailing: A review of of the evidence from Germany and the UK. Transport Policy, 1(1):21-31, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning, traffic calming
[669] Carmen Hass-Klau, Sally Cairns, and Phil Goodwin. Better use of road capacity: what happens to the traffic? Public Transport International, 47(5), September 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, transport planning
[670] Carmen Hass-Klau and G. Crampton. Future of urban transport: Learning from success and weakness: Light rail. Technical report, Environmental and Transport Planning, Brighton, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit
[671] Tony Hathway. Assessing the costs and benefits of cycle networks. World Transport Policy and Practice, 2(3):34-41, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[672] T.D. Hau. Electronic road pricing: Developments in Hong Kong. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 24(2):203-214, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, transport planning
[673] Graham Haughton and Colin Hunter. Sustainable Cities. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, UK, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: sustainability
[674] S.L. Haworth and I.C. Hilton. Car parking standards and the urban economy. Traffic Engineering and Control, 23(11):537-542, November 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[675] A. Hay and E. Trinder. Concepts of equity, fairness and justice expressed by local transport policy makers. Environment and Planning C, 9(4):453-465, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, transport planning
[676] G.McL. Hazel. Urban streets. Urban Design Quarterly, 85:20-21, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, transport planning
[677] K. Heanue. Highway capacity and induced travel: Issues, evidence and implications. Transportation Research Circular, 418:33-45, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[678] D.W. Hearn and J. Ribera. Convergence of the Frank-Wolfe method for certain bounded variable traffic assignment problems. Transportation Research B, 15:437-442, 1981. [ bib ]
Examined calibration
Keywords: transport modelling
[679] Michael Hebbert. New Urbanism: the movement in context. Built Environment, 29(3):193-209, 2003. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: new urbanism
[680] Michael Hebbert. Engineering, urbanism and the struggle for street design. Journal of Urban Design, 10(1), February 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, transport planning, street design, streets
[681] W. Heenan. The economic effect of rapid transit on real estate development. The Appraisal Journal, 36:212-224, 1968. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, canada
[682] Robert Heilbroner. Twenty-First Century Capitalism. CBC Massey Lectures. House of Anansi, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: economics
[683] Andrew Heisz and Grant Schellenberg. Public transit use among immigrants. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 13(1):170-191, 2004. [ bib ]
Some very interesting notes regarding immgrants' use of public transit. “We find that recent immigrants are much more likely than the Canadian born to use public transit to commute to work, even after controlling for age, gender, income, distance to work, and distance between place of residence and the city centre. Two factors seem to explain this high rate of transit usage. First, immigrants tend to use public transit in their commute to work more when they are new to Canada (independent of other factors such as age and income) but their rate of transit use declines as they reside in Canada for longer periods of time. Second, newer cohorts of immigrants have higher rates of transit use than earlier cohorts, suggesting that they may be different in some ways that have not been observed. [...] Projections for future public transit needs could take into account that the urban population is not only growing, but is also compositionally shifting towards a high-usage group.” They also found some interesting results about immigrants' source countries: “In both Toronto and Montreal, the incidence of public transit utilization is highest among immigrants from the Carribean, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Africa; they are lowest among immigrants from Easy Asia, Europe, West Asia, North America and Oceania.” Results from Vancouver were unfortunately very distorted due to the transit strike that took place during the 2001 census, especially changing usage patterns in Skytrain-serviced areas versus bus-serviced areas. It's worth noting that immigrants from all of these source nations were much more likely to use transit than the Canadian born, usually by margins of at least 50%.
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning, sociology
[684] Bruce Hellinga and Ryan McNally. A method for quantitatively prioritising transportation projects on the basis of sustainability. In Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: sustainability, canada
[685] V. Henderson and A. Mitra. The new urban landscape: developers and edge cities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26:613-643, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[686] David A. Henser and J. King. Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district. Transportation Research A, 35(3):177-196, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[687] David A. Hensher. Valuation of journey attributes: Existing empirical evidence. In David A. Hensher and M.Q. Dalvi, editors, Identification and Valuation of Travel Choice Determinants. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1977. [ bib ]
Consumer valuation of time
Keywords: transport modelling, urban economics
[688] David A. Hensher. Selective but important challenges facing the transport sector. In J. Richmond, editor, Designing Transport & Urban Forms for the Australia of the 21st Century. Institute of Transport Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning
[689] Brita Hermelin. Location of professional business services. European Urban and Regional Studies, 5(3):263-275, 1998. [ bib ]
The location pattern of advanced professional business services is a matter of interest among scholars in economic geography and neighbouring disciplines. This article considers location factors in the context of a conceptual discussion as well as a Swedish case- study. The conclusions suggest that there are reasons to reevaluate the relative importance of different location factors. Although the factor of proximity to clients (the market) is important and tends to dominate the discussion in much research in geography, it offers only a partial explanation of the location of professional business services firms. This article produces arguments for the importance of several other location factors: professional labour, localization and urbanization economies, and the circumstances surrounding the establishment of firms as well as their subsequent history.

Keywords: location choice, economic geography, firm behaviour
[690] L. Herrstedt, M.A. Nielsen, L. Agústson, K.M.L. Krogsgaard, E. Jørgensen, and N.O. Jørgensen. Safety of cyclists in urban areas: Danish experiences. Technical report, Danish Road Directorate, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[691] Lene Herrstedt. The Danish strategy to promote safe cycling. In Proceedings of Velo-City 99, pages 3-9, Graz, Austria, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
One of the targets in the Danish masterplan for transport “Traffic 2005” is to promote cycling and walking in Danish cities and at the same time to improve traffic safety for cyclists and pedestrians as well as for road users in general. Around 4% of car traffic mileage should be transferred to cycling and walking before 2005. The traffic safety target of the masterplan, in spite of increasing traffic is to reduce the number of persons killed and injured by 45% before the year 2000 with reference to the year 1988. In 1997, the Danish Government published a new national traffic safety strategy “Every accident is one too many”. This strategy pays specific attention to the safety of cyclists. Demonstration projects co-financed by the government have been initiated to demonstrate some examples on how to realize the intentions and targets. In addition, new research activities have been initiated. In 1997, the Ministry of Transport established a Cyclist Forum with the purpose of creating a dialogue among local, regional and state level Road Authorities and the different players involved or related to planning and safety of cycling. In the spring of 1999, the Ministry of Transport is going to introduce a new national cycling strategy and the Danish Road Directorate will introduce a new handbook for local technicians and planners - a Catalogue of Ideas for recommendable solutions to promote safe cycling. This paper presents the Danish strategy for promoting safe cycling - including an overview of the policy, activities and experiences so far.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[692] Paul Hess and Beth M. Milroy. Making Toronto's streets. Technical report, University of Toronto, Department of Geography and Planning, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2006. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: streets, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, canada, street design, urban design, prioritisation
[693] Paul Hess, Anne V. Moudon, Mary C. Snyder, and Kiril Stanilov. Neighborhood site design and pedestrian travel. Transportation Research Record, 1674:9-19, 1999. [ bib ]
Some interesting notes about site design. It's a refreshingly concrete comparison of urban and suburban neighbourhood design. I don't think I'd realised just how sparse some American street networks are until I saw the maps of Mariner, Seattle... I can't find any Canadian suburb that empty. Not that it makes Canadian suburbs any more walkable-our suburban pattern may be dense, but it's still extremely disconnected.

The scale of suburban blocks was also surprising: 300m-400m per side, on average, compared to 90m-122m for urban blocks. The rule of thumb is that people won't walk more than 400m to a bus stop-one block in the suburbs. Not to mention the perceptual bleakness of walking forever in these empty spaces...

I found the comments here about pedestrian traffic to different sized commercial centres interesting. They found that in suburban neighbourhoods, pedestrians preferred medium-sized centres over other sizes. I wonder what the reasons are-perhaps the auto-favouring design features around large suburban centres, or the barrier caused by their colossal parking lots?

I really liked the discussions on micro design. While many reports talk about illegal jaywalking, they at least note that in many suburban areas, the distance between legal crossings is usually 400-800m-a huge distance for someone on foot. Is it any wonder that people jaywalk? They also noted the problems of fences around apartment complexes, schools, and commercial areas-I can't count the number of times I've walked the most direct path out of a suburban location only to find a fence, and then being forced to retrace my steps, walking an extra 500-1000m for no reason whatsoever.

Finally, I liked the idea of a “latent” pedestrian market in medium-density suburbs, that could be brought out with improved design.

Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban design, streets
[694] C.J.J.M. Heys and G. Vredeveld. Legal framework for cycle facility: waiting lane for moped riders and cyclists. Verkeerskunde, 34(4-1983), 1983. Department of Transport translation 14672 PR IV/E17. [ bib ]
A very early bike box paper, translated from Dutch.
Keywords: bicycle planning
[695] T. Higgins. Parking management and traffic mitigation in six cities: Implications for local policy. Transportation Research Record, 1232, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[696] Thomas Higgins. Parking taxes: effectiveness, legality and implementation. Transportation, 19:221-230, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, finance
[697] P. Hill. What is induced traffic? Transportation, 23:5-16, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[698] Mayer Hillman. Cycling: Towards health and safety. Report of a BMA working party, British Medical Association, Oxford, UK, 1992. [ bib ]
According to McC02, this was a landmark publication in the UK context.
Keywords: bicycle planning
[699] Mayer Hillman. In favour of the compact city. In Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton, and Katie Williams, editors, The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?, pages 36-44. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, sustainability
[700] Mayer Hillman. Prioritising policy & practice to favour walking. World Transport Policy and Practice, 7(4):39-43, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, prioritisation
[701] Mayer Hillman, J. Adams, and J. Whitelegg. One False Move... A study of Children's Independent Mobility. PSI Publishing, London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[702] V. Himanen, P. Nijkamp, and J. Padjen. Environmental quality and transport policy in Europe. Transportation Research A, 26(2):147-157, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[703] J. Hine and J. Russell. The impact of traffic on pedestrian behaviour: Assessing the traffic barrier on radial routes. Traffic Engineering and control, 37(2):81-85, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, streets
[704] Antoine Hobeika. Transims fundamentals. Technical report, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 2005. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: transport modelling, population synthesis
[705] I. Hoch. City size effects: Trends and policies. Science, 193:856-863, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[706] I. Hoch. Settlement size, real income and the rural turnaround. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(5):953-959, 1979. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[707] K. Hoeveler. Accessibility vs. mobility: The location efficient mortgage. Public Investment, pages 1-2, September 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: accessibility, finance
[708] M. Höjer and L.G. Matson. Determinism and backcasting in future studies. Futures, 32:613-634, 2000. [ bib ]
Allegedly critiques NewKen89.
Keywords: energy
[709] Dave Holladay. Cycling with public transport: combined in partnership, not conflict. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 8, pages 110-142. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit
[710] B.J. Hollingworth and Eric. J. Miller. Retrospective interviewing and its application in study of residential mobility. Transportation Research Record, 1551:74-81, 1996. [ bib ]
Recent work in the area of transportation and land use modeling and, more specifically, residential mobility modeling has recognized the need for increased experimentation with dynamic models. Implicitly, dynamic models require longitudinal data, which are time-consuming and expensive to collect. As an alternative to panel studies, a retrospective interviewing technique to collect data for use in a dynamic model of residential mobility is examined. A small retrospective survey of households in Toronto, Canada, was conducted using three data collection methods: mail, telephone, and telephone with mail. Ninety complete observations were obtained. The retrospective survey process and the three data collection methods are assessed and evaluated. Though not without problems, the retrospective survey proved to be a favorable alternative to panel studies. The telephone-with-mail survey method showed the most potential for use in future data collection efforts on the basis of its costs, response rates, and quality of data.

Keywords: transport modelling, travel behaviour
[711] Einer Holm, Urban Lindgren, K. Mäkilä, and Gunnar Malmberg. Simulating an entire nation. In Graham P. Clarke, editor, Microsimulation for Urban and Regional Policy Analysis, number 6 in European Research in Regional Science, pages 164-186. Pion, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords:
[712] Einer Holm, Urban Lindgren, and Gunnar Malmberg. Dynamic microsimulation. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 143-165. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling
[713] John Holtzclaw. Using residential patterns and transit to decrease auto dependence and costs. Technical report, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[714] Walter Hook and Michael Replogle. Motorization and non-motorized transport in Asia. Land Use Policy, 13(1):69-84, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[715] D. Hope. Nonrecreational cycling in Ottawa. Transportation Research Record, 1441, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[716] P. Hopkinson and Mark Wardman. Evaluating the demand for new cycle facilities. Transport Policy, 3(4):241-249, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[717] Michael Hough. City form and natural process. Routledge, London, UK, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, ecology
[718] C. Howard and E.K. Burns. Cycling to work in Phoenix: Route choice, travel behavior and commuter characteristics. Transportation Research Record, 1773:39-46, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[719] Homer Hoyt. Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. Federal Housing Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 1939. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[720] G. Hu and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. A preliminary study of land use and transportation patterns in Chinese cities: Caging the automobile dragon. In Paper presented to the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[721] Herman Huang. The land-use impacts of urban rail transit systems. Journal of Planning Literature, 11(1):17-30, 1996. [ bib ]
A brief survey of literature on Toronto, San Francisco, Washington, Boston, Cleveland, Atlanta, Calgary, Edmonton, Portland and San Diego. Many, many good references.
Keywords: urban planning, transit, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, canada
[722] William Huang. The effects of transportation infrastructure on nearby property values: A review of the literature. Working Paper 620, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning
[723] Tom Huber and John Williams. Wisconsin bicycle planning guidance. Technical report, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, WI, USA, June 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement marking, traffic calming, traffic controls
[724] M. Hudson. Bicycle Planning: Policy and Practice. The Architectural Press, London, UK, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[725] T. Hughes. Exploring Nottinghamshire by bike. Countryside Recreation, 8(3), August 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[726] John Douglas Hunt. A stated preference examination of the location choice behavior of retail firms. Transportation Research Record, 1606:25-32, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: location choice, firm behaviour, urban planning, urban economics
[727] John Douglas Hunt. Modelling transportation policy impacts on mobility benefits and Kyoto-protocol-related emissions. Built Environment, 29(1):48-65, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, greenhouse gases
[728] John Douglas Hunt. An examination of bicycle use sensitivities over time using stated preference. Technical Paper TP-06015, Institute for Advanced Policy Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2006. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[729] John Douglas Hunt and John Edward Abraham. Influences on bicycle use. Unpublished?, October 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[730] John Douglas Hunt and John Edward Abraham. Household allocations and land development modeling components. In Presented at the Third Oregon Symposium on Integrated Land Use and Transport Models, Portland, OR, USA, July 2002. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[731] John Douglas Hunt and John Edward Abraham. Design and application of the PECAS land use modelling system. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM), Sendai, Japan, May 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[732] John Douglas Hunt and C. Batten. Economic modeling components. In Presented at the Third Oregon Symposium on Integrated Land Use and Transport Models, Portland, OR, USA, July 2002. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[733] John Douglas Hunt and Alan T. Brownlee. Design and calibration of the Edmonton transport analysis model. In Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling, canada
[734] John Douglas Hunt, Alan T. Brownlee, and Kevin J. Stefan. Response to Centre Street Bridge closure: where the “disappearing” travellers went. Transportation Research Record, 1807, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
An ongoing topic of interest in urban transportation engineering is the impact of changes in road network capacity upon the amount of vehicle travel made in the urban area. In many cases the debate focuses on the potential increases in vehicle travel occurring with increases in road capacity - the phenomenon of “induced demand”. Some studies have also looked at the effects of reductions in roadway capacity, and found that in many of these cases reductions in vehicle travel occur, generally confirming that a relationship exists between roadway capacity and vehicle travel.

This paper provides additional information on this subject, in a North American context.

The City of Calgary, in Alberta, Canada is a thriving major urban centre with a population of over 850,000, and a Downtown employment of over 100,000. Centre Street Bridge is a major road bridge across the Bow River connecting Downtown Calgary to the residential area in the north part of the City. The bridge carries over 34,000 vehicles per day, with heavy peak period flows. In August of 1999 the Centre Street Bridge was closed to car and truck traffic for a period of 14 months for major repairs.

A detailed study was undertaken of changes in weekday traffic, transit and pedestrian flows changes that took place in weekday travel patterns during the closure. This included both analysis of observed count data before and during the closure; and an interview survey with over 1,300 car users of the Centre Street Bridge and the other bridges serving the north side of the Downtown.

This paper summarizes the major findings of this study. Particular emphasis is placed on explaining what happened to the vehicle trips that used the Bridge before the closure.

While I'm not pleased with the results they report, I'm not too surprised. I imagine some of this can be attributed to the fact that it's car-addicted Calgary, but it's still a disappointing result: very little mode shift (<10%). On the upside, the city didn't stop working during the bridge closure; drivers just had to shift their travel times and routes. This isn't very politically acceptable, though; many would feel hard done by if this occurred during a Burrard Bridge lane closure.
Keywords: induced travel, canada, transport modelling, streets, roadspace reallocation
[735] John Douglas Hunt and R. Donnelly. TLUMIP2 model overview. In Presented at the Third Oregon Symposium on Integrated Land Use and Transport Models, Portland, OR, USA, July 2002. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[736] John Douglas Hunt, R. Donnelly, John Edward Abraham, C. Batten, J. Freedman, J. Hicks, P.J. Costinett, and W.J. Upton. Design of a statewide land use transport interaction model for Oregon. In Proceedings of the World Conference on Transportation Research, Seoul, South Korea, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, transport planning
[737] John Douglas Hunt, J.D.P. McMillan, and John Edward Abraham. Stated preference investigation of influences on attractiveness of residential locations. Transportation Research Record, 1466:79-87, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban economics, canada
[738] John Douglas Hunt, Eric J. Miller, and David S. Kriger. Current operational urban land-use transport modeling frameworks. Transport Reviews, 25(3):217-234, May 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling
[739] John Douglas Hunt and S. Tepley. A nested logit model of parking location choice. Transportation Research B, 27(4):253-266, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[740] William W. Hunter. An evaluation of red shoulders as a bicycle and pedestrian facility. Technical report, University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Somewhat interesting, mostly due to its rarity: there are very few North American studies of pavement colouring. It's a rural context, and hence not very applicable in the situations I examine, where a bike lane might be coloured adjacent to a parking lane. The most curious aspect of the paper is the author's choice to consider “motor vehicle encroaches neighboring vehicle lane when passing bike” as a major variable-it's an issue, but not a major one in my view.
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, pavement colouring, streets
[741] William W. Hunter. Evaluation of innovative bike-box application in Eugene, Oregon. Transportation Research Record, 1705:99-106, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[742] William W. Hunter, David L. Harkey, J. Richard Stewart, and Mia L. Birk. Evaluation of blue bike-lane treatment in Portland, Oregon. Transportation Research Record, 1705:107-115, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring, streets
[743] William W. Hunter and J. Richard Stewart. An evaluation of bike lanes adjacent to motor vehicle parking. Technical report, Florida Department of Transportation, December 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, parking, pavement marking, streets
[744] William W. Hunter, J. Richard Stewart, and Jane C. Stutts. Study of bicycle lanes versus wide curb lanes. Transportation Research Record, 1674:70-77, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[745] William W. Hunter, J. Richard Stewart, Jane C. Stutts, Herman H. Huang, and Wayne E. Pein. A comparative analysis of bicycle lanes versus wide curb lanes: Final report. Technical Report FHWA-RD-99-034, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, streets, pavement marking, bicycle segregation
[746] William W. Hunter, J. Richard Stewart, Jane C. Stutts, Herman H. Huang, and Wayne E. Pein. A comparative analysis of bicycle lanes versus wide curb lanes: Operational and safety findings and countermeasure recommendations. Technical Report FHWA-RD-99-035, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, October 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Many, many good references! This is a really good read.
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle segregation, pavement marking, streets
[747] William W. Hunter, Jane C. Stutts, W. Pein, and C. Cox. Pedestrian and bicycle crash types of the early 1990s. Technical Report FHWA-RD-95-163, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pedestrian planning
[748] G. Hupkes. The law of constant travel time and trip-rates. Futures, 14:38-46, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[749] R.M. Hurd. Principles of City Land Values. The Record and Guide, New York City, NY, USA, 1903. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[750] Ulrike Huwer. Let's bike: the 10 point pedalling action programme to support cycling. World Transport Policy and Practice, 6(2), 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[751] Tetsuro Hyodo, Norikazu Suzuki, and Katsumi Takahashi. Modeling of bicycle route and destination choice behavior for bicycle road network plan. Transportation Research Record, 1705:70-76, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[752] IBI Group. Transportation trends and outlooks for the Greater Toronto Area and Hamilton: Needs and opportunities. Technical report, IBI Group, Toronto, ON, January 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, toronto, transit, urban planning, urban form, transport planning
[753] IBI Group. Transportation trends and outlooks for the Greater Toronto Area and Hamilton: Strategic transit directions. Technical report, IBI Group, Toronto, ON, January 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, toronto, transit, transport planning
[754] Muhammad Faishal Ibrahim and Peter J. McGoldrick. Modelling shopping centre choices: Effects of car ownership on clothing shopping in Singapore. Journal of Property Research, 23(3):189-214, September 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: shopping, transport modelling
[755] K. Ihlandfeldt and D. Sjoquist. The impact of job decentralization on the economic welfare of central city blacks. Journal of Urban Economics, 26:110-130, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, equity, urban economics, urban planning, urban form
[756] Institute of Transportation Engineers. Parking generation. Technical report, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[757] Institution of Highways and Transportation. Guidelines for cycle audit and review. Technical report, IHT, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[758] Institution of Highways and Transportation, Bicycle Assocation, and Cyclists' Touring Club. Cycle-friendly infrastructure: Guidelines for providing and design. Technical report, IHT, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[759] C.T. Ireland and S. Kullback. Contingency tables with given marginals. Biometrica, 55:179-188, 1968. [ bib ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[760] E. Isin and R. Tomalty. Resettling cities: Canadian residential intensification initiatives. Technical report, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[761] Yosef Rafeq Jabareen. Sustainable urban forms: Their typologies, models, and concepts. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(1):38-52, 2006. [ bib | DOI ]
Overall, a bit mixed in quality. I found the carefully delineated distinction between smart growth, new urbanism and compact cities to be useful, although a bit short. The eco-city remains a concept I consider unworkable, and I found the evaluation of the different concepts to be a bit ridiculous.

A good quote from Edwards (1996): “architects have a larger share of responsibility for the world's consumption of fossil fuel and global warming gas production than any other professional group.”

Keywords: sustainability, urban form, new urbanism
[762] Michael E. Jackson and Erik O. Ruehr. Let the people be heard: San Diego county bicycle use and attitude survey. Transportation Research Record, 1636:8-12, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[763] Allan B. Jacobs. Great Streets. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design, street design
[764] Allan B. Jacobs and Donald Appleyard. Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1):112-120, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[765] Allan B. Jacobs, Elizabeth MacDonald, and Yodan Rofé. The Boulevard Book: History, Evolution, Design of Multiway Boulevards. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, streets, urban design, street design
[766] Allan B. Jacobs, Yodan Rofé, and Elizabeth MacDonald. Multiple roadway boulevards: Case studies, designs and design guidelines. Transportation Center Working Paper 300, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, streets, urban design, street design
[767] Jane Jacobs. Downtown is for people. Fortune magazine, 57(4):133-140,236-242, 1958. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[768] Jane Jacobs. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage, New York City, NY, USA, 1961. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban planning, equity, transport planning, general interest, sociology, streets, pedestrian planning, accessibility, urban design
[769] Jane Jacobs. Do not segregate pedestrians and automobiles. In D. Lewis, editor, The pedestrian in the city. Elek Books, London, UK, 1965. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrians, transport planning
[770] Jane Jacobs. The self-generating growth of cities. Royal Institute of British Architects Journal, 74(3):95-100, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[771] Jane Jacobs. The Economy of Cities. Vintage, New York City, NY, USA, 1970. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[772] Jane Jacobs. Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life. Vintage, New York City, NY, USA, 1984. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban economics, politics
[773] Jane Jacobs. Systems for survival: A dialogue on the moral foundations of commerce and politics. Vintage Books, New York City, NY, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: philosophy
[774] Jane Jacobs. The Nature of Economies. Random House, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: environmental economics, urban economics, ecology
[775] Jane Jacobs. Dark Age Ahead. Random House, New York City, NY, USA, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, urban planning
[776] Michael Jacobs. Sustainability and `the Market': A typology of environmental economics. In Robyn Eckersley, editor, Markets, the State and the Environment, pages 46-70. MacMillan, Melbourne, Australia, 1995. [ bib ]
An interesting essay. Jacobs examines the schools within environmental economics, with a fairly critical eye. He discusses five classes: A. traditional (status quo); B. neoclassical I: financial incentives (tradable quotas); C. neoclassical II: financial incentives (taxes, etc.); D. neoclassical III: monetary valuation (cost/benefit analyses); and E. property rights. He looks at how they address four questions: 1. ethics of environmental objective setting (what level of environmental protection should society choose?); 2. institutions (how should this level be chosen?); 3. instruments (how should this level be achieved?); 4. distribution (how shold costs/benefits be distributed within society). He contrasts the environmental economists with his own more political school, an “environmental democracy” based on sustainability principles. Generally, he seems to be favourable to B and C, which study only instruments; he sees these as tools compatible with environmental democracy. He is less kind to D and E, which try to answer question 2; he argues that they are unlikely to achieve sustainability, due to the market's inherent tendency to discount the future. He points out many flaws in his own preference (a democratic institution to make decisions), but prefers its basis in a public debate of ethics.
Keywords: environmental economics, economics, equity
[777] Peter L. Jacobsen. Safety in numbers: More walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention, 9:205-209, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[778] John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture. University Press of Virginia, June 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, urban form, parking
[779] John A. Jakle and David Wilson. Derelict Landscapes: The Wasting of America's Built Environment. Rowman & Littlefield, Savage, MD, USA, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, sociology, equity
[780] Donald G. Janelle. Impact of information technologies. In Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano, editors, The Geography of Urban Transportation, chapter 4, pages 86-112. Guildford Press, New York City, NY, USA, 3rd edition, 2004. [ bib ]
This was a first good discussion of telecommuting that I've seen. It went into more detail on the types of work where telecommuting might be a reasonable substitute, the possible effects on urban form and exurbanisation, and the context of the changing structure of work in North America. I found his discussion of Coppack quite itneresting, talking about competition for “natural” amenities at the urban fringe, and the leapfrogging and outwards movement that can result when rural/natural amenities are considered valuable. His discussion of the growing role of nonroutine activities in the workplace was also valuable in a telecommuting context. The discussion of Mokhtarian (1991) was also good, reducing some of my concerns regarding telecommuting; overall, it seems like it produces some benefits, although the impacts aren't likely to be enormous; distance is by no meanby no means dead yet.
Keywords: telecommuting, transport planning, canada
[781] Massoud Javid and Prianka N. Seneviratne. Sizing parking facilities at airports. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 33(3):253-272, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[782] Søren Underlien Jensen. DUMAS: Safety of pedestrians and two-wheelers. Note 51, Vejdirektoratet, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pedestrian planning
[783] Søren Underlien Jensen. Pedestrian safety in Denmark. Transportation Research Record, 1674, 1999. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[784] Søren Underlien Jensen. Cyclist safety at signalised junctions. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[785] Søren Underlien Jensen. Land use and cycling. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, urban form, land use transport link
[786] Søren Underlien Jensen. Arterial Streets Towards Sustainability: Design, decision and prediction tools. Technical Report D3.2, ARTISTS Consortium, Malmö, Sweden, 2004. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, bike box, street design, streets
[787] Søren Underlien Jensen. Effekter af overkørsler og blå cykelfelter. Technical report, Trafitec, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring, bicycle collisions
[788] Søren Underlien Jensen, Karina Andersen, and Erling Nielsen. Junctions and cyclists. In Proceedings of Velo-City 1997, Barcelona, Spain, 1997. [ bib ]
Quote: A study conducted in Denmark found that blue painted bicycle lanes at intersections resulted in a 38% decrease in bicycle crashes and 71% reduction in fatalities and serious injuries.
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring
[789] Søren Underline Jensen, Claus Rosenkilde, and Niels Jensen. Road safety and perceived risk of cycle facilities in Copenhagen. Technical report, European Cyclists' Federation, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
This before-and-after study covers the construction of one-way cycle tracks and lanes, blue cycle crossings and raised exits. It is the biggest study of its kind so far carried out in Denmark. The effects on road safety of all types of traffic both at junctions and on road sections for both accidents and injuries are examined. The effects on the volumes of motor vehicles as well as on bicycle and moped traffic are examined with regard to the construction of one way cycle tracks and lanes. Lastly, cycle facilities impact on cyclists? perceived risk and satisfaction on road sections and at junctions is also examined.

Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pavement colouring, bike box
[790] Wenya Jia and Martin Wachs. Parking and affordable housing. Access Magazine, 13:22-25, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, equity, parking
[791] Wenya Jia and Martin Wachs. Parking and housing affordability: A case study of San Francisco. Research Paper 380, University of California Transportation Center, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, equity, parking
[792] Wenya Jia and Martin Wachs. Parking and housing affordability: A case study of San Francisco. Transportation Research Record, 1685:156-160, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, equity, parking
[793] Maria V. Johansson, Tobias Heldt, and Per Johansson. The effects of attitudes and personality traits on mode choice. Transportation Research A, 40(6):507-525, July 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Very interesting. I've seen this latent variable approach used in another recent paper, and it looks like a promising method for improving on standard regression methods.

The idea that attitudes could be a useful way of inferring propensity to choose a mode is a very valuable one.

Keywords: mode choice, latent variables, travel behaviour, transport modelling
[794] Marc Jolicoeur. A bicycle network for a North American metropolis: The case of Montreal. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[795] Marc Jolicoeur, Guy Thibault, Hélène Huard, Jean-François Bruneau, and Jean-Sébastien Fallu. L'état du vélo au Qu'ebec en 2000 (bicycling in Quebec in 2000). Technical report, Vélo Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada, October 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[796] Kenneth G. Jones and Michael J. Doucet. The big box, the flagship and beyond: impacts and trends in the Greater Toronto Area. Canadian Geographer, 45(4):494-512, 2003. [ bib ]
Interesting, but frustrating from a travel perspective. The analysis focuses mainly on retail format (large scale) rather than transportation bias-i.e., auto-dependent stores. So, flagship stores in the Eaton Centre are treated similarly to outer-suburban big boxes, although they induce quite different travel behaviour. Additionally, hard data on the impacts to small independent retail is not presented.

Nonetheless, the description of the strategy and rationale for large format stores is interesting, given their importance to travel demand.

Keywords: urban planning, toronto
[797] M. Jones. Promoting cycling in the UK: Problems experienced by the practitioners. World Transport Policy and Practice, 7(3):7-12, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[798] D.W. Jones Jr. Urban Transit Policy: An Economic and Political History. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, history
[799] B. Jordan. The common good: Citizenship, morality and self interest. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: philosophy
[800] John Jørgensen. Evolution of the finger structure. In Geneviève Dubois-Taine, editor, From Helsinki to Nicosia: Eleven Case Studies & Synthesis. Cost Office Urban Civil Engineering, Brussels, Belgium, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: history, urban planning, urban form
[801] R. Joumard, Lawrence D. Frank, Brian Stone, and William Bachman. Testing urban design and air quality relationships in the Atlanta region. In Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution, pages 263-270, 2000. [ bib ]
This study presents evidence that households, located in areas of the Atlanta Region with moderately high levels of street connectivity and compactness, drive and pollute less on a daily basis. This analysis employs a rigorous methodology to assess the emissions per household on a per trip basis accounting for cold start cycles, speed, hot stabilized operation, distance, and regional fleet characteristics. Emissions per household are cross-sectionally correlated with the land use patterns at the place of residence. These findings support the argument that a “nexus” exists between land use policies implemented through local government development regulations and household travel behavior (ie mode choice, travel distance, travel time, and vehicle emissions). This research provides an initial and very critical step that is required to lend credibility to the argument that major metropolitan regions should consider alternatives to current land and travel intensive development patterns to meet future air quality objectives.

Keywords: transport planning, urban form, urban planning, land use transport link
[802] Myung-Jin Jun. The effects of Portland's urban growth boundary on urban development patterns and commuting. Urban Studies, 41(7):1333-1348, June 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban growth boundary
[803] S. Kahn Ribeiro, S. Kobayashi, M. Beuthe, J. Gasca, D. Greene, D.S. Lee, Y. Muromachi, P.J. Newton, S. Plotkin, D. Sperling, R. Wit, and P.J. Zhou. Transport and its infrastructure. In B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, and L.A. Meyer, editors, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, chapter 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: greenhouse gases, transport planning, energy
[804] J. Kain. Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82:175-197, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, sociology, urban form
[805] J. Kain. Choosing the wrong technology: Or how to spend billions and reduce transit use. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 21(3):197-213, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[806] J. Kain. The spatial mismatch hypothesis: Three decades later. Housing Policy Debate, 3:371-460, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, equity, urban economics, urban planning, urban form
[807] S. Kain and W. Apgar. Housing and Neighbourhood Dynamics: A Simulation Study. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[808] Peter Katz. The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism, architecture
[809] Rod Katz. Modeling bicycle demand as a mainstream transportation planning function. Transportation Research Record, 1502:22-28, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[810] Rod Katz. Forecasting bicycle demand. Technical Report AP-R194/01, Austroads Inc., Sydney, Australia, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
An everyday review of demand modelling. The section on “maximal share studies” was interesting (Bro82, MorTho92). They also cited a four-stage model including bicycles in Portland (RosLaw93) and Edmonton (HunBro98).
Keywords: transport modelling, bicycle planning
[811] Jane Holtz Kay. Asphalt Nation. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, history, equity
[812] Theodore Keeler. The Full Costs of Urban Transport. Number 21 in Monograph. Institute of Urban & Regional Development, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[813] M.J.N. Keijer and Piet Rietveld. How do people get to the railway station? the Dutch experience. Transportation Planning and Technology, 23:215-233, November 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, rail
[814] Roger Keil and John Graham. Reasserting nature: Constructing urban environments after Fordism. In B. Braun and N. Casttree, editors, Remaking Reality: Nature at the Amillenium. Routledge, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Some interesting criticisms of New (Sub)urbanism as a rebranding of older modes of subdivision building, in the context of Vaughan. I didn't read the article very closely, and I'm not sure what the overall thrust is. My sense is that it builds on a quote from Lef91 to explore the urbanisation of the rural and the ruralisation of the urban.
Keywords: geography, canada, urban planning, new urbanism
[815] D. Kelbaugh. Common place: toward neighborhood and regional design. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[816] D. Kelbaugh. Three paradigms: New Urbanism, everyday urbanism, post urbanism-an excerpt from The essential common place. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 20(4):285-289, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[817] R. Keller. A review of land use forecasting methodoligies for Metropolitan Planning Organizations. Technical report, Austin Transportation Study, 1998. [ bib ]
[818] Eric Kelley. The transportation-land use link. Journal of Planning Literature, 9(2):128-145, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning
[819] Christopher A. Kennedy. A comparison of the sustainability of public and private transportation systems: Study of the Greater Toronto Area. Transportation, 29(4):459-493, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, canada
[820] Christopher A. Kennedy, Eric J. Miller, Amer S. Shalaby, Heather L. MacLean, and Jesse Coleman. The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation. Transport Reviews, 25(4):393-414, 2005. [ bib ]
The unsustainable nature of current urban transportation and land use is well recognized. What is less clear is the prescription for how to move towards a more sustainable future, especially given the many interest groups involved, the complexity of urban systems and the fragmented nature of decision-making in most urban regions. It is argued that the process of achieving more sustainable transportation requires suitable establishment of four pillars: effective governance of land use and transportation; fair, efficient, stable funding; strategic infrastructure investments; and attention to neighbourhood design. A review of each pillar identifies key issues. The characteristics of an ideal body for governance of land use and transportation are considered. Trade-offs are identified with: spatial representation; organizational structure; democracy; and market philosophy. Effective financing and pricing of urban transportation may be distorted because responsibility for infrastructure is separated from service provision. Financing mechanisms are categorized depending on vehicle use and location. Investment in infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles and intermediate semi-rapid transit may be required in many cities. Major investment in public transit infrastructure will likely not suffice if macro land use and micro neighbourhood designs are not supportive of these investments.

A useful read, covering a wide swath of topics, and including many useful pointers to other papers within each topic. I found the discussion of financing transportation particularly useful, mostly because I haven't read much about that topic. Discussion of market vs. non-market approaches, including P3s, was also valuable. I'm glad to see discussion of neighbourhood design in the article, a topic which is familiar and close to my heart.
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, governance, finance, transit, pedestrian planning
[821] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. The land use/transit connection in Toronto: Some lessons for Australian cities. Australian Planner, 29(3):149-154, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link, transit
[822] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Automobile dependence in Bangkok: An international comparison with implications for planning policies. World Transport Policy and Practice, 1(3):31-41, 1995. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form
[823] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Bicycling the world: A global perspective on bicycles in cities and their role in reducing automobile dependence. In Keynote paper to Velo Australia, International Bicycle Conference, Fremantle, Australia, October 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, urban planning, transport planning
[824] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Paul Barter, Peter W.G. Newman, and Chamlong Poboon. Resisting automobile dependence in booming economies: A case study of Singapore, Tokyo and Hong Kong within a global sample of cities. In Asian Studies Association of Australia Conference, Perth, Australia, July 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[825] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Felix B. Laube. Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications for urban policy. Transportation Research A, 33:691-723, 1999. [ bib ]
An excellent summary of the dataset collected in their 1999 book, with useful analysis. It's presented in a much more neutral, distanced light than some of their earlier work. The methodology still undoubtedly has problems, such as the use of Metro Toronto instead of the Greater Toronto Area for the city definition. That introduces some massive bias into all references to Toronto, since it excludes all of the sprawling suburbs, including Mississauga (which now has a population over 600,000 and was already quite large in 1990).

While it might not suit their agenda, I would like to see housing costs included in the analysis. There is a clear relationship between density and greater competition for limited land and housing, and any analysis of regional economic competitiveness really has to take housing costs into account. Newman and Kenworthy's core argument that land use influences transport has a clear converse, but they seem to have chosen to ignore it here.

Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form
[826] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Felix B. Laube. Travel demand management: The potential for enhancing urban rail opportunities and reducing automobile dependence in cities. World Transport Policy and Practice, 8(3):20-36, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit, transportation demand management, rail
[827] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Felix B. Laube. Urban transport patterns in a global sample of cities and their linkages to transport infrastructure, land use, economics and environment. World Transport Policy and Practice, 8(3):5-19, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, energy
[828] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Felix B. Laube, Peter W.G. Newman, and Paul Barter. Indicators of transport efficiency in 37 cities. Technical report, World Bank and Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit
[829] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Felix B. Laube, Peter W.G. Newman, Paul Barter, Tamim Raad, Chamlong Poboon, and Benedicto Guia Jr. An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities 1960-1990. University Press of Colorado, 2000. [ bib ]
This sourcebook provides the most comprehensive set of time series data and analyses on these important subjects that is available today. It spans 46 cities in the US, Australia, Canada, Europe and Asia, covering the widest possible range of data on the land use and transportation systems, energy use, and economic and environmental impacts of transportation that has been assembled to date. It also contains a set of coloured maps for each city outlining territorial boundaries, the extent of urbanisation, and all rail, busway and freeway systems. A must for every individual and organisation wanting to better understand and respond to the urban transportation debate.

Keywords: data, transport planning, urban planning, transit, urban form, land use transport link
[830] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Peter W.G. Newman. Moving Melbourne: A public transport strategy for inner Melbourne. Technical report, Inner Metropolitan Regional Association, Victoria and Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[831] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Peter W.G. Newman. Automobile dependence: The irresistable force? Technical report, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[832] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Peter W.G. Newman. Toronto-paradigm regained. Australian Planner, 31(3):137-147, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, transit, land use transport link
[833] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Peter W.G. Newman, Paul Barter, and Chamlong Poboon. Is increasing automobile dependence inevitable in booming economies? Asian cities in an international context. IATSS Research, 19(2):58-67, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form
[834] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Peter W.G. Newman, and T. Lyons. Urban planning and traffic congestion. Urban Policy and Research, 7(2):67-80, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[835] Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Peter W.G. Newman, and T. Lyons. The ecology of urban driving-I: Methodology. Transportation Research A, 26(3):263-272, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[836] I. Ker and B. James. Evaluating behaviour change in transport: Benefit cost analysis of individualised marketing. Technical report, Transport WA, Perth, Australia, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[837] Azhar Shah Khan, John Edward Abraham, and John Douglas Hunt. Agent-based microsimulation of business establishments. In Proceedings of the 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany, 2002. European Regional Science Assocation. [ bib | .pdf ]
This paper describes the development and testing of a microsimulation of the evolution of individual ”business establishments” (BEs) in an economy. The work is part of a larger program of research and development of a model of all the transportation and land development processes in an entire spatial economic system. The simulation uses comparatively simple, yet behavioural, rules and probabilistic models, using a Monte Carlo process to simulate behaviour from the probabilistic models. A BE is described primarily by its business transactions - its purchases and sales of standard commodity categories, called its “consumption function” and “production function” respectively. Make and Use tables from traditional input-output models are used to determine these relationships for a particular industry, and individual BEs randomly vary around the industry average. Labour, floorspace and final demand are included as commodities, to bind the BEs to a given built form in a spatial system and to the patterns of population. Thus a BE is described in terms of how big it is, and its “technical coefficients” describing what it purchases and sells.

The market for each commodity type is spatially disaggregated, and BEs in a given location can sell or purchase their commodities in a variety of different “exchange zones” that they are willing to ship goods or services from or to. Prices at exchange zones are adjusted over time so that, if the system is allowed to reach equilibrium, the market for each commodity in each exchange will be cleared. The BE's market choice model is used to develop measures of the attractiveness of selling or purchasing commodities when located in a zone. These measures of commodity attractiveness are used with the production function and consumption function to determine how attractive a location is for a given BE and how well it is performing. A BE's growth (positive and negative) and its probability of bankruptcy (death) are based on the measure of location attractiveness. Relocation pressures are based on the measure of location attractiveness, as well as a composite measure of the attractiveness of all other zones in the system and the (fixed) attractiveness of leaving the model region entirely. Relocating BEs vacate floorspace in a particular physical location (a “grid cell”) and then, if necessary, acquire new floorspace in a grid cell in a different zone. As a successful BE grows it is increasingly likely to split into two separate BEs, either as a duplication of function into another location, or a separation of business functions into separate locations. In addition, entrepreneurial business ideas are set up as “Proto BEs”, which are business ideas that are being evaluated in any one year. A “Proto BE” that is in an attractive location in one year is likely to become an actual BE in the next year. Within each zone, the land is represented as “grid cells”, which are finite quantities of land with a particular type and quantity of floorspace and a particular building age. The prices for each floorspace type in each zone, along with the age, type and quantity of floorspace in each grid cell, are used to calculate the probability that the land owner will choose to undertake development, redevelopment, renovation or demolition in the grid cell. The test system is represented using a 10x10 system of zones and a network of transport connecting the zones with reasonable travel times and costs. This system is used to test the role of the various parameters, to determine reasonable values for the parameters, how the model behaves when parameter values are unreasonable, and how each parameter influences the model system. A set of “policy input” scenarios are also developed, to show how the modelling system can be used to test the policy response. These include decreased development costs, increased travel costs and changed land-use zoning regulations.

Keywords: ilute, spatial modelling
[838] Karl Kim and Lei Li. Modeling fault among bicyclists and drivers involved in collisions in hawaii, 1986-1991. Transportation Research Record, 1538:75-80, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[839] R. Kirwan. Urban form, energy and transport-a note on the Newman-Kenworthy thesis. Urban Policy and Research, 10(1):6-23, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[840] Ryuichi Kitamura, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, and Laura Laidet. A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation, 24(2):125-158, 1997. [ bib ]
An interesting foray into the “self-selection” debate, my first reading there. I'm not yet convinced of the overall argument. Is it really surprising that transit use is associated with a positive attitude towards transit, and that that attitude can be used to explain transit use well? That's just the “rational actor” theory-if you don't like it, you don't use it. It's a much more direct measurement of your likelihood to use and be aware of the positives/negatives of transit than land use is. The question is about the direction of causation-does use of transit change your attitude? Does living in a transit-supportive area change your attitude? This paper doesn't yet get to the heart of the problem.
Keywords: land use transport link, travel behaviour
[841] Christopher Klemek. Jane Jacobs and the fall of urban renewal order in New York and Toronto. Journal of Urban History, 33(5), 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, canada
[842] Christopher Klemek. Placing Jane Jacobs within the transatlantic urban conversation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 73(1):49-67, 2007. [ bib ]
An interesting slice of history regarding a writer who was an early influence on my thinking. Mumford's relation to her is intriguing- first encouraging her to publish, then writing a patronizing review, but later coming around somewhat. Also intriguing: her Toronto connections with Marshall McLuhan, Hans Blumenfeld.
Keywords: urban planning, history
[843] Jeremy R. Klop and Asad J. Khattak. Factors influencing bicycle crash severity on two-lane, undivided roadways in North Carolina. Transportation Research Record, 1674:78-85, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[844] R.E. Klosterman. An introduction to the literature on large-scale urban models. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1):41-44, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[845] Robert L. Knight and Lisa L. Trygg. Evidence of land use impacts of rapid transit systems. Transportation, 6(3):231-247, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[846] Robert L. Knight and Lisa L. Trygg. Land use impacts of rapid transit. Technical Report DOT-TPI-10-77-29, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, August 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[847] Stephen Knight. Urban cycling options in the free market. World Transport Policy and Practice, 5(1), 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[848] Kara Maria Kockelman. Travel behavior as a function of accessibility, land use mixing and land use balance: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation Research Record, 1607:116-125, 1997. [ bib | http ]
By incorporating characteristics of the built environment into models of travel behavior, much can be said about household travel distances, automobile ownership, and mode choice. This research investigates the relative significance of a variety of measures of urban form, both at trip-makers' home neighborhoods and at trip ends. The travel data come from the 1990 San Francisco Bay Area Travel Surveys, and the land-use data are largely constructed from hectare-level descriptions provided by the Association of Bay Area Governments.

After controlling for demographic characteristics, the measures of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance proved to be highly statistically significant and influential in their impact on household vehicle miles traveled (VMT), automobile ownership, and mode choice. In contrast, under the majority of models (with the important exception of the vehicle-ownership models), density's impact was negligible, after controlling for accessibility. In many cases, balance, mix, and accessibility were found to be more relevant (as measured by elasticities) than several household and traveler characteristics that often form a basis for travel behavior prediction. Moreover, the apparent influence that these variables, particularly accessibility, have on travel behavior is dramatic.

If a societal objective is reduced automobile use and dependence, while maintaining or improving general accessibility levels, these results lend empirical support to the promotion of a variety of land-use policies, such as regional growth containment, the raising and/or removal of density/intensity caps, and the establishment of mixed-use and flexible zoning standards throughout urban areas. These results also represent a step forward in the inclusion of measures of urban form in travel behavior forecasting models; thanks to the technology of geographical information systems and the increasing availability of detailed land-use data sets, such measures can be computed for a multitude of zones at relatively low cost.

Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[849] Københavns Kommune (Municipality of Copenhagen). Cykelregnskab 2000 (Bicycle Account 2000). Technical report, Københavns Kommune, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[850] Københavns Kommune (Municipality of Copenhagen). Cykelregnskab 2004 (Bicycle Account 2004). Technical report, Københavns Kommune, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[851] E. Koop. On the recent engagement of bicycles and trains in Denmark. In N. Jensen, editor, Proceedings of Velo-City 1989, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, rail
[852] Frank S. Koppelman and Chandra R. Bhat. A self instructing course in mode choice modelling: Multinomial and nested logit models. Technical report, U.S. Department of Transportation and Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C., June 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: discrete choice modelling
[853] F. Kostoff. The city shaped: urban patterns and meanings through history. Thames and Hudson, London, UK, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history
[854] Thomas Krag. Urban cycling in Denmark. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 14, pages 223-236. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[855] M. Kreitz and Sean T. Doherty. Spatial behavioral data, collection and use in activity scheduling models. Transportation Research Record, 1804:126-133, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[856] Alex Krieger. The costs-and benefits?-of sprawl. In William S. Saunders, editor, Sprawl and Suburbia: A Harvard Design Magazine Reader, chapter 5, pages 44-56. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: smart growth, urban planning
[857] M.H. Krieger. Segmentation and filtering into neighborhoods as processes of percolation and diffusion: stochastic processes (randomness) as the null hypothesis. Environment and Planning A, 23:1609-1626, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[858] Leon Krier. Architecture: choice or fate? Andreas Papadakis, Windsor, Berks, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[859] Kevin J. Krizek. Pretest-posttest strategy for researching neighborhood scale urban form and travel behavior. Transportation Research Record, 1722:48-55, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link, urban design
[860] Kevin J. Krizek. Operationalizing neighborhood accessibility for land use-travel behavior research and modeling. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 22(3):270-287, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, accessibility
[861] Kevin J. Krizek. Residential relocation and changes in urban travel: does neighborhood-scale urban form matter? Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(3):265-281, 2003. [ bib ]
An interesting study. He makes the useful note that a panel survey where some people choose to move is not strictly a random sample; there was some underlying reason why those people chose to move, so you have a self-selected samples (p. 271). I don't fully buy his assumption that movers were in equilibrium with neighbourhood prior to moving; it's a major assumption, which he acknowledges and tests towards the end of the paper. However, it's still a useful experiment: even if the movers were trying to self-select, if the move allows them to reduce/increase VMT, it suggests that urban form is an enabler for desired travel behaviour, a necessary condition for behaviour change.

All told, a very methodologically cautious paper, with some good insights.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, travel behaviour
[862] Kevin J. Krizek. Estimating the economic benefits of bicycling and bicycle facilities: An interpretive review and proposed methods. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[863] Kevin J. Krizek. Lifestyles, residential location decisions, and pedestrian and transit activity. Transportation Research Record, 1981, 2006. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: location choice
[864] Kevin J. Krizek and Pamela J. Johnson. Proximity to trails and retail: Effects on urban cycling and walking. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1):33-42, 2006. [ bib ]
A fairly simple study, but with some important discussion and results. Most importantly, they examined nonlinear reactions to distance for cycling and walking. While this is not a surprising result, and would probably emerge from a traditional multinomial logit mode choice model (with linear disutility for distance), it is still worth exploring. From a policy perspective, the nonlinear relationship that emerges can be vital to designing walkable and bikable neighbourhoods. After controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, they found that only the presence of retail closer than 200m was associated with higher odds of walking; the presence of retail in the 200m-400m range had no significant impact on the odds of walking. This contradicts the received wisdom that people are willing to walk up to 400m (1/4 mile) for such trips. It also suggests that urban intensification should be focused within a very narrow range of retail establishments to be effective, similar to the strategy of Toronto's Avenues plan or Vancouver's EcoDensity initiative.

For cycling, they found that only the presence of a path within 400m of home was associated with higher odds of biking. Again, more distant paths had no significant effect. This is also a lower limit than the received wisdom, although not drastically so. I think Vancouver's long-range bicycle plan aims for bike routes with a spacing of 500m, although they're nowhere close to that yet. It does suggest that there could be significant improvements in mode share when the spacing improves from the current level (roughly 1000m) to 500m, which is a bit surprising; I'd sort of thought that we'd see diminishing returns with the later routes, but this paper suggests that routes that are too far away have no impact on most people.

Finally, Krizek and Johnson mention one important note: the number of vehicles/bicycles in a household is a potentially endogenous variable, making it dangerous for use in a model. An interesting note, and one that's rarely considered in the modelling literature.

Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[865] Kevin J. Krizek and David M. Levinson. Teaching integrated land use-transportation planning: Topics, readings and strategies. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24(3):304-316, 2005. [ bib ]
A very useful article regarding the land use-transport link. They examined courses taught on the subject, and their syllabi. The key books were MooTho94 and Dow92/Dow04, and Cer96b was a key article, as was the debate between Ewi97 and GorRic97. Other publications included Giu95, Cra98, and Lev99.
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning, urban form, urban planning
[866] Kevin J. Krizek and Rio W. Roland. What is at the end of the road? Understanding discontinuities of on-street bicycle lanes in urban settings. Transportation Research D, 10(1):55-68, 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Demarcating on-street bicycle facilities is often mentioned as an important strategy to encourage increased bicycle safety and bicycle travel. However, little if any literature has focused on instances where separate on-street bicycle facilities end. This paper better understands the severity of such instances and corresponding physical characteristics. We identify 30 discontinuities of on-street bicycle lanes in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and collect primary data measuring their physical attributes and cyclists' perceptions of the level of comfort while cycling through each. Using multi-variate analysis, the findings suggest that discontinuities ending on the left side of the street, with increased distance of crossing intersections, having parking after the discontinuities, and wider width of the curb lane are statistical elements that contribute to higher levels of discomfort. Such analysis is useful in determining bicyclists' comfort level where discontinuities exist and such methods can be an important part of an overall level of service toolkit for planning on-street bicycle lanes.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[867] Kevin J. Krizek and Paul Waddell. Analysis of lifestyle choices: Neighborhood type, travel patterns, and activity patterns. Transportation Research Record, 1807, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: transport planning
[868] N. Krumholtz and J. Forester. Making Equity Planning Work: Leadership in the Public Sector. Temple University Press, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, transport planning
[869] H.-J. Krupp. Potential and limitations of microsimulation models. In G.H. Orcutt, J. Merz, and H. Quinke, editors, Microanalytic Simulation Models to Support Social and Financial Policy. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[870] H. Kubota. Traffic congestion: A tale of three cities, impressions of Bangkok, Jakarta, and Manila. The Wheel Extended (Toyota Quarterly Review), 96, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[871] Ing D.H. Kuijper. De OFOS: een beschouwing over de opgeblazen fietsopstelstrook (the OFOS: A description of the `expanded waiting lane for cyclists'). Verkeerskunde, 33(9-1982), 1982. Department of Transport translation 3242. [ bib ]
The original Dutch study of bike boxes / advance stop lines. OFOS (Opgeblazen fietsopstelstrook) is the Dutch name for the device.
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[872] D. Kulash. Parking taxes as roadway prices: A case study of the San Francisco experience. Paper 1212-9, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 1974. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, parking
[873] James H. Kunstler. The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape. Touchstone, New York City, NY, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, history, urban form
[874] James H. Kunstler. Home from Nowhere. Simon & Schuster, New York City, NY, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, history, urban form
[875] C. Kuranani and D.D. Bel. Bicycle parking in Tokyo: Issues, policy and innovation. In Presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[876] J.R. Kuzmyak. Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Measures to Relieve Congestion. U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, transport planning
[877] Richard J. Kuzmyak. Parking management and supply. Report 95, Transportation Cooperative Research Program, U.S. Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[878] Mei-Po Kwan. Gender, the home-work link, and space-time patterns of nonemployment activities. Economic Geography, 75(4):370-394, October 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, transport planning
[879] Thomas Lambe. The choice of parking location by workers in the Central Business District. Traffic Quarterly, 23(3):397-411, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[880] Thomas Lambe. Driver choice of parking in the city. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 30(3):207-219, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[881] Bruce Landis, Russell Ottenberg, and Venkat Vatticuti. The latent demand method. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[882] Bruce W. Landis. Bicycle intersection hazard score: a theoretical model. Transportation Research Record, 1438:3-8, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[883] Bruce W. Landis. Bicycle system performance measures. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, pages 18-26, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[884] Bruce W. Landis, Theodore A. Petritsch, Herman F. Huang, and Ann Do. Characteristics of emerging road and trail users and their safety. Transportation Research Record, 1878, 2004. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[885] Bruce W. Landis, Venkat R. Vattikuti, and Michael T. Brannick. Real-time human perceptions: towards a bicycle level of service. Transportation Research Record, 1578:119-126, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[886] Bruce W. Landis, Venkat R. Vattikuti, Russell M. Ottenberg, and Theodore A. Petritsch. Intersection level of service for the bicycle through movement. Transportation Research Record, 1828:101-106, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[887] John D. Landis. The California urban futures model: a new generation of metropolitan simulation models. Environment and Planning B, 21:399-421, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, spatial modelling
[888] John D. Landis and Robert Cervero. Middle age sprawl: BART and urban development. Access, 14:2-15, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning
[889] John D. Landis, Robert Cervero, and Peter Hall. Transit joint development in the USA: an inventory and policy assessment. Environment and Planning C, 9(4):431-452, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, urban planning, transport planning
[890] John D. Landis, S. Guhathakurta, W. Huang, and Ming Zhang. Rail transit investments, real estate values and land use change: a comparative analysis of five California rail transit systems. IURD Monograph 48, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling, urban economics
[891] John D. Landis, S. Guhathakurta, and Ming Zhang. Capitalization of transit investments into single-family home prices: a comparative analysis of five California rail transit systems. IURD Working Paper 619, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling
[892] John D. Landis and Ming Zhang. The second generation of the California urban futures model. part 1: Model logic and theory. Environment and Planning B, 25:657-666, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[893] John D. Landis and Ming Zhang. The second generation of the California urban futures model. part 2: Specification and calibration results of the land use change module. Environment and Planning B, 25:795-824, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[894] John D. Landis and Ming Zhang. Using GIS to improve urban activity and forecasting models: three examples. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 63-81. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling, transport modelling
[895] C. Lasch. The culture of narcissism. Norton, New York City, NY, USA, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology
[896] Kari Lautso, Klaus Spiekermann, and Michael Wegener. Modelling policies for urban sustainability. In Proceedings of the 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany, 2002. European Regional Science Assocation. [ bib | .pdf ]
The objective of the EU research project PROPOLIS (Planning and Research of Policies for Land Use and Transport for Increasing Urban Sustainability) is to assess urban strategies and to demonstrate their long-term effect in European cities. To reach this goal, a comprehensive framework of methodologies including integrated land use, transport and environmental modelling as well as indicator, evaluation and presentation systems have been developed. Sustainable development is viewed as comprising the environmental, socio-cultural and economic dimension. About thirty key indicators have been defined to measure the three dimensions of sustainability, such as air pollution, consumption of natural resources, quality of open space, population exposure to air pollution and noise, equity and opportunities and economic benefits from transport and land use.

Indicator values are derived from state-of-the-art urban land use and transport models. A number of additional modules, including a justice evaluation module, an economic evaluation module and a GIS-based raster module, have been developed and integrated to provide further indicator values. Both multicriteria and cost-benefit analysis methods are used to consistently evaluate the impact of the policies. The environmental and social dimensions of sustainability are measured using multicriteria analysis for the evaluation of the indicators, whereas cost-benefit analysis is used for the economic dimension. The modelling and evaluation system is currently being implemented in seven European urban agglomerations: Bilbao (Spain), Brussels (Belgium), Dortmund (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Inverness (Scotland), Naples (Italy) and Vicenza (Italy).

A large number of policies will be tested with the modelling and evaluation system in the seven urban regions. Policies to be investigated are land use policies, transport infrastructure policies, transport regulation and pricing policies and combinations of these. Besides a common policy set for all seven urban regions, city-specific local policies will be assessed as well. The first part of the paper will introduce the methodology and the modelling system developed. The second part will present first results of the policy testing and evaluation. The paper will conclude with initial conclusions on successful strategies to enhance the long-term sustainability of urban regions.

Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling
[897] C. Lave. Rail rapid transit and energy: The adverse effects. Transportation Research Record, 648:14-30, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, energy, transport planning
[898] Maggie Law and Kaichi Sung. The San Francisco Muni map project. Technical report, University of California Berkeley School of Information Management & Systems, Berkeley, CA, USA, May 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit, computer science
[899] Robin Law. Beyond `women and transport': towards new geographies of gender and daily mobility. Progress in Human Geography, 23(4):567-588, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, gender, transport planning
[900] S. Lawson and B. Morris. Our of cars and onto bikes: what chance? Traffic Engineering and Control, 40(5), May 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[901] Frank le Clercq and Luca Bertolini. Achieving sustainable accessibility: an evaluation of policy measures in the Amsterdam area. Built Environment, 29(1):36-47, 2003. [ bib | http ]
Some interesting thoughts. 1) Their “compact city” policy seems to have led to a polycentric region, with the edge regions (at the boundary of the dense inner city and the car-oriented outer world) developing into subcentres. Most of this is due to earlier policies of motorway expansion and subcentre promotion. However, public transport patronage has risen. 2) Public transport expansion has been less effective than changes in urban form. Expansion to new developments has not proven feasible, due to chicken-and-egg issues. 3) The a,b,c location policy aimed to force employers with large numbers of employees/visitors to take class A sites, defined as having good public transport facilities running in several directions, and with very strict parking place supply. Class B and C sites have softer parking regimes and siting requirements. It's a national policy. While it has been evaluated as a failure (mostly due to application to only 15% of all locations, since it only applies to new developments), it is continuing.
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, parking, accessibility
[902] M. Leccese and K. McCormick. Charter of the New Urbanism. McGraw Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[903] C. Leclerc, N. Noël, and Martin E.H. Lee-Gosselin. Cyclisme et convivialité de la route: développement d'un outil d'aide ŕ la décision. Routes et transports, 30(1):9-20, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[904] Mauricio Leclerc. Bicycle planning in the City of Portland: Evaluation of the city's Bicycle Master Plan and statistical analysis of the relationship between the city's bicycle network and bicycle commute. Field area paper, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA, Fall 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[905] Lars Leden. Has the city of Gothenburg found the concept to encourage bicycling by improving safety for bicyclists? In Proceedings of Velo-City 97, pages 271-274, Barcelona, Spain, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring
[906] Lars Leden. Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34:457-464, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[907] Lars Leden, Per Gårdner, and Urho Pulkkinen. Measuring the safety effect of raised bicycle crossings using a new research methodology. Transportation Research Record, 1636:64-70, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring
[908] Lars Leden, Per Gårdner, and Urho Pulkkinen. An expert judgment mode applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32(4):589-599, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring
[909] Brian Ho-Yin Lee, Joseph L. Schofer, and Frank S. Koppelman. Bicycle safety helmet legislation and bicycle-related non-fatal injuries in California. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[910] D. Lee. Full cost of pricing highways. Technical report, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[911] D. Lee, L. Klein, and G. Camus. Induced traffic and induced demand. Transportation Research Record, 1659:68-75, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[912] Douglas B. Lee. Requiem for large scale urban models. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 39(3):163-178, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[913] Douglas B. Lee. Retrospective on large-scale urban models. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1):35-40, 1994. [ bib ]
Some interesting (modern) comments on the problems in urban modelling. The need for more scientific method is discussed, and the need to contribute to theory as well as drawing from theory. Critiques from Lee73: black box method (even modellers don't understand internal workings of models); general purpose nature; command-and-control assumption. For better science, models need: transparency; replicability; and pragmatic evaluation. Travel prices and parking prices should be explicit parts of models. Comprehensive models have only limited value. Urban models compare quite negatively with GIS development over the same period, which suffered from similar shortcomings in the 70s (data and computation constraints), but has flourished since.
Keywords: spatial modelling
[914] Ming S. Lee, Sean T. Doherty, Ramesh Sabetiashraf, and Michael G. McNally. iCHASE: An Internet computerized household activity scheduling elicitor survey. Technical Report UCI-ITS-AS-WP-99-1, Center for Activity Systems Analysis, November 1999. [ bib | http ]
The primary goal of activity-based models is a fundamental examination of the behavioral process that results in revealed travel behavior. To reveal this process, a new computer program, iCHASE, has been developed to collect data for a study of the determinants of travel and activity behavior in households. These data are inherently dynamic, since respondents record planned activity schedules and then update these schedules on a daily basis, fully defined in time and space. The resultant data will facilitate the identification of fundamental inter-relationships among a comprehensive range of revealed travel and activity participation variables, leading toward the identification of the critical variables, relationships and rules that govern that behavior. It is believed that an Internet-based travel survey, particularly one as rich in resultant content as iCHASE, will significantly reduce data collection costs, improve data quality and quantity and allow for continuous data collection.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[915] M.S. Lee and M. McNally. Experiments with a computerized self-administrative activity survey. Transportation Research Record, 1748:125-131, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[916] Loretta Lees. Vancouver: A portfolio. Urban Geography, 19(4):283-286, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, canada
[917] Henri Lefebvre. The Production of Space. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography
[918] Ursula Lehner-Lierz. The role of cycling for women. In Rodney Tolley, editor, The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and cycling in Western cities, chapter 10. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 3rd edition, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, gender, bicycle planning
[919] U. Lehrer and R. Milgrom. New (sub)urbanism: countersprawl or repackaging the product. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 7:49-64, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[920] Kai Lemberg. Pedestrian streets and other motor vehicle traffic restraints in central Copenhagen. Technical report, City of Copenhagen, General Planning Department, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[921] André Lemelin. Calcul de l'impact sur la circulation automobile d'une taxe sur le stationnement dans la grande région de Montréal. Inédits 2001-6, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique: Urbanisation, Culture et Société, Montréal, QC, Canada, November 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[922] André Lemelin, Pierre J. Hamel, and Alain Sterck. Étude sur la mise en place d'une taxe sur le stationnement dans la grande région de Montréal. Technical report, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique: Urbanisation, Culture et Société, Montréal, QC, Canada, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[923] Steven R. Lerman. Location, housing, auto ownership and mode to work: A joint choice model. Transportation Research Record, 610:6-11, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[924] E. Lerner-Lam, S.P. Celniker, G.W. Halbert, C. Chellman, and S. Ryan. Neotraditional neighborhood design and its implications for traffic engineering. ITE Journal, pages 17-25, January 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, streets
[925] Nick Lester. On street parking regulation and enforcement in London. In EPA Urban parking Policy Guide: Statement for COST 342. European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), Cologne, Germany, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking
[926] Jonathan Levine. Access to choice. Access Magazine, 14:16-19, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link
[927] Jonathan Levine. Zoned Out: Regulation, Markets and Choices in Transportation and Metropolitan Land Use. Resources For the Future Press, October 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, zoning
[928] Jonathan Levine and Lawrence D. Frank. Transportation and land use preferences and residents' neighborhood choices: the sufficiency of compact development in the Atlanta region. Transportation, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link
[929] Jonathan Levine and Yaakov Garb. Evaluating the promise and hazards of congestion pricing proposals; an access centered approach. Technical Report 2/11, Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, Jerusalem, Israel, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, equity, accessibility
[930] Jonathan Levine and Yaakov Garb. Congestion pricing's conditional promise: Promotion of accessibility or mobility? Transport Policy, 9(3):179-188, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, equity, accessibility
[931] Jonathan Levine and Aseem Inam. The market for transportation-land use integration: do developers want smarter growth than regulations allow? Transportation, 31(4):409-427, November 2004. [ bib ]
Transportation and land use research of the past decade has focused in large part on the question of whether manipulating land uses in the direction of “smart growth” alternatives can reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or otherwise improve travel behavior. Yet the notion of “manipulating” land uses implies that the alternative is somehow self-organized or market-based. This view appears to underestimate the extent to which current planning interventions in the United States-largely focused on lowering development densities, mandating ample road and parking designs, and separating land uses-impose an auto-oriented template on most new development. Rather than a market failure, the paucity of “smart growth” alternatives may be a planning failure-the result of municipal regulatory exclusion. This problem definition would shift the burden of proof for policy reform, as uncertainty in travel-behavior benefits would hardly justify the continuation of exclusionary regulations. If municipal regulations in fact constrain alternatives to low-density auto-oriented development, one would expect developers to perceive unsatisfied market interest in such development. This article studies, through a national survey (676 respondents), US developers' perceptions of the market for pedestrian- and transit-oriented development forms. Overall, respondents perceive considerable market interest in alternative development forms, but believe that there is inadequate supply of such alternatives relative to market demand. Developer-respondents attribute this gap between supply and demand principally to local government regulation. When asked how the relaxation of these regulations would affect their product, majorities of developers indicated that such liberalization woud lead them to develop in a denser and more mixed-use fashion, particularly in close-in suburban locales. Results are interpreted in favor of land-policy reform based on the expansion of choice in transportation and land use. This view contrasts with a more prevalent approach which conditions policy interventions on scientific evidence of travel-behavior modification.

An excellent article, rebutting the claims of many others in the research community. The abstract is an excellent summary of the points made in this article. References BoaCra01, EwiCer01, Cra99 and Dow92. The latter is quoted: “[T]he belief that sprawl is caused primarily by market failures is based on the false assumption that there is a freely operating land use market in US metropolitan areas. No metropolitan area has anything remotely approaching a free land use market because of local regulations adopted for parochial political, social and fiscal purposes.”
Keywords: urban planning, land use transport link, equity, zoning
[932] Jonathan Levine, Aseem Inam, and Gwo-Wei Torng. A choice-based rationale for land use and transportation alternatives: Evidence from Boston and Atlanta. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24:317-330, 2005. [ bib | DOI ]
Some great equity context, including the Tiebout hypothesis.
Keywords: land use transport link, equity, travel behaviour, zoning
[933] H. Levinson and F. Wynn. Effects of density on urban transportation requirements. Highway Research Record, 2:38-64, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[934] H. Levinson and F. Wynne. Effects of density on urban transportation requirements. Highway Research Record, 2:38-64, 1963. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[935] H.S. Levinson. Parking in a changing time. Technical report, Eno Foundation for Transportation, Westport, CT, USA, 1982. [ bib ]
Parking's broad influence over travel in the modern urban setting is discussed, including recent changes in urban priorities and transport policies created by contemporary concerns for environment, energy, and air pollution. Downtown parking issues and options are reviewed. They include questions related to how parking affects and is affected by many other factors, including community development, environemental concerns, transportation goals, existing parking facilities and street systems, urban and suburban transit stops and the like. The impacts of increasing or decreasing automobile access are depicted. Three basic city center types are identified and described: extensively transit-oriented, intermediate transit use, and predominantly automobile oriented. The basic problems posed by commuter parking are covered, as are options for dealing with them. Four options for downtown parking and transportation policy are presented: trend projection, maintain present auto-transit balance, all future growth by transit, and reduce the number of automobiles accumulated downtown. Air quality considerations are mentioned. Parking supply and demand can be adjusted by stabilizing downtown parking supply, revising parking rates to encourage short- term use, and implementing new zoning policies to limit parking. Each option is discussed. Urban parking policies require community participation. The groups and concerns involved are reviewed. Parking guidelines are suggested for major transit corridors. Recommendations are made on issues to be considered in forming parking policies and programs in the future.

Keywords: parking, transportation demand management, transport planning
[936] David Ley. Gentrification in recession: Social change in six Canadian inner cities. Urban Geography, 13(3):230-256, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, canada, equity
[937] David Ley. The Middle Class and the Making of the Central City. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, equity
[938] M.C. Libicki. Land use impacts of major transit improvements. Urban Analysis Program, Office of Transportation Planning Analysis, Assistant Secretary for Policy Plans and International Affairs, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, March 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[939] Einar Lillebye. The architectural significance of the street as a functional and social arena. In Colin Jefferson, Janet Rowe, and Carlos Brebbia, editors, The Sustainable Street: The Environmental, Human and Economic Aspects of Street Design and Management. Wessex Institute of Technology Press, Southampton, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: street design, streets, urban design, architecture, sustainability
[940] Clark C. Lim. The status of Transportation Demand Management in Greater Vancouver and energy implications. Energy Policy, 25(14-15):1193-1202, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, canada, energy
[941] Thirayoot Limanond and Debbie A. Niemeier. Effect of land use on decisions of shopping tour generation: a case study of three traditional neighborhoods in WA. Transportation, 31(2):153-181, May 2004. [ bib ]
This study investigates the relationship between land use and shopping tour generation using an activity-based shopping model that captures the effects of land use patterns on household decisions of shopping tour frequency, tour scheduling and mode choice. The model was calibrated using travel data collected in three traditional neighborhoods located in the Puget Sound region, WA, and shopping travel patterns across seven common household structures were analyzed. The results reveal that land use patterns have virtually no impact on overall shopping tour frequency. However, land use does seem to be associated with decisions about the type of shopping tours undertaken. For example, households with poorer accessibility tend to make fewer one-stop shopping tours, and are more likely to combine shopping trips with other trips to form multi-stop shopping tours as a means of compensating for locational deficiencies. Finally, we also found that traditional neighborhood residents who live closer to the neighborhood commercial street, and thus, have greater accessibility, are more inclined to use non-auto modes for one-stop shopping tours.

Keywords: transport modelling, discrete choice modelling, shopping
[942] Thirayoot Limanond, Debbie A. Niemeier, and Patricia L. Mokhtarian. Specification of a tour-based neighborhood shopping model. Transportation, 32(2):105-135, May 2005. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: transport modelling, shopping
[943] Y. Lin and P.A. Fishwick. Asynchronous parallel discrete event simulation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 26(4):397-412, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science, spatial modelling
[944] Todd Litman. Efficient vehicles versus efficient transportation: comparing transportation energy conservation strategies. Transport Policy, 12(2):91-184, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: energy
[945] Todd A. Litman. Transportation cost and benefit analysis: Techniques, estimates and implications. Technical report, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2002. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, finance, environmental economics
[946] Todd A. Litman. Comprehensive evaluation of rail transit benefits. Technical report, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some interesting analysis. It's primarily a critique of another paper, “Great Rail Disasters” by Randal O'Toole, which I'm not familiar with; apparently, the paper condemns rail transit as cost ineffective, but its analysis is fundamentally flawed. In the end, the flaws boil down to two differences: 1) O'Toole values mobility more than accessibility; and 2) he's quite ready to distort statistics to make an argument.

Probably the most interesting part of his analysis is Figure 13, showing that “in Bus Only and Small Rail cities, traffic congestion costs tend to increase with city size [...] but Large Rail cities do not follow this pattern. They have substantially lower congestion costs than comparable size cities. As a result, New York and Chicago have about half the per capita congestion delay as Los Angeles.”

Tables 6 and 7 is also very interesting, showing the total subsidy to bus and rail systems, and a lower bound on the total benefits from each.

Litman's notes comparing bus rapid transit and rail are interesting, particularly his statistic showing that people are more willing to stand on rail systems, allowing more passengers per vehicle. His notes that rail does not subtract from bus systems are also interesting, showing that cities with large and small rail tend to spend more per-capita on transit, and hence that rail does not necessarily reduce bus system performance. (Although I'm sure there are cases where that happens!)

I still have some questions about one part of his analysis: his argument proceeds by defining “large rail” cities as those with transit mode share of 20%+ with rail making up more than half of the transit trips. He then argues that these cities have lower vehicle-miles, higher transit trips, etc., typically due to the land use impacts of the rail systems. However, there are elements of a circular argument here: it's possible that the causation runs in the other direction, and land uses cause higher transit mode share, and hence shift certain cities into the large rail category. (Personally, I don't believe that's the case-I think that rail does cause denser land use. But the argument may need to be rephrased to make this unambiguous.) I need to think about this more before I can be certain that there actually is a flaw in his reasoning, though. Regardless, I don't think it's a big flaw-it's a difficult subject to tackle perfectly, and his analysis is generally quite sound.

Litman includes a reference to the spreadsheet containing his calculations! This could be quite useful for learning how this analysis is done.

Keywords: transport planning, transit, rail
[947] Todd A. Litman. Generated traffic and induced travel: Implications for transport planning. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 71(4):38-47, April 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, induced travel
[948] Todd A. Litman. Parking requirements impacts on housing affordability. Technical report, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada, June 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
A very interesting read. Litman raises a number of issues associated with housing that I hadn't considered-my first reaction is to question Vancouver's downtown development patterns. Are parking requirements responsible for the tower fad, by making townhouse and four-story apartment development uneconomic for developers? On interesting bit of trivia: curb cuts reduce onstreet parking capacity. His parking management solutions are quite valuable and innovative ideas, and the studies he cites in Victoria and Mississauga are useful; I should follow up on all of his references. Of the management solutions, the two ideas I found novel were: shared parking, where apartments and businesses share spaces due to opposite peak demand times - very practical for residential downtowns; transportation management associations, where a neighbourhood organisation is formed to trade parking in a neighbourhood. I was initially convinced by his arguments about reducing developer incentive to create low-income housing, but I'm now a little skeptical; figure 12, in particular, says to me that in a scenario where 0 parking spaces are required, developers will have a huge incentive to produce high income housing, since the relative profit difference will be so much greater. Of course, this ignores the entire demand side of the equation. Overall, I think more analysis is needed to determine the real effect on developers.
Keywords: parking, urban planning, transportation demand management, equity
[949] Todd A. Litman. Pay-as-you-drive pricing for insurance affordability. Technical report, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada, May 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, equity, insurance
[950] Todd A. Litman. Online transportation demand management encylopedia. Technical report, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2005. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility
[951] Todd A. Litman, Robin Blair, Bill Demopoulos, Nils Eddy, Anne Fritzel, Danelle Laidlaw, Heath Maddox, and Katherine Forster. Pedestrian and bicycle planning: A guide to best practices. Technical report, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2002. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[952] Marek Litwin, Sean Doherty, and Eric J. Miller. Investigating competition patterns in the household activity scheduling processes. In Presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 2004. [ bib ]
Recent developments in the area of dynamic household activity scheduling require better understanding of the behavioural aspects of scheduling processes within households, and, in particular, formation and modification of the provisional schedule, conflict resolution, and rescheduling processes. The goal of this paper is to identify and examine scheduling processes within households using data collected in Quebec City using the Computerized Household Activity Scheduling Elicitor (CHASE) survey software. CHASE addresses the problems of detailed data collection not only concerning activities and travel per se, but also scheduling behaviour processes themselves, including dynamic modifications to the schedule during its execution phase. Univariate analysis performed on the CHASE data provides insights and correlations between household characteristics and the nature of these processes but also questions the activity scheduling approach based on generic activity type classification rules.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[953] Marek Litwin and Eric J. Miller. Investigation of household activity behaviour-descriptive analysis. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Regional Science Association, June 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling, travel behaviour
[954] Marek Litwin and Eric J. Miller. Agenda formation: evolution of activity sequencing within an event-driven time-series based framework. In Presented at the EIRASS Conference on Progress in Activity-Based Analysis, Maastricht, The Netherlands, May 2004. [ bib ]
This paper provides a quantitative analysis and comparison between the recent Toronto Activity Panel Survey CHASE (Computerized Household Activity Scheduling Elicitor) dataset and a previously collected Quebec City CHASE dataset with the focus on household agenda formation.

The CHASE datasets were analyzed in the context of a newly developed event-driven time-series based activity scheduling framework that explicitly incorporates individuals' agenda formation. The modelling framework, based on McTaggart's concept of time, has two levels of agenda abstraction: conceptual and perceptual, where the second level of abstraction includes provisional sequences of activity episodes. CHASE has been designed to provide detailed observation of scheduling processes and agenda formation. In particular it allows one to trace activity schedule evolution from the planning phase, through modification phases to the execution phase. An original computer algorithm has been applied to the datasets to allow the analyst to visualize the development of provisional activity sequences.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada, travel behaviour
[955] Marek Litwin and Eric J. Miller. Event-driven time-series based dynamic model of decision making processes: philosophical background and conceptual framework. In Presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 2004. [ bib ]
The time dimension in decision-making and activity scheduling models in both conceptual and operational applications is a critical issue. A crude conceptualization of time in current models creates a number of problems with representing dynamic decision-making processes and limits the potential of existing models. Event-Driven Time-Series Based Dynamic Model of Decision Making Processes is a proposition of a modeling framework that attempts to simulate the natural way of decision-making and scheduling behaviour which transforms agent's ideas from their conceptual phase through a provisional schedule to eventually executed activity patterns. It is based on concepts of time in philosophy and science of social behaviour and psychology. The Event-Driven Time-Series Based Dynamic Model links short-term scheduling with long-term planning and lifetime decision-making. This provides a natural link with car ownership or land use models and also provides for a dynamic interface with microsimulation models of network performance sensitive to short-term fluctuations of traffic condition. The model explicitly utilizes conceptual and perceptual time-spaces and exploits non-linearity and multidimensionality of decision-making time-space. The decision-making agents explicitly recognize a time horizon and their decision-making behaviour is driven by events.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[956] Rongfang (Rachel) Liu and Chang-Qian Guan. Mode biases of urban transportation policies in China and their implications. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(2):58-70, June 2005. [ bib ]
An interesting article, particularly since I haven't read much on China before. They describe bike mode share of 40-60%, which is quite incredible! Car trips belong in the other category, and other makes up less than 14% of trips. However, it's on the rise: they show Beijing rising from 6% in 1986 to 27% in 2000 (for other). They complain about patronizing Western attitudes towards bicycles, but do a little of the same themselves. However, they close with an appeal for China to emulate the Dutch.
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit, transport modelling
[957] X. Liu, L. Shen, and F. Ren. Operational analysis of bicycle accidents and recommended countermeasures in Beijing, China. Transportation Research Record, 1487:75-83, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[958] Ken Livingstone. The challenge of driving through change: Introducing congestion charging in central London. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4):490-498, December 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, urban politics
[959] Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee. There's no there there: or why neighborhoods don't readily develop around light rail stations. Access Magazine, 9:2-6, Fall 1996. [ bib ]
A short but interesting look at the failures around the Blue Line in Los Angeles. When transportation planners choose a transit alignment through an industrial/abandoned area with cheap land, I think the ridership estimates need to be informed by the miserable urban realm around transit stations... but I imagine they completely ignore such micro features.
Keywords: urban planning, transit-oriented development
[960] Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee. The Blue Line blues: why the vision of transit village may not materialize despite impressive growth in transit ridership. Journal of Urban Design, 5(2):101-125, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit-oriented development, transport planning, land use transport link
[961] Erik Louw. The production of business sites in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 91(1):85-91, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: demography of firms, firm behaviour
[962] Ira S. Lowry. A model of metropolis. Technical Report RM-4035-RC, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA, 1964. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[963] Ira S. Lowry. A model of metropolis (excerpts). In J. Franklin, editor, Models of Employment and Residential Location, pages 199-232. Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 1974. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[964] Urban Systems Ltd. Transportation status report: Fall 1997 to fall 2003. Technical report, University of British Columbia TREK Program Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, canada
[965] William J. Lucas. A report on cycling fatalities in Toronto 1986-1996: recommendations for reducing cycling injuries and death. Technical report, Office of the Regional Coroner for Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 1998. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada
[966] W. Lucy and D. Phillips. Why some suburbs thrive. Planning, pages 20-21, June 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[967] A. Luers. Reiseantrittwiderstande, speziell der Einfluss wohnungsnaher Abstellmöglichkeiten auf den Verkehrsanteil des Fahrrades (Resistance factors at the start of journeys, with particular reference to the availability of cycle parking facilities near residences). In Perspektiven des Fahrradverkehrs: Internationaler Planungsseminar auf Schloss Laxenburg bei Wien, Vienna, Austria, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[968] Timothy W. Luke. A rough road out of Rio: The right-wing reaction in the United States against global environmentalism. In N. Low, B. Gleeson, I. Elander, and R. Lidskog, editors, Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration, pages 54-69. Routledge, London, UK, 2000. [ bib | http ]
A good source for some classic quotes on American environmental policy, including “The American life-style is not up for negotiation” and “Earth Day? It should actually be called Anti-Human Day” (the latter is from the Ayn Rand Institute).

I appreciated the connection drawn between globalisation and environmentalism, particularly as the agenda of two élites with substantial negative impacts on the regular population.

Keywords: sustainability
[969] Hollie Lund. Testing the claims of New Urbanism: Local access, pedestrian travel, and neighboring behaviors. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(4):414-429, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, pedestrian planning, new urbanism
[970] Holly M. Lund, Robert Cervero, and Richard W. Willson. Travel characteristics of Transit-Oriented Development in California. Technical report, Cal Poly Ponoma / UC Berkeley / San Francisco BART, Sacramento, CA, USA, January 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning, transit-oriented development
[971] Kevin Lynch. Site Planning. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1962. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[972] Kevin Lynch. Managing the Sense of a Region. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[973] Kevin Lynch. City design. Urban Design International, 1(2):48, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[974] Kevin Lynch. Good city form. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981. [ bib ]
A classic, apparently. As summarized by TalEll02, his main criteria for good form are 1) vitality: the support of biological requirements; 2) sense: mental perception and differentiation of a settlement; 3) fit: the match between pattern and behaviour; 4) access: being able to reach resources; 5) control of the use of the settlement; and “meta-criteria” of efficiency (cost) and justice (equity).
Keywords: urban form, urban design, urban planning
[975] Kevin Lynch. The pattern of the metropolis. In Tridib Banarjee and Michael Southworth, editors, City sense and city design: Writings and projects of Kevin Lynch, pages 47-64. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[976] T.J. Lyons, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, C. Moy, and F. dos Santos. An international air pollution model for the transportation sector. Transportation Research D, 8:159-167, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[977] A.C. MacIntyre. After virtue: a study in moral theory. Duckworth, London, UK, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: philosophy
[978] J.J. MacKenzie, R.C. Dower, and D.T. Chen. The Going Rate: What it Really Costs to Drive. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[979] J. MacKinnon. Urban general equilibrium models and simplicial search algorithms. Journal of Urban Economics, 1:161-183, 1974. [ bib ]
early 2D Model of city
Keywords: urban economics, spatial modelling
[980] Heather L. MacLean and L.B. Lave. Evaluating automobile fuel/propulsion system technologies. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 29:1-69, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: energy, lifecycle analysis, alternative fuels
[981] H. Maddox. Another look at Germany's bicycle boom: implications for local transportation policy and planning strategy in the USA. World Transport Policy and Practice, 7(3):44-48, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[982] W. Mallett. Managing the post-industrial city: Business Improvement Districts in the United States. Area, 26(3):276-287, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics
[983] W. Mallett. Private government formation in the D.C. metropolitan area. Growth and Change, 24:385-415, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics
[984] Marcello Mamoli. Padua: a decade to become a cycle city. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 16, pages 251-262. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Nothing exceptional in this chapter.
Keywords: bicycle planning
[985] Michael Manville and Donald C. Shoup. People, parking and cities. Access Magazine, 25:20-26, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
A fascinating study of Los Angeles versus New York and San Francisco. When the entire urban agglomeration is taken into account, L.A. is actually denser than New York or San Francisco, since its suburbs are relatively dense. The article explains discusses how downtown parking in L.A. is profoundly different from the other two, and how it hurts the city.
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[986] Michael Manville and Donald C. Shoup. People, parking and cities. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(4):233-245, December 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[987] Hannah F. Maoh. Modeling Firm Demography in Urban Areas with an Application to Hamilton, Ontario: Toward an Agent-Based Microsimulation Model. PhD thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: demography of firms, location choice
[988] Greg R. Marsden. The evidence base for parking policies-a review. Transport Policy, 13(6):447-457, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking
[989] M.A. Marshall. ISTEA five years later: where do we go from here? Land Use Law & Zoning Digest, 49(7):3-9, July 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[990] Stephen Marshall. Public transport orientated urban design. In E. Feitelson and E. Verhoef, editors, Transport and Environment: in Search of Sustainable Solutions. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design, streets, street design, urban form
[991] Stephen Marshall. A first theoretical approach to classification of arterial streets. ARTISTS Deliverable D1.1, University of Westminster, London, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban planning, transport planning, street design
[992] Stephen Marshall. Methodological framework for compatibility analysis. TRANSPLUS Deliverable D4.2, Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, street design
[993] Stephen Marshall. Traffic in towns revisited. Town and Country Planning, 72(10):310-312, November 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, streets, street design
[994] Stephen Marshall. Transport and the urban pattern. Town and Country Planning, 73(2):106-108, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, transport planning
[995] Stephen Marshall. Joined-up urbanism. Town and Country Planning, 74(12):367-371, December 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[996] Stephen Marshall. Streets & Patterns: The Structure of Urban Geometry. Spon Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban planning, urban form, transport planning, street design, urban design
[997] Stephen Marshall. Cities, Design, and Evolution. Routledge, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design
[998] Stephen Marshall. Urban Coding: Learning from Design and Planning Traditions. Routledge, 2008. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design
[999] Stephen Marshall and David Banister, editors. Land Use and Transport: European Research Towards Integrated Policies. Elsevier, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link
[1000] Timothy Marshall. Futures, foresight and forward looks. Town Planning Review, 68(1):31-50, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1001] Wesley E. Marshall and Norman W. Garrick. Parking at mixed-use centers in small cities. Transportation Research Record, 1977:164-171, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1002] Karel Martens. The bicycle as a feedering mode: experiences from three European countries. Transportation Research D, 9(4):281-294, 2004. [ bib ]
Bike-and-ride, or the combined use of bicycle and public transport for one trip, is a multimodal alternative for the car. This paper discusses the use of bike-and-ride in three countries with widely differing bicycle cultures and infrastructures: the Netherlands, Germany and the UK. The share of the bicycle in access trips is comparable to general levels of bicycle ridership in each country, but only for train services and other fast modes of public transport. Strong similarities are found in the characteristics of bike-and-ride trips and users, in terms of travel distances, travel motives, and the impact of car availability. The majority of bike-and-ride users travels between 2 and 5 km to a public transport stop, with longer access distances reported for faster modes of public transport. Work and education are the main travel motives, with the first dominating the faster modes and the second the slower modes of public transport. Car availability hardly influences the choice for a combined use of bicycle and train, but strongly affects the levels of bike-and-ride for slower modes of transport.

Keywords: bicycle planning, intermodal
[1003] Karel Martens. Promoting bike-and-ride: the Dutch experience. Transportation Research A, 41(4):326-338, May 2007. [ bib ]
The number of policy initiatives to promote the use of bike-and-ride, or the combined use of bicycle and public transport for one trip, has grown considerably over the past decade as part of the search for more sustainable transport solutions. This paper discusses the experiences with, and impacts of, such initiatives in the Netherlands. The Dutch measures to promote bicycle use in access trips have been generally successful. A country-wide program to upgrade regular and secure bicycle parking at train stations has led to an increase in user satisfaction and a growth in bicycles parked at stations. Smaller programs to stimulate the combined use of bike-and-bus have resulted in an increase in bicycle use, bus use, and share of infrequent bus passengers. Bicycle lockers at bus stops are hardly used by bus passengers, due in part to the dominance of students among bus users as well as the relatively high price of lockers in comparison to the value of bicycles used for access trips. Measures to promote the use of the bicycle in egress trips have met with more varying results. Projects to introduce leasing bicycles for egress trips have failed to attract passengers, for both train and bus services. In contrast, the introduction of flexible rental bicycles at train stations has resulted in a small reduction in car use, growth in train trips, and growth in bicycle use for non-recurrent trips. The Dutch experiences suggest some lessons for promoting bike-and-ride in countries and cities with a less well-developed bicycle infrastructure.

Keywords: bicycle planning, transit, intermodal
[1004] Scott Martin. The world's best cities for cycling. Bicycling Magazine, May 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1005] Francisco J. Martinez. The bid-choice land-use model: An integrated economic framework. Environment and Planning A, 24:871-875, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1006] Francisco J. Martinez. MUSSA: a land use model for Santiago City. Technical report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1007] Francisco J. Martinez. Towards a microeconomic framework for travel behavior and land use interactions. In Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the International Association of Travel Behaviour Research, Austin, TX, USA, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1008] Simon J. Marvin and S. Guy. Towards a new logic of transport planning? Town Planning Review, 70(2):139-158, 1999. [ bib ]
An interesting article on the crisis in transport planning, with some details of new ways of thinking emerging. “Central to this rethinking is the wider shift away from `predict and provide' planning towards demand-management which is slowly emerging across various infrastructure sectors. The common thread linking these diverse services is the attempts by network operators to work with users to reduce demand on the most stressed parts of the network through the introduction of traffic calming and pedestrianisation measures; advanced information technology-based systems to get the msot out of the existing infrastructure; road pricing; and a reduction in the building of new roads.” Their article is followed by comment from David Banister, Michael Breheny, and Bert van Wee, and closes with comments from the authors.
Keywords: transport planning, transportation demand management
[1009] D. Massey and N. Denton. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, equity, urban planning
[1010] D. Mathew. New way ahead for Oxford: a balanced transport policy. Surveyor, 175(5126):16-17, October 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport planning
[1011] Helène Mathian, Boguslaw Mikula, and Lena Sanders. Modelling the dynamics of spatial systems within a GIS: Problems and perspectives. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 203-221. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

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Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling
[1012] Shishir Mathur, Paul Waddell, and Hilda Blanco. The effect of impact fees on the price of new single-family housing. Urban Studies, 41(7):1303-1312, June 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1013] M.R. Matthew. Office buildings in office parks and suburban downtowns. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 1:39-57, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1014] M.R. Matthew. The suburbanization of Toronto offices. The Canadian Geographer, 37:293-306, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[1015] C.T. Matwie and J.F. Morrall. Guidelines for a safety audit of bikeway systems. World Transport Policy and Practice, 7(3):28-37, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1016] Ann McAfee. The renewed inner city: Is one out of three sufficient? In New Neighbourhood International Forum, Toronto, ON, Canada, January 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, canada
[1017] Ann McAfee. Four decades of geographical impact by Canadian social housing policies. In B.M. Barr, editor, Studies in Canadian Regional Geography: Essay in Honour of J. Lewis Robinson, number 37 in BC Geographical Series, pages 92-108. Tantalus Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, canada
[1018] Hugh McClintock. The Bicycle and City Traffic: Principles and Practice. Belhaven Press, London, UK, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1019] Hugh McClintock. Cycle facilities and cyclists' safety: experience from Greater Nottingham and lessons for future cycling provision. Transport Policy, 3(1/2), January 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1020] Hugh McClintock. When in the UK, cycle like the Dutch? Town and Country Planning, 69(12):356-357, December 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1021] Hugh McClintock. Practioners' take-up of professional guidance and research findings: Planning for cycling and walking in the UK. Planning Practice and Research, 16(2):193-203, May 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1022] Hugh McClintock. The development of UK cycling policy. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 2, pages 17-35. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1023] Hugh McClintock. The mainstreaming of cycle policy. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 1, pages 1-16. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit, transport planning
[1024] Hugh McClintock. Nottingham. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 11, pages 171-191. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1025] Hugh McClintock, editor. Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1026] Hugh McClintock. Promoting cycling through `soft' (non-infrastructural) measures. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 3, pages 36-49. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1027] Hugh McClintock and Jo Cleary. English urban cycle route network experiments: the experience of the Greater Nottingham network. Town Planning Review, 64(2):159-192, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1028] Hugh McClintock and Jo Cleary. Cycle facilities and cyclists' safety. Transport Policy, 3(1):67-77, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1029] Hugh McClintock and Dave Morris. Bikes and trams: integrating the benefits. Town and Country Planning, 72(10):308-309, November 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit
[1030] Hugh McClintock and Phil Philippou. Improving professional training for bicycle planning in the UK. In Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1031] Hugh McClintock and V. Shacklock. Alternative transport plans: encouraging the role of employers in changing staff commuter travel modes. Town Planning Review, 67(4), October 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1032] Jim McCluskey. Road Form and Townscape. Butterworth Architecture, Oxford, UK, 2nd edition, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design, urban form, street design
[1033] Daniel McFadden. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zarembka, editor, Frontiers in Econometrics. Academic Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1034] Daniel McFadden. Modeling the choice of residential location. Transportation Research Record, 673:72-77, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: location choice, urban planning
[1035] Daniel McFadden. Structural discrete probability models derived from theories of choice. In Charles Manski and Daniel McFadden, editors, Structural Analysis of Discrete Data and Econometric Applications, pages 198-272. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1036] Daniel McFadden. Econometric analysis of qualitative response models. In Z. Griliches and M. Inrilligator, editors, Handbook of Econometrics, pages 1395-1457. North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1037] G. McGlynn, Peter W.G. Newman, and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Towards better cities: Reurbanisation and transportation energy scenarios. Technical report, Australian Commision for the Future, October 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, energy, urban form, land use transport link
[1038] Ian McHarg. Design with nature. Natural History Press, Garden City, NY, USA, 1969. [ bib ]
Keywords: ecology, urban planning
[1039] Sarah McMillan. Toward a Livable Region? An evaluation of business parks in Greater Vancouver. Master's thesis, University of British Columbia, School of Community and Regional Planning, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, firm behaviour, location choice, urban planning
[1040] M.G. McNally and A. Kulkarni. Assessment of influence of land use transportation system on travel behavior. Transportation Research Record, 1607:105-115, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1041] M.G. McNally and S. Ryan. A comparative assessment of travel characteristics for neotraditional developments. Transportation Research Record, 1400:67-77, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link
[1042] Ryan McNally and Bruce Hellinga. Estimating the impact of demographics and automotive technologies on greenhouse gas emissions. In Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Canadian Institution of Transportation Engineers, Ottawa, ON, Canada, May 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, canada, greenhouse gases
[1043] Ryan McNally and Bruce Hellinga. The Kyoto GHG emissions targets: What can we expect from the road transportation sector. In Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, canada, greenhouse gases
[1044] Paul Mees. A very public solution: transport in the dispersed city. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia, 2000. [ bib ]
Comparison of Melbourne and Toronto transit performance. Discusses the failure of privatization of bus services due to loss seamless connections, etc.
Keywords: transit, transport planning, canada
[1045] M. Mehranian, Martin Wachs, Donald C. Shoup, and R. Platkin. Parking costs and mode choices among downtown workers: a case study. Transportation Research Record, 1130, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1046] J. Mercer. The Canadian city in a continental context. In Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion, editors, Canadian Cities in Transition. Oxford University Press, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1st edition, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada
[1047] J. Merz. Microsimulation-a survey of principles, developments and applications. International Journal of Forecasting, 7:77-104, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1048] Aubrey Meyer. Contraction and convergence: The global solution to climate change. Schumacher Briefing 5, Green Books, Totnes, Devon, UK, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: greenhouse gases, energy
[1049] John R. Meyer and Jose A. Gomez-Ibañez. Autos, Transit and Cities. Harvard University Press, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1050] John R. Meyer, John Kain, and Martin Wohl. The urban transportation problem. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1965. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1051] Michael D. Meyer. Jumpstarting the move toward multimodal planning. Transportation Research Circular, 406, April 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, intermodal
[1052] Michael D. Meyer. A toolbox for alleviating congestion and enhancing mobility. Technical report, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1053] Michael D. Meyer and M. McShane. Parking policy and downtown economic development. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 109:27-43, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, urban planning
[1054] Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller. Urban Transportation Planning: A Decision-Oriented Approach. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 2001. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link
[1055] W. Middleton. The Time of the Trolley. Kalmbach Publishing, Milwaukee, WI, USA, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, history
[1056] P. Midgeley. Urban transport in Asia: An operational agenda for the 1990s. World Bank Technical Paper 224, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1057] Peter Mieszkowski and E. Mills. The causes of metropolitan suburbanization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(3):135-147, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1058] Gerard C.S. Mildner, James G. Strathman, and Martha J. Bianco. Travel and parking behavior in the United States. Discussion Paper DP96-7, Center for Urban Studies, Portland State University, December 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
This paper looks at the connection between the regulation of parking by cities, transit service levels, and travel and parking behavior in the United States. Travel behavior information comes from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and the Federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration's 1990 Section 15 Report. Data on the current state of parking programs in place in central business districts of the U.S. is identifed through telephone interviews of local officials responsible for parking policies from the twenty cities identified in the NPTS. The travel behavior analyses and the data from the parking officials interviews were combined with data from the Federal Highway Administration's Journey-to-Work data to group cities according to their parking policies, transit service, and ridership levels on a continuum of “Transit- Accommodating Cities” and “Auto-Accommodating Cities”. A key finding is that cities with interventionist parking policies, high parking prices and limited supply, frequent transit service, and a high probability that travelers will pay to park are the most likely to have high transit ridership figures.

Keywords: parking
[1059] Gerard C.S. Mildner, James G. Strathman, and Martha J. Bianco. Parking policies and commuting behavior. Transportation Quarterly, 51(1), 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1060] A. Millard-Ball. Putting on their parking caps. Planning, pages 16-21, April 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1061] Eric Miller. An interview with David Gunn. Rail Travel News, 31(10):14-15, October 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: general interest, transit, rail
[1062] Eric J. Miller. Central Area mode choice and parking demand. Transportation Research Record, 1413:60-69, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, canada, transportation demand management
[1063] Eric J. Miller. Microsimulation and activity-based forecasting. In Summary, Recommendations and Compendium of Papers, Travel Mode Improvement Program Activity-Based Travel Forecasting Conference, pages 151-172, Washington, D.C., USA, June 1996. US Department of Transportation. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1064] Eric J. Miller. Microsimulation and activity-based forecasting. Technical Report DOT-T-97-17, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
This paper provides an overview of the state of the art of microsimulation modeling applied to activity-based travel forecasting. The paper defines what is meant by microsimulation and discusses why microsimulation might be a preferred approach to activity-based forecasting in many applications. The issue of synthesizing and updating characteristics of the population being simulated is addressed in some detail. Examples of various types of microsimulation models which have been developed to date are provided, including microsimulation models of auto ownership, residential mobility, route choice and network performance, as well as activity-based travel forecasting models per se. The paper concludes with a discussion of research development issues associated with the continuing development of operational microsimulation models. These include: further evaluation of population synthesizing and updating methods; determination of appropriate levels of model disaggregation; establishing appropriate linkages between model components; examination of the statistical properties of microsimulation models; and demonstration of the computational feasibility of these very computer-intensive modeling systems.

[1065] Eric J. Miller. Transportation and communication. In Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion, editors, Canadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, urban planning, transport planning
[1066] Eric J. Miller. The Greater Toronto Area travel demand modelling system version 2.0. Technical report, Joint Program in Transportation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2001. [ bib ]
A clear overview of the classic four-stage transport model, with applications to Toronto, including more emphasis on multi-modal trips etc.
Keywords: transport modelling, canada
[1067] Eric J. Miller. ILUTE: Historical evolution, current status, future prospects. Presentation available online, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
A good overview of the current status of the ILUTE project.
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling
[1068] Eric J. Miller. Land use - transportation modelling. In K.G. Goulias, editor, Transportation System Planning Methods and Applications, chapter 5, pages 5-1-5-24. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport modelling
[1069] Eric J. Miller. Microsimulation. In K.G. Goulias, editor, Transportation System Planning Methods and Applications, chapter 12, pages 12-1-12-22. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1070] Eric J. Miller. Integrated land-use/transport model requirements. In D.A. Hensher, K.J. Button, K.E. Haynes, and P.R. Stopher, editors, Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems, volume 5 of Handbooks in Transport, pages 147-166. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, land use transport link
[1071] Eric J. Miller. The trouble with intercity travel demand models. Transportation Research Record, 1895:94-101, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, intercity transport
[1072] Eric J. Miller. An integrated framework for modelling short- and long-run household decision-making. In Harry J.P. Timmermans, editor, Progress in Activity-Based Analysis, pages 175-202. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1073] Eric J. Miller. Project-based activity scheduling for household and person agents. In H.S. Mahmassani, editor, Transportation and Traffic Theory, Flow, Dynamics and Human Interaction: Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory, pages 565-584, Oxford, UK, 2005. Elsevier. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1074] Eric J. Miller. Propositions for modelling household decision-making. In Martin Lee-Gosselin and Sean T. Doherty, editors, Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Models: Behavioural Foundations, pages 21-60. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[1075] Eric J. Miller, L.S. Cheah, and K.S. Fan. Development of an operational peak-period mode split model for Metropolitan Toronto. Technical report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, March 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport modelling
[1076] Eric J. Miller and Antoine Haroun. A microsimulation model of residential housing markets. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Association of Travel Behaviour Research Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, July 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling, urban planning
[1077] Eric J. Miller and M.I. Hassounah. Quantitative analysis of urban transportation energy use and emissions: Phase I final report. Technical report, University of Toronto Joint Program in Transportation, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, energy, greenhouse gases
[1078] Eric J. Miller and John Douglas Hunt. Integrated Land Use, Transportation and Environment (ILUTE) modeling in Canada. In Presented at the Third Oregon Symposium on Integrated Land Use and Transport Models, Portland, OR, USA, July 2002. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, land use transport link
[1079] Eric J. Miller, John Douglas Hunt, John Edward Abraham, and Paul A. Salvini. Microsimulating urban systems. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 28(1):9-44, January 2004. [ bib ]
This paper presents a status report concerning on-going research and development work by a team of Canadian researchers to develop a microsimulation, agent-based, integrated model of urban land use and transportation. It describes in some detail the overall design and current status of the ILUTE (Integrated Land Use, Transportation, Environment) modelling system under development. The overall purpose of ILUTE is to simulate the evolution of an entire urban region over an extended period of time. Such a model is intended to replace conventional, aggregate, static models for the analysis of a broad range of transportation, housing and other urban policies. Agents being simulated in the model include individuals, households and establishments. The model operates on a “100% sample” (i.e., the entire population) of agents which, in the base case, are synthesized from more aggregate data such as census tables and which are then evolved over time by the model. A range of modelling methods are employed within the modelling system to represent individual agents' behaviours, including simple state transition models, random utility choice models, rule-based “computational process” models, and hybrids of these approaches. A major emphasis within ILUTE is the development of microsimulation models of market demand-supply interactions, particularly within the residential and commercial real estate markets. In addition, travel demand is modelled explicitly as the outcome of a combination of household and individual decisions concerning the participation in out-of-home activities over the course of a day. Spatial entities in the model include buildings, residential dwelling units and commercial floorspace, as well as aggregate “spatial containers” such as traffic zones, census tracts or grid cells.

Good references: ConLaw02, VelKapTim00, VosPetDon02.

Their discussion of spatial representation is interesting, and echos (somewhat) my own thoughts on the subject. They have two sections: one on residential representation and one on representations for firms. I'm curious to see how far they've come in the last few months.

They discuss real estate markets, with zonal average prices. Offers can have individual prices, though, overriding zonal averages. It seems that this idea would mesh better with building-based spatial representation-grid based representation makes it hard to store data like “sale price” or compute zonal averages.

I'm a bit baffled by their commercial development model. The grid-based approach they used seems to be based on cellular automata, using logit models for state transitions. But they don't consider adjacency information, which seems like it would be essential for firms-who wants floorspace divided into a random patchwork? Can you really just rearrange floorspace as needed?

Their closing paragraphs are encouraging: they really don't want zones, anywhere.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, spatial modelling
[1080] Eric J. Miller and A. Ibrahim. Urban form and vehicular travel: some empirical findings. Transportation Research Record, 1617:18-27, January 1998. [ bib ]
Some empirical findings are presented on the relationship between urban form and work trip commuting efficiency, drawn from the analysis of 1986 work trip commuting patterns in the greater Toronto area. Work trip commuting efficiency is measured with respect to the average number of vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) per worker in a given zone. Preliminary findings include VKT per worker increases as one moves away from both the central core of the city and from other high-density employment centers within the region; job-housing balance, per se, shows little impact on commuting VKT; and population density, in and of itself, does not explain variations on commuting VKT once other urban structure variables have been accounted for.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link
[1081] Eric J. Miller, David S. Kriger, and John Douglas Hunt. Integrated urban models for simulation of transit and land use policies. Web Document 9, Transportation Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, transit, land use transport link
[1082] Eric J. Miller, David S. Kriger, and John Douglas Hunt. Integrated urban models for simulation of transit and land use policies: guidelines for implementation and use. Report 48, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, transit, land use transport link
[1083] Eric J. Miller, David S. Kriger, and John Douglas Hunt. A research and development program for integrated urban models. Transportation Research Record, 1685:169-176, 1999. [ bib ]
The case is presented for a new, coordinated research and development (R&D) program designed to improve significantly the operational state of practice in integrated urban modeling. First, the authors' view of an “ideal” integrated urban modeling system is described. If developed, this modeling system should be capable of incorporating the best possible understanding of transportation and land use interactions and of addressing planning and analysis needs. Also discussed briefly are current operational modeling capabilities as related to the proposed ideal model. Finally, a multiyear R&D program that was designed to move current practice significantly toward the operationalization of the ideal model is detailed.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, land use transport link, transit
[1084] Eric J. Miller, Todd Litman, and Matthew J. Roorda. Study of the environmental benefits of an Integrated Mobility System (IMS) in the Greater Toronto Area. Technical report, Joint Program in Transportation, Toronto, ON, Canada, November 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit, canada
[1085] Eric J. Miller, Peter J. Noehammer, and David R. Ross. A microsimulation model of residential mobility. In W. Young, editor, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Transport, Communication and Urban Form: 2 Analytical Techniques and Case Studies, pages 217-234, Clayton, Australia, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1086] Eric J. Miller and Morton O'Kelly. Estimating shopping destination choice models from travel diary data. Professional Geographer, 35(4):440-449, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, shopping, destination choice
[1087] Eric J. Miller and Matthew J. Roorda. A prototype model of 24-hour household activity scheduling for the Toronto Area. Transportation Research Record, 1831:114-121, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada, travel behaviour
[1088] Eric J. Miller and Matthew J. Roorda. A prototype model of household activity/travel scheduling. In Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1089] Eric J. Miller, Matthew J. Roorda, and Juan A. Carrasco. A tour-based model of travel mode choice. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Travel Behavior Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Interesting and useful.

I find one assumption dubious: the decision to use a car for one part of a chain requires its use for the rest of the chain. In a city like Toronto where downtown parking is very inconvenient, I might drive downtown, park, and then do a long chain of trips on foot before returning to the car.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1090] Eric J. Miller, Matthew J. Roorda, and Juan A. Carrasco. A tour-based model of travel mode choice. Transportation, 32(4):399-422, July 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1091] Eric J. Miller, Matthew J. Roorda, Murtaza Haider, and Abolfazl Mohammadian. An empirical analysis of travel and housing expenditures in the Greater Toronto Area. Transportation Research Record, 1898:191-201, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada, urban planning, transport planning
[1092] Eric J. Miller, Matthew J. Roorda, Christopher A. Kennedy, Amer S. Shalaby, and Heather L. MacLean. Activity-based, multi-modal modelling of travel behaviour for urban design. Final project report to Transport Canada, Joint Program in Transportation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, May 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling, travel behaviour
[1093] Eric J. Miller and Paul A. Salvini. The Integrated Land Use, Transportation, Environment (ILUTE) modeling system: A framework. In Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1094] Eric J. Miller and Paul A. Salvini. The Integrated Land Use, Transportation, Environment (ILUTE) modeling system: Description & current status. In D. Hensher, editor, The Leading Edge in Travel Behaviour Research, pages 711-724. Pergamon, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1095] Eric J. Miller and Amer Shalaby. Travel in the Greater Toronto Area: Past and current behaviour and relation to urban form. Technical report, Neptis Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[1096] Eric J. Miller and Amer S. Shalaby. Evolution of person travel in the Toronto Area and policy implications. ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 129(1), March 2003. [ bib ]
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the historical evolution of personal travel behavior in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) over the past 35 years. The analysis indicates that in many respects the GTA taken as a whole is similar to other cities within North America in terms of increasing auto ownership; increasing individual auto-drive trip rates; increasing suburbanization of population and employment into areas poorly served by transit; increasingly complex travel patterns; and transit, at best, maintaining a constant number of trips per capita but losing modal share. The analysis also highlights ways in which the GTA, particularly the city of Toronto, deviates from the North American “norm.” These include transit per capita ridership, overall mode splits, revenue-cost operating ratios are still extremely high by North American standards; the regional commuter rail system has been very successful in attracting increasing numbers of commuters from outside Toronto into the Toronto central area; the continuing strength of the Toronto central area has provided a strong, viable transit service; and more generally, the relatively high density and transit orientation of development throughout the city of Toronto is highly supportive of transit.

Some very useful background on the transportation context of Toronto. While I grew up in that city, I actually knew fairly little about the evolution of its transportation system, so this was quite useful to me. Not very revolutionary in content (it's just a basic historical review), but worthwhile; a few good references (Mee02, Shi97, PucLef96, WriLov02).
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit, urban form
[1097] Eric J. Miller and Richard M. Soberman. Travel demand and urban form. Issue Paper 9, Neptis Foundation, 2003. [ bib | www: ]
A good report, with a realistic and progressive vision for the future. I found the maps comparing Toronto, Square One and Pearson trip ends extremely interesting (figures II.7 - II.9).
Keywords: transport planning, canada, urban planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form
[1098] Eric J. Miller, G.N. Steuart, and D. Jea. Understanding urban travel growth in the Greater Toronto Area. Technical Report TDS-90-07, Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and Development Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada, November 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form
[1099] Eric J. Miller, G.N. Steuart, D. Jea, and J. Hong. Understanding urban travel growth in the Greater Toronto Area. Technical Report TDS-90-06, Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and Development Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada, November 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning
[1100] G. Miller and C. Everett. Raising commuter parking prices: An empirical study. Transportation, 11:105-129, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1101] J.B. Miller. Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery. Kluwer, Boston, MA, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: finance
[1102] Edwin S. Mills. An aggregative model of resource allocation in a metropolitan area. American Economic Review, 57:197-210, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1103] Edwin S. Mills. Markets and efficient resource allocation in urban areas. Swedish Journal of Economics, 74:100-113, 1972. [ bib ]
early 2D model of city
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[1104] Edwin S. Mills and Bruce W. Hamilton. Urban Economics. Harper Collins, New York City, NY, USA, 4th edition, 1989. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1105] Orit Mindali, Adi Raveh, and Ilan Salomon. Urban density and energy consumption: A new look at old statistics. Transportation Research A, 38(2):143-162, February 2004. [ bib ]
They looked at the NewKen89 data using a different statistical technique, and claimed to find poor statistical support for the density correlation to energy use, at least for North American and Australian cities. European cities showed a significant relation to inner city and CBD density. I remain skeptical overall, though. I need to read more about their statistical methods before making any conclusions, though.
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link, energy
[1106] Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat. Cycling in the Netherlands. Technical report, Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, The Hague, The Netherlands, 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1107] Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment. Fourth report (EXTRA) on physical planning in the Netherlands: Comprehensive summary: On the road to 2015. Technical report, Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, Department for Information and International Relations, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1108] Ministry of Transport. Traffic in towns: A study of the long term problems of traffic in urban areas (Buchanan report). Technical report, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK, 1963. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1109] Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. Sustainable road safety programme. Technical report, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1110] J. Miron. Urban sprawl in Canada and America: Just how dissimilar? 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, canada
[1111] R. Mitchell and C. Rapkin. Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use. Columbia University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1954. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[1112] Rolf Moeckel, Carsten Schürmann, K. Spiekermann, and Michael Wegener. Microsimulation of land use. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 7(1):14-31, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling
[1113] Rolf Moeckel, Carsten Schürmann, and Michael Wegener. Microsimulation of urban land use. In Proceedings of the 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany, 2002. European Regional Science Assocation. [ bib | .pdf ]
The project ILUMASS (Integrated Land-Use Modelling and Transportation System Simulation) aims at embedding a microscopic dynamic simulation model of urban traffic flows into a comprehensive model system incorporating both changes of land use and the resulting changes in transport demand.

The land-use component of ILUMASS will be based on the land-use parts of an existing urban simulation model, but is to be microscopic like the transport parts of ILUMASS. Microsimulation modules will include models of demographic development, household formation, firm lifecycles, residential and non-residential construction, labour mobility on the regional labour market and household mobility on the regional housing market. These modules will be closely linked with the models of daily activity patterns and travel and goods movements modelled in the transport parts of ILUMASS developed by other partners of the project team. The design of the land use model takes into account that the collection of individual micro data (i.e. data which because of their micro location can be associated with individual buildings or small groups of buildings) or the retrieval of individual micro data from administrative registers for planning purposes is neither possible nor, for privacy reasons, desirable. The land use model therefore works with synthetic micro data which can be retrieved from generally accessible public data.

ILUMASS is a group project of institutes of the universities of Aachen, Bamberg, Dortmund, Cologne and Wuppertal under the co-ordination of the Transport Research Institute of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). Study region for tests and first applications of the model is the urban region of Dortmund. The common database will be compiled in co-operation with the City of Dortmund. After its completion the integrated model is to be used for assessing the impacts of potential transport and land use policies for the new land use plan of the city.

The paper will focus on the land-use parts of the ILUMASS model. It will present the underlying behavioural theories and how they are made operational in the model design, explain how the synthetic population is generated, show first model results and demonstrate the potential usefulness of the model for the planning process.

Interesting. They've adapted the IRPUD land use project for a new integrated model. They do some major rasters (200 000 cells) for some of their lookups, although they're also interested in environmental indicators as well as transport results. They don't operate on a parcel-level due to local privacy legislation; instead they work on a zonal level, combined with a density plot of unknown detail.
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling, land use transport link
[1114] Richard C. Moeur. Analysis of gap patterns in longitudinal rumble strips to accommodate bicycle travel. Transportation Research Record, 1705:93-98, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1115] M.J.H. Mogridge. Transport, land use and energy interaction. Urban Studies, 22(6):481-492, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, energy
[1116] M.J.H. Mogridge. Travel in towns: jam yesterday, jam today and jam tomorrow? Macmillan Press, London, UK, 1990. [ bib ]
I understand this is the source of “induced demand.” Downs (2004) speaks highly of some of its analysis.
Keywords: transport planning
[1117] M.J.H. Mogridge. The self-defeating nature of urban road capacity policy: A review of theories, disputes and available evidence. Transport Policy, 4(1):5-23, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, land use transport link, induced travel
[1118] M.J.H. Mogridge, D.J. Holden, J. Bird, and G.C. Terzis. The Downs/Thomson paradox and the transportation planning process. International Journal of Transport Economics, 14(3):283-311, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, land use transport link, induced travel
[1119] Abolfazl Mohammadian. Dynamic Modelling of Household Automobile Transactions within a Microsimulation Framework. PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1120] Abolfazl Mohammadian and Eric J. Miller. A comprehensive and operational modeling framework for automobile ownership in an integrated land-use, transportation and environment modeling system. In Proceedings of the 3rd Transportation Specialty Conference of CSCE, London, ON, Canada, June 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1121] Abolfazl Mohammadian and Eric J. Miller. Estimating the expected price of vehicles in a transportation microsimulation modeling system. Journal of Transportation, 128(6):537-541, November 2002. [ bib ]
Microsimulation modeling is an emerging approach to activity-based travel forecasting. Household automobile-ownership models are being included in microsimulation travel-demand models more. Implicitly, vehicle price is an important attribute of vehicles in all automobile-ownership models. In order to update prices at each point of time within the simulation, a modeling tool is required to estimate the price of each vehicle at any time. This paper develops a hedonic price model to estimate the expected price of vehicles to be used in a comprehensive urban-transportation modeling system. In this study, the use of a linear hedonic price model was investigated in terms of its application to the market price of automobiles.

Seems pretty reasonable. It's a little surprising that fuel economy makes a car less attractive, but I suppose that's typical of the 1990s vehicle market. Perhaps a repeat of the study today would show different results. (The price of gas was not a study variable, and didn't vary much over the period when the data was collected anyways.)
Keywords: activity-based modelling, ilute, travel behaviour, vehicle ownership
[1122] Abolfazl Mohammadian and Eric J. Miller. Nested logit models and artificial neural networks for predicting household automobile choices. Transportation Research Record, 1807:92-100, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1123] Abolfazl Mohammadian and Eric J. Miller. Dynamic modeling of household automobile transactions. Transportation Research Record, 1831:98-105, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1124] Abolfazl Mohammadian and Eric J. Miller. An empirical investigation of household vehicle type decisions. Transportation Research Record, 1854:99-106, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Not very useful for my purposes, although I'm sure anyone interested in emissions analysis might appreciate it. It's curious that gasoline prices aren't considered a relevant variable.
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1125] Abolfazl Mohammadian, Amer S. Shalaby, and Eric J. Miller. An empirical analysis of transit network evolution: Case study of the Mississauga, Ontario bus network. Transportation Research Record, forthcoming, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, canada, transport planning
[1126] Herbert Mohring. Maximizing, measuring, and not double counting transportation improvement benefits: A primer on closed-economy and open-economy cost-benefit analysis. Transportation Research B, 27(6):413-424, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: finance, transport planning
[1127] Patricia L. Mokhtarian. Telecommuting and travel: State of the practice. Transportation, 18:319-342, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: telecommuting, transport planning
[1128] George Monbiot. Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning. South End Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: greenhouse gases, energy, transport planning
[1129] Rolf Monheim. Der Städtische Raum in Frankreich und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Studien zur internationalen Schulbuchforschung Schriftenreihe des Georg-Eckert Instituts, 50:287-305, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1130] Rolf Monheim. The evolution from pedestrian areas to `car-free' city centres in Germany. In Rodney Tolley, editor, The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and cycling in Western cities, pages 253-266. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2nd edition, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, pedestrian planning
[1131] Donald Monson and Astrid Monson. A program for urban dispersal. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 7:244-250, 1951. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history, urban form
[1132] John Montgomery. Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 3(1):93-116, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[1133] Henry Moon. Land use around suburban rail stations. Transportation, 17(1):67-88, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1134] Terry Moore and Arthur C. Nelson. Lessons for effective urban-containment and resource-land preservation policy. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 12:157-171, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, smart growth, urban growth boundary
[1135] Terry Moore and Paul Thorsnes. The transportation/land use connection. Technical Report 448/449, American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, USA, January 1994. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport planning, urban planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, zoning
[1136] E. Morgan-Thomas. Why don't you commute by bicycle? In Proceedings of Ausbike 92: Cyclist Behaviour and Planning, volume 92, Melbourne, Australia, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1137] William E. Moritz. Survey of North American bicycle commuters: design and aggregate results. Transportation Research Record, 1578:91-101, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1138] William E. Moritz. Adult bicyclists in the United States: Characteristics and riding experience in 1996. Transportation Research Record, 1636:1-7, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1139] J. Morrall and D. Bolger. Cost effectiveness through innovation. In Proceedings of the 1996 Transportation Assocation of Canada Annual Conference, Charlottetown, Canada, October 1996. [ bib ]
This paper was presented at the 'Cost-Effective Traffic Operations Through Innovation' session. The importance of parking policies as complementary policies to an overall urban transportation strategy has been acknowledged as a key component in influencing both transit use and ridesharing. The main focus of this article is the relationship between downtown long-stay parking supply and transit use, and the implications of this relationship for developing downtown parking policies. Based on a survey of Canadian cities, it was determined that peak hour transit modal split to downtown areas is inversely proportional to the ratio of long-stay parking stalls per downtown employee. The analysis indicated that this relationship is highly statistically significant for Canadian and American cities. The implication of the findings is that the main choice with respect to establishing a long-stay parking policy is directly linked to the modal split goal. Thus, policy makers should first establish a desirable and achievable modal split goal and then establish a long-stay parking strategy which would match the supply of long-stay parking with the modal split goal.

Keywords: parking, transportation demand management, canada
[1140] J. Morrall and D. Bolger. The relationship between downtown parking supply and transit use. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 66(2), 1996. [ bib ]
Parking policies can complement an overall urban transportation strategy by influencing both transit use and ridesharing. This article presents a study of the downtown parking supply and transportation policies of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in relation to other Canadian cities. The focus of the study is the relationship between downtown parking supply and transit use. In a study survey, a strong relationship is found between peak-period modal split to public transit and the supply of downtown parking. Specifically, the proportion of downtown commuters using public transportation is inversely proportional to the ratio of parking stalls per downtown employee.

Keywords: parking, transportation demand management, canada
[1141] Hugh Morris. Commute rates on urban trails: Indicators from the 2000 census. Transportation Research Record, 1878, 2004. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1142] Richard Morris. Bum Rap on America's Cities: The Real Causes of Urban Decay. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, sociology, equity
[1143] Anne V. Moudon. Public Streets for Public Use. Van Nonstrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets
[1144] Anne V. Moudon. Teaching urban form. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 14(2):123-133, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[1145] Anne V. Moudon. Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field. Urban Morphology, 1:3-10, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form
[1146] Anne V. Moudon. Proof of goodness: A substantive basis for new urbanism? Places, 13(2):38-43, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[1147] Anne V. Moudon. Thinking about micro and macro urban morphology. Urban Morphology, 6(1):36-39, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form
[1148] Anne V. Moudon and Paul M. Hess. Suburban clusters. Wharton Real Estate Review, 3(1):46-55, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[1149] Anne V. Moudon and Paul M. Hess. Suburban clusters: The nucleation of multifamily housing in suburban areas of the Central Puget Sound. Journal of the American Planning Assocation, 66:243-264, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1150] Anne V. Moudon, Paul M. Hess, Mary C. Snyder, and Kiril Stanilov. Effects of site design on pedestrian travel in mixed-use medium-density environments. Transportation Research Record, 1578:48-55, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban design
[1151] Anne V. Moudon, Chanam Lee, Allen D. Cheadle, Cheza W. Collier, Donna Johnson, Thomas L. Schmid, and Robert D. Weather. Cycling and the built environment, a US perspective. Transportation Research D, 10(3):245-261, May 2005. [ bib ]
This disaggregate cross-sectional study uses primary data on the cycling behavior of 608 randomly sampled respondents in urbanized King County, Washington, and objective parcel-level GIS measures of land use and infrastructure conditions. Binary logit model findings provide new insights on who bicycles, and on perceived and actual built environmental conditions associated with the likelihood of cycling in neighborhoods, controlling for socio-demographic variables. A high 21% of the respondents report cycling at least once a week in their neighborhood, more often for recreation or exercise than for transportation. Cycling is more popular among male, younger adults, transit users, and those who are physically active and in good health. Both perceived and objective environmental conditions contribute to the likelihood of cycling. Proximity to trails and the presence of agglomerations of offices, clinics/hospitals, and fast food restaurants, measured objectively, are significant environmental variables. Previously researched correlates of cycling, such as the presence of bicycle lanes, traffic speed and volume, slope, block size, and the presence of parks, are found insignificant when objectively measured. A non-linear relationship is found between the odds of cycling and the perception of traffic problems and automobile-oriented facilities. Overall, cycling is only moderately associated with the neighborhood environment. It appears to be an individual choice that is independent from environmental support. This finding likely reflects the limited bicycle infrastructure in the sample frame-an unfortunate condition found in most US metropolitan regions. Policy and intervention programs could increase cycling by improving both actual and perceived environmental conditions.

The study is severely limited by its sampling frame and by casting its net too broadly. If it had focused only on work trips or shopping trips, the results would probably be more meaningful. Of course, given the survey method and the miniscule mode share of cycling, this would be extremely expensive.
Keywords: bicycle planning, urban form
[1152] Anne V. Moudon and Richard K. Untermann. Grids revisited. In Anne V. Moudon, editor, Public Streets for Public Use, chapter 9, pages 132-148. Van Nonstrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban planning
[1153] Daniel P. Moynihan. New roads and urban chaos. The Reporter, pages 13-20, April 1960. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1154] Peter O. Muller. Transportation and urban form: Stages in the spatial evolution of the American metropolis. In Susan Hanson, editor, The Geography of Urban Transportation, chapter 2, pages 26-52. Guildford Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1st edition, 1986. [ bib ]
An interesting take on a classic topic. (See also: MooTho94, NewKen96, etc.) I found the discussion of class interesting: dispersed development (initially in the form of streetcar suburbs, later in the form of auto suburbs) allowed the middle-class to achieve something that had previously been reserved for the upper-class: income segregation. Prohibition was part of this process: dry districts were partly intended to keep out the working classes. Streetcars also opened up enough space to allow the formation of ethnic neighbourhoods for the first time, which is certainly evident in a city like Toronto. The period from 1920-1930 was the “point im time, many geographers and planners would agree, that intrametropolitan transportation achieved its greatest level of efficiency-the burgeoning city truly `worked.' ” Muller cites some great studies: Bae78 shows the evolution of land uses along a Minneapolis freeway corridor from 1953-1976 as a new `downtown' emerged along the freeway.
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link, history
[1155] T. Muller. Fiscal impacts of land development. Technical report, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1156] Lewis Mumford. The Culture of Cities. Harcourt, Brace, and Company, New York City, NY, USA, 1938. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology, urban planning, history
[1157] Lewis Mumford. The highway and the city. Architectural Record, 123:179-186, April 1958. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[1158] Lewis Mumford. The City in History: Its origins, its transformations and its prospects. Harcourt, Brace, New York City, NY, USA, 1961. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning, urban design, urban politics
[1159] Lewis Mumford. Mother Jacobs' home remedies for urban cancer. New Yorker, 38(41):148-179, Dec 1 1962. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning
[1160] Lewis Mumford. Not too late yet. New Yorker, 39(42):148-157, Dec 7 1963. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning
[1161] Lewis Mumford. The Highway in the City. Secker and Warburg, London, UK, 1964. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, history
[1162] J. Murphy and Marc DeLucchi. A review of the literature on the social cost of motor vehicle use in the United States. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 1(1):16-42, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1163] R.F. Muth. Cities and Housing: The Spatial Pattern of Urban Residential Land Use. University of Chicago Press, 1969. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1164] Peter Naess. Transportation energy in Swedish towns and regions. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 10:187-206, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1165] Peter Naess. Urban form and energy use for transport: a Nordic experience. PhD thesis, Norwegian Institute of Technology, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1166] Max Nankervis. The effect of weather and climate on bicycle commuting. Transportation Research A, 33(6):417-431, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1167] Andrew Nash. Implementing Zurich's transit priority program. Transportation Research Record, 1835, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[1168] Andrew Nash. Traffic calming in three European cities: Recent experience. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
An interesting look at Munich, Vienna and Zurich. Their approaches to funding are similar to Vancouver's, but they've done some very innovative projects, including narrowing arterials while maintaining capacity, and extensive parking management plans.
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, parking, urban planning, traffic calming
[1169] National Cycling Forum. Cycling in urban areas: issues in retailing. Technical report, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1170] National Cycling Forum. Model conditions of carriage: Accommodating the bicycle on bus and coach. Technical report, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, rail
[1171] National Resources Defense Council. Uncovering hidden costs in transportation. Technical report, National Resources Defense Council, Washington, D.C., USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1172] F. Navin. Bicycle traffic flow characteristics: experimental results and comparisons. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 64(3):31-36, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[1173] J.W. Neff. Substitution rates between transit and automobile travel. In Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers' Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, USA, April 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport modelling
[1174] Alyse Nelson. Livable Copenhagen: The design of a bicycle city. Technical report, Center for Public Space Research / University of Washington, Copenhagen, Denmark / Seattle, WA, USA, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1175] Amanda Nelson. Fear of parking. Town and Country Planning, 66(1), January 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1176] Arthur C. Nelson. Preserving prime farmland in the face of urbanization: lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association, 58(4):467-488, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: smart growth, urban growth boundary
[1177] Arthur C. Nelson. Comparing states with and without growth management regulations based on indicators with policy implications. Land Use Policy, 16:121-127, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, smart growth
[1178] Arthur C. Nelson and David Allen. If you build them, commuters will use them: Cross-sectional analysis of commuters and bicycle facilities. Transportation Research Record, 1578:79-83, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1179] Arthur C. Nelson, J. Duncan, C. Mullen, and K. Bishop. Growth Management Principles and Practices. American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: smart growth, urban planning
[1180] Nelson/Nygaard Consulting. Housing shortage / parking surplus. Technical report, Transportation and Land Use Coalition, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2002. [ bib | .html ]
Keywords: urban planning, equity, parking
[1181] Nelson/Nygaard Consulting. Creating low-traffic developments: Adjusting site-level vehicle trip generation using URBEMIS. Technical report, Nelson/Nygaard Consulting, San Francisco, CA, USA, August 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, transportation demand management
[1182] René Neuenschwander, Silvia Strub, and David Kramer. Swiss overview (cost 342: Parking policy measures and their effects on mobility and the environment). Technical Report COST 342/18/CH, European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), Bern, Switzerland, October 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some interesting notes on the Swiss context. They've had the same difficulties as elesewhere-conflicts between state and city, business groups and environmental. The total number of spaces seems to be impossible to reduce, although the relative number can change slowly. One city tried to force shopping centres to charge for all parking, but backed down in the end.
Keywords: parking
[1183] René Neuenschwander, Silvia Strub, and David Kramer. Swiss case studies (cost 342: Parking policy measures and their effects on mobility and the environment). Technical Report COST 342/18/CH, European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), Bern, Switzerland, May 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking
[1184] Michael Neuman. The compact city fallacy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1):11-26, 2005. [ bib ]
An interesting, clearly and calmly written article, but not entirely convincing in its central argument. I liked the discussion and dissection of sustainability themes (something I haven't read too much about), but I find the condemnation of compact cities and New Urbanism a little premature. Neuman's criticisms are largely legitimate-particularly with regard to the actual New Urbanist developments on the ground-and I am quite sympathetic to the goal of organic city processes, but I think urban form (and density in particular) remains a key component of any future sustainable city: a necessary condition, but not sufficient.
Keywords: urban form, energy
[1185] M. Neutze. Australian urban policy. George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, Australia, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1186] M. Neutze. Urban development in Australia. George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, Australia, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning
[1187] Peter W.G. Newman. Environmental impact part I and part II. Journal of Environmental Systems, 4(2):97-108 and 109-117, 1974. [ bib ]
Keywords:
[1188] Peter W.G. Newman. An ecological model for city structure and development. Ekistics, 40(239):258-265, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, ecology, urban form
[1189] Peter W.G. Newman. Lessons from Liverpool. Planning and Administration I, pages 32-42, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1190] Peter W.G. Newman. Australian cities at the crossroads. Current Affairs Bulletin, 65(7):4-15, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1191] Peter W.G. Newman. Sustainable development. Environmental Education and Information, 8(4):250-261, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1192] Peter W.G. Newman. Social organisation for ecological sustainability: towards a more sustainable settlement pattern. Fundamental Questions Paper 11, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, ecology, urban form
[1193] Peter W.G. Newman. Sustainable development and urban planning. Sustainable Development, 1(1):25-40, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1194] Peter W.G. Newman. The end of the urban freeway. World Transport Policy and Practice, 1(1):12-19, 1994. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1195] Peter W.G. Newman. The transport dilemma in developing nation cities. In L. Jayasuriya and M. Lee, editors, Social dimensions of development. Paradigm Books, Perth, Australia, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1196] Peter W.G. Newman. Greening the city: The ecological and human dimensions of the city can be part of town planning. Alternatives, 22(2):10-17, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: ecology, urban planning
[1197] Peter W.G. Newman. Reducing automobile dependence. Environment and Urbanization, 8(1):67-92, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1198] Peter W.G. Newman. Transport. In UNCHS, editor, An urbanising world: Global report on human settlements. UNCHS, Habitat and UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1199] Peter W.G. Newman. Urban form and environmental performance. In Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton, and Mike Jenks, editors, Achieving sustainable urban form, pages 46-53. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form
[1200] Peter W.G. Newman and T. Hogan. A review of urban density models: towards a resolution of the conflict between populace and planner. Human Ecology, 9(3):269-303, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: ecology, urban planning, urban form
[1201] Peter W.G. Newman and T. Hogan. Urban density and transport: a single model based on three city types. Transport Research Paper 1/87, Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[1202] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. The use and abuse of driving cycle research: clarifying the relationship between traffic congestion, energy and emissions. Transportation Quarterly, 38(4):615-635, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, energy
[1203] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. The transport energy trade-off: Fuel-efficient traffic versus fuel-efficient cities. Transportation Research A, 22(3):163-174, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, energy, urban form
[1204] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Cities and Auto Dependency: A Sourcebook. Gower Publishing Co., Aldershot, UK, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link, energy
[1205] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Gasoline consumption and cities: A comparison of U.S. cities with a global survey. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(1):24-37, 1989. [ bib ]
This was the first I read by these authors; this article and their 1989 book are classic texts in the field.

It's an ambitious and impressive effort, although I doubt that anyone will ever completely believe either their data or their results. Nevertheless, the data collection effort is laudable, especially when they include information on parking and relative speeds. Since reading this, I've improved my stats quite a bit, and I'd like to revisit it (or their 1999 followup) and see if I buy their results and conclusions. I'd also like to look into the econometric models they criticised.

One choice quote: “Toronto has a much stronger transit system (50?? vehicle miles of service per capita) than do U.S. or Australian cities, a feature with its dense land use; its provision for automobiles is also much less than that in U.S. and Australian cities. The diversity of its transit systems, which include commuter rail, subway, modern trams on-street and new LRT on separated tracks, electric trolleys, and diesel buses (as well as comprehensive cycle ways), provides a powerful comparison to nearby Detroit, which has an almost complete commitment to the automobile. The per capita gasoline consmuption in Detroit is double that in Toronto; transit use is 0.8 percent of total passenger miles in Detroit, compared with 16.7 percent in Toronto. However, the difference in gasoline consumption in Detroit and Toronto cannot be explained simply by the difference in transit use. For example, if all of Toronto's transit users transferred to car the per capita use of gasoline would increase by 53 gallons, making Toronto's usage still 184 gallons per capita lower than that of Detroit. The Toronto transit system is part of an overall more energy-efficient city, despite Toronto having lower gasoline prices in 1980 and less fuel-efficient vehicles than the U.S. Indeed, Toronto is one of the few cities in the world with well-developed policies for transportation energy conservation based on land use strategies.”

Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, canada, energy, land use transport link, urban form, transit
[1206] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Transport energy conservation policies for Australian cities: strategies for reducing automobile dependence. Technical report, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, energy
[1207] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Towards a more sustainable Canberra: an assessment of Canberra's transport, energy and land use. Technical report, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, energy, urban form, land use transport link
[1208] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Is there a role for physical planners? Journal of the American Planning Association, pages 353-362, July 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1209] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Transit oriented urban villages: design solutions for the 90s. Urban Futures, 2(1):50-56, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transit, urban form
[1210] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. The potential for the application of policies to influence urban car travel demand. Transportation Planning Systems, 3(1), 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management
[1211] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. The land use-transportation connection: an overview. Land Use Policy, 13(1):1-22, January 1996. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
There is a growing international movement, “The New Urbanism”, which seeks to reconnect transport with land use and in particular to establish transit-oriented development where higher-density, mixed-use areas built around high-quality transit systems provide a focused urban structure that can help to loosen the grasp of automobile dependence. There are many case studies around the world of cities which demonstrate this process of reconnecting land use and transport. The cases of Singapore, Hong Kong, Zurich (Switzerland), Copenhagen (Denmark), Freiburg (Germany), Toronto and Vancouver (Canada), Portland, Oregon (USA) and Perth (Australia) are briefly described here to show the various levels of achievement in very different environments around the world.

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form
[1212] Peter W.G. Newman and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 1999. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: general interest, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, energy, sustainability
[1213] Peter W.G. Newman, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and T. Lyons. Transport energy use in the Perth Metropolitan Region: some urban policy implications. Urban Policy and Research, 3(2):4-15, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, energy
[1214] Peter W.G. Newman, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and T. Lyons. Does free flowing traffic save energy and lower emissions in cities? Search, 19(5/6):267-272, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, energy
[1215] Peter W.G. Newman, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and T. Lyons. The ecology of urban driving-II: driving cycles across a city, their validation and implications. Transportation Research A, 26(3):273-290, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, ecology
[1216] Peter W.G. Newman, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and Les Robinson. Winning back the cities. Technical report, Australian Consumers' Association, Marrickville, Australia, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1217] Peter W.G. Newman, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and P. Vintila. Housing transport and urban form. National Housing Strategy, Background Paper 15, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, ecology, urban form, urban planning
[1218] Peter W.G. Newman, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, and P. Vintila. Can we overcome automobile dependence?: Physical planning in an age of urban cynicism. Cities, 12(1):53-65, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[1219] Peter W.G. Newman et al. Car-free Copenhagen: Perspectives and ideas for reducing car-dependence in Copenhagen. Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban form, urban planning
[1220] Daiheng Ni, John D. Leonard II, Angshuman Guin, and Billy M. Williams. Systematic approach for validating traffic simulation models. Transportation Research Record, 1876:20-31, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1221] J. Nicolson. Parking in town centres: the key to sustainability. Highways and Transportation, 42(11):16-18, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1222] D.A. Niemeier. Longitudinal analysis of bicycle count variability: Results and modelling implications. Journal of Transportation Engineering, pages 200-206, May/June 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[1223] P. Nijkamp and S.A. Rienstra. Sustainable transport in a compact city. In Mike Jenks, Elizabeth Burton, and Katie Williams, editors, The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?, pages 190-199. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1224] Peter Nijkamp, Shalom Reichman, and Michael Wegener. Euromobile: transport, communications and mobility in Europe: a cross-national comparative overview. Aldershot, Brookfield, USA, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1225] Peter Nijkamp and T. Ursem. Market solutions for sustainable cities. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 10(1):46-64, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, economics
[1226] N. Noël and Martin E.H. Lee-Gosselin. Urban form, road network design and bicycle use: the case of Quebec City's metropolitan area. In Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1227] N. Noël and Martin E.H. Lee-Gosselin. Mieux comprendre la pratique de la bicyclette: Enquęte sur les déplacements et les activités de cyclistes de la région métropolitaine de Québec. Recherche - Transports - Sécurité, 74:26-49, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1228] N. Noël, P. Villeneuve, and Martin E.H. Lee-Gosselin. Aménagement du territoire et espaces d'action: identification des déterminants des stratégies de déplacements de cyclistes de la région de Québec ŕ l'aide d'un SIG. Revue internationale de géomatique, 11(3-4):79-101, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, geographic information systems, canada
[1229] R.B. Noland and H. Kunreuther. Short-run and long-run policies for increasing bicycle transportation for daily commuter trips. Transport Policy, 2(1):67-79, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1230] Robert B. Noland and Lewison L. Lem. A review of the evidence for induced travel and changes in transportation and environmental policy in the US and the UK. Transportation Research D, 7(1):1-26, 2002. [ bib ]
This paper reviews recent research into the demand inducing effects of new transportation capacity. We begin with a discussion of the basic theoretical background and then review recent research both in the UK and the US. Results of this research show strong evidence that new transportation capacity induces increased travel, both due to short run effects and long run changes in land use development patterns. While this topic has long been debated amongst transportation planners, the fundamental hypothesis and theory has long been apparent in studies of transportation economics and planning that evaluated different issues (e.g. travel time budgets and urban economic development effects). We summarize much of this work and relate the theoretical issues to recent empirical research. We then proceed to examine recent changes in transportation and environmental policy in the US and the UK. The role of the new knowledge of induced travel effects would be expected to lead to changes in the conduct of transportation and environmental policy. Changes in policy and implementation of those policies are still occurring and we provide some suggestions on how to move forward in these areas.

Keywords: induced travel, land use transport link
[1231] Jonathan Norman, Heather L. MacLean, and Christopher A. Kennedy. Comparing high and low residential density: Life-cycle analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 132(1):10-21, March 2006. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: greenhouse gases, urban form, canada, lifecycle analysis, toronto
[1232] Michael Noth, Alan Borning, and Paul Waddell. An extensible, modular architecture for simulating urban development, transportation and environmental impacts. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 27(2):181-203, March 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling, urban economics
[1233] Nottinghamshire County Council. School travel: Health and the environment. Technical report, Nottinghamshire County Council, Nottingham, UK, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1234] D. Nowlan and N. Nowlan. The bad trip: the untold story of the Spadina Expressway. Toronto New Press, House of Anansi, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1970. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning
[1235] D.M. Nowlan and G. Stewart. The effect of downtown population growth on commuting trips: some recent Toronto experience. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(2):165-182, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, canada
[1236] Peter H. Oberlander and Patrick J. Smith. Governing Metropolitan Vancouver: Regional intergovernmental relations in British Columbia. In American/Canadian Metropolitan Intergovernmental Governance Perspectives, volume 1 of The North American Federalism Project. Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, governance
[1237] Morton O'Kelly, Kai Nagel, and Sean T. Doherty. Microsimulation and the activity scheduling process: Views from the STELLA workshop. Internet, May 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, computer science
[1238] Timothy George Oketch. New modeling approach for mixed-traffic streams with nonmotorized vehicles. Transportation Research Record, 1705:61-69, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[1239] S. Openshaw. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, volume 38 of Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography. Geo Books, Norwich, UK, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[1240] G.H. Orcutt. A new type of socio-economic system. Review of Economics and Statistics, 58:773-797, 1957. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1241] G.H. Orcutt, S. Caldwell, and R. Wertheimer II. Policy Exploration Through Microanalytic Simulation. Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1242] G.H. Orcutt, M. Greenberger, J. Korbel, and A. Rivlin. Microanalysis of Socio-economic Systems: a simulation study. Harper & Row, New York City, NY, USA, 1961. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport modelling
[1243] Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development. Safety of vulnerable road users. Technical report, OECD, Paris, France, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[1244] C.K. Orski. Can management of transportation demand help solve our growing traffic congestion and air pollution problems? Transportation Quarterly, 44(4):483-498, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, transport planning
[1245] J. Scott Osberg and Sarah C. Stiles. Bicycle use and safety in Paris, Boston and Amsterdam. Transportation Quarterly, 52(4):61-76, Fall 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1246] J. Scott Osberg, Sarah C. Stiles, and Kwaku Ohene. Bicycle safety behavior in Paris and Boston. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(5):679-687, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1247] S.P. Osborne. Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. Routledge, London, UK, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: finance
[1248] A. Oskamp. Local housing market simulation: a micro approach. Thesis publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, spatial modelling
[1249] A.M. O'Sullivan. Urban Economics. Irwin, 2nd edition, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1250] Susan E. Owens. Spatial structure and energy demand. In D.R. Cope, P.R. Hills, and P. James, editors, Energy Policy and Land Use Planning, pages 215-240. Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, energy, urban planning, sustainability
[1251] Susan E. Owens. Energy, Planning and Urban Form. Pion, London, UK, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, energy, urban planning, sustainability
[1252] S. Pacala and R. Socolow. Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science, 305:968-972, August 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: greenhouse gases, transport planning, energy
[1253] C.S. Papacostas and P.D. Prevedouros. Transportation Engineering and Planning. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 2nd edition, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1254] Christine Parent, Stefano Spaccapietra, and Esteban Zimányi. Spatio-temporal conceptual models: Data structures + space + time. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Symposium on Advances in GIS, Kansas City, KA, USA, November 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Nowadays, many applications need data modeling facilities for the description of complex objects with spatial and/or temporal facilities. Responses to such requirements may be found in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in some DBMS, or in the research literature. However, most of existing models cover only partly the requirements (they address either spatial or temporal modeling), and most are at the logical level, hence not well suited for database design. This paper proposes a spatio-temporal modeling approach at the conceptual level, called MADS. The proposal stems from the identification of the criteria to be met for a conceptual model. It is advocated that orthogonality is the key issue for achieving a powerful and intuitive conceptual model. Thus, the proposal focuses on highlighting similarities in the modeling of space and time, which enhance readability and understandability of the model.

Keywords: computer science, geographic information systems
[1255] C. Parenti. Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in an Age of Crisis. Verso, London, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology
[1256] J. Parkin. Comparisons of cycle use for the journey to work from the '81, '91 and 2001 censuses. Traffic Engineering and Control, 44(8):299-302, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1257] Ian W.H. Parry and Antonio Bento. Estimating the welfare effect of congestion taxes: The critical importance of other distortions within the transport system. Journal of Urban Economics, 51(2):339-365, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, parking, urban economics
[1258] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. Influence of land use mix and neighborhood design on transit demand. Technical report, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning
[1259] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. Transit and urban form: Mode of access and catchment areas of rail transit. Project H-1, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, March 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning
[1260] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. Land use impacts of transportation: A guidebook. Technical Report 423A, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1261] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Robert Cervero, Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc., and Jeffrey Zupan. Transit and urban form: A guidebook for practitioners. Report 16 Volume 2 Part III, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[1262] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Robert Cervero, Howard/Stein Hudson Associates, Inc., and Jeffrey Zupan. Transit and urban form: Commuter and light rail transit corridors: The land use connection. Report 16 Volume 1 Part II, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, March 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning
[1263] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Robert Cervero, Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc., and Jeffrey Zupan. Transit and urban form: Public policy and transit oriented development: Six international case studies. Report 16 Volume 1 Part IV, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
I found their description of Houston interesting. I'd heard a lot about Houston's laissez-faire no-zoning policies, but I'd never read anything about the details. It sounds like they still suffer from the same social exclusion effects as many U.S. residential areas, but they use deed restrictions to enforce the exclusion instead of zoning laws. The authors give a surprisingly positive review to the HOV system overall, quite different from what I'd heard about HOV lanes in the present day context. Overall, Houston sounds like a depressing place to live or work. The complete rejection of land use control and the overwhelming dominance of the automobile turn me off. The Washington, D.C. case study wasn't very interesting to me, focusing mainly on transit-oriented development plans. The Portland section was slightly more interesting, again focusing on how land use goals are achieved by the agencies involved. The Vancouver section was mostly familiar, but did contain some interesting details that were new to me. There are some strange comments, though-they claim that the “European and Asian heritage of the region has also made the Vancouver community more accepting of transit” and characterise Vancouver as very unique within Canada. That's total rubbish-Canadian cities generally have an accepting attitude towards transit and a diverse cultural mix, and American cities have as much of a “European heritage” as Canadian ones. Sure, Vancouver is younger-but that should put it in the same boat as other young west coast cities, like Seattle. Some of their discussion regarding the history of SkyTrain is interesting, however, especially the idea that the Expo line was deliberately run through empty industrial areas to reduce NIMBY resistance and to allow new, denser transit-oriented development. They also note that TransLink does not own the land under the SkyTrain, allowing existing owners to make good use of the land, building towers around the tracks, etc. This is vastly better than the freeway model, where the land underneath and nearby is just dead space. Interestingly, they note that both Canadian and American government agencies put out a Request For Proposals (RFP) for a low-cost site, but only Canadian agencies can make location a requirement-i.e., requiring a site on the SkyTrain line.

I'm a bit dubious about their Ottawa section. They speak in glowing terms about many of the details of the system, and it doesn't always jibe with my experience when I lived there. Granted, I lived in a lousy area (far from the transitway) with a poor commute pattern. But there was a huge chunk of underserviced city where I lived, and I did see how the policies were working out on the ground. However, the policies sound like good ideas, at the least. They started with a bizarre statistic to make Ottawa look good: “Passengers per route mile in the first year,” a statistic biased towards bus systems, before development associated with a fixed rail system is completed. It's nice that (like Vancouver) they officially prioritise transit over road improvements, and that they consider it an official service. Their policy of building early in suburban areas is also an excellent idea, as is the policy of forcing regional shopping centres to be within 5 minutes walk of a transit station. (I have to wonder if that applies to big box zones, though-they were certainly abundant in the Ottawa area when I lived there. The abhorrent South Keys development all happened under these policies.) The Transitway design is clever, since they left enough room to allow later conversion to a rail system. One telling quote: “These services are adapted to, and as a result, help reinforce, the region's suburban landscape. In Ottawa-Carleton, it is accepted that low-density living environments are preferred by most residents, and that transit programs should in no way seek to alter this settlement pattern, but rather to serve it.” To be fair, that pattern may be changing now-the condo boom has definitely hit Ottawa. I suspect some of these sentences reflect the suburban American audience of this report. Ottawa also has taken a serious attitude towards directing job growth to transit corridors, in a manner similar to the Dutch ABC system. They also route buses through subdivision collector roads instead of arterial streets, to make for easier pedestrian access and avoiding the fight to access buses on arterials. (This may explain some of my confusion with the bus system, since I was more accustomed to the Toronto approach. It may also explain why buses were often poor choices for reaching retail areas, usually located on the arterials. It sounds like that was mostly political bad luck, though, not design-developers have insisted on siting commercial development on the arterials, not the planners' first choice.) Their reduction in downtown parking is admirable, with a 15% reduction from 1975 to 1984, a period of regression for most cities. They don't really comment much on the fact that many Transitway stations are built in parkland with no adjacent development, but they do note that future stations are being built in advance of development, with an aim to integrate better with mixed-use neighbourhoods. They claim pessimistically that the high-density transit-oriented residential demand had reached saturation point (!!) in Ottawa by 1993. At the end of the day, they've had difficulty achieving their goals, with regional employment share near transit stations remaining fairly static from 1986-1991. But they're still far ahead of most of North America.

Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link
[1264] Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Robert Cervero, Howard/Stein Hudson Associates, Inc., and Jeffrey Zupan. Transit and urban form: Transit, urban form, and the built environment: A summary of knowledge. Report 16 Volume 1 Part I, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning
[1265] Hafiz A. Pasha. Suburban minimum lot zoning and spatial equilibrium. Journal of Urban Economics, 40(1):1-12, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: zoning, equity, urban economics, urban planning
[1266] J.-M. Pasteels and J.-L. Deneubourg. From Individual to Collective Behaviour in Social Insects. Birkhäuser, Stuttgart, Germany, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: computer science
[1267] C.V. Patton and D.S. Sawicki. Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning. Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1268] M. Pawley. The private future. Pan, London, UK, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology
[1269] Payne-Maxie Consultants and Blaney-Dyett, Urban and Regional Planners. The land use and urban development impacts of beltways. Technical Report DOT-OS-90079, U.S. Department of Transportation and Departmen tof Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C., USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning
[1270] Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. Bike lane design guide. Technical report, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, August 2002. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement marking
[1271] A. Pedler and D.G. Davies. Cycle track crossings of minor roads. Technical Report 462, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 2000. [ bib | http ]
Cycle tracks can help cyclists to avoid sharing busy roads with motor vehicles. One of the main problems with providing them, however, is the design of crossings of minor roads. This introduces a hazard and cyclists are usually required to give way. Highway authorities have been reluctant to give priority to cyclists in case drivers fail to observe the priorities and casualties occur. This project investigates the safety and effectiveness of a variety of cycle track crossing arrangements at minor road T-junctions, including crossings with priority for cyclists. Five cycle track crossings were monitored using video cameras and 223 cyclists using the crossings were interviewed. The report draws conclusions about the safety of various designs and makes recommendations about cycle track crossing design.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[1272] Wayne Pein. Bicyclist performance on a multiuse trail. Transportation Research Record, 1578:127-131, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1273] Piet H. Pellenbarg. Firm migration in the Netherlands. In Proceedings of the 45th European Regional Science Association Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: location choice, firm behaviour, demography of firms
[1274] Rolf Pendall. Do land use controls cause sprawl? Environment and Planning B, 26(4):555-571, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, zoning, smart growth
[1275] Zhongren Peng, Kenneth J. Dueker, and James G. Stratham. Residential location, employment location and commuter responses to parking charges. Transportation Research Record, 1556:109-118, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1276] A. Perl and John Pucher. Transit in trouble? the policy challenge posed by Canada's changing urban mobility. Canadian Public Policy, 21(3):261-283, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning
[1277] Clarence A. Perry. The neighborhood unit: a scheme of arrangement for the family-life community. Monograph, Russell Sage Foundation, 1929. [ bib ]
Some interesting discussion. This design served as the prototype for suburban layouts for quite a while, although the results have not met the optimistic expectations laid out here. Many of his goals are laudable (walking distance to all amenities, avoid forcing children to cross arterials, etc.) while others are not (promoting segregation).

“It is plain that arterial highways must necessarily run in every direction and turn the street system into a network, and that residential life must occupy the interstitial spaces.” This marked one of the first times that a neighbourhood was planned inside the bounds of a square of “arterials,” and that framing proved popular, although Jane Jacobs has made strong arguments against it. Perry represents Jacobs' antithesis, I think: patriarchal and paternalist, aiming to plan and provide for whatever needs he considers valid. He calls the regular grid of equal-sized streets “leading nowhere in particular” while his meandering discontinuous street plan is “leading to places where people go.” It's a deceptively persuasive argument-who would be against good design?-but it's ultimately patronising and controlling.

Keywords: urban planning, urban design, streets
[1278] J. Perry and T. Babitsky. Comparative performance of urban bus transit: Assessing privatization strategies. Public Administration Review, 46:45-59, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, finance
[1279] G. Peterson and H. Yampolsky. Urban development and the protection of metropolitan farmland. Technical report, The Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1280] Romain Petiot. Parking enforcement and travel demand management. Transport Policy, 11(4):399-411, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transportation demand management
[1281] Yorgos N. Photos. Simulation of urban system evolution in a synergetic modelling framework: the case of Attica, Greece. In Proceedings of the 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Jyväskylä, Finland, 2003. European Regional Science Assocation. [ bib | .pdf ]
Spatial analysis and evolution simulation of such complex and dynamic systems as modern urban areas could greatly benefit from the synergy of methods and techniques that constitute the core of the fields of Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence. Additionally, if during the decision making process, a consistent methodology is applied and assisted by a user-friendly interface, premium and pragmatic solution strategies can be tested and evaluated.

In such a framework, this paper presents both a prototype Decision Support System and a consorting spatio-temporal methodology, for modelling urban growth. Its main focus is on the analysis of current trends, the detection of the factors that mostly affect the evolution process and the examination of user-defined hypotheses regarding future states of the problem environment.

According to the approach, a neural network model is formulated for a specific time intervals and each different group of spatial units, mainly based to the degree of their contiguity and spatial interaction. At this stage, fuzzy logic provides a precise image of spatial entities, further exploited in a twofold way. First, for the analysis and interpretation of up-to-date urban evolution and second, for the formulation of a robust spatial simulation model. It should be stressed, however, that the neural network model is not solely used to define future urban images, but also to evaluate the degree of influence that each variable as a significant of problem parameter, contributes to the final result. Thus, the formulation and the analysis of alternative planning scenarios are assisted.

Both the proposed methodological framework and the prototype Decision Support System are utilized during the study of Attica, Greece's principal prefecture and the definition of a twenty-year forecast. The variables considered and projected refer to population data derived from the 1961-1991 censuses and building uses aggregated in ten different categories. The final results are visualised through thematic maps in a GIS environment. Finally, the performance of the methodology is evaluated as well as directions for further improvements and enhancements are outlined.

Keywords: spatial modelling
[1282] Donald Pickrell. Federal operating assistance for urban mass transit: Assessing a decade of experience. Transportation Research Record, 1078:1-10, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit
[1283] Donald Pickrell. A desire named streetcar: Fantasy and fact in rail transit planning. Journal of the American Planning Assocation, 58(2):158-176, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit
[1284] Juri Pill. Planning and Politics: The Metropolitan Toronto Transportation Review. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1979. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, canada, transport planning
[1285] Juri Pill. Toronto: thirty years of transit development. In W. Attoe, editor, Transit, Land Use and Urban Form, pages 57-62. Center for the Study of American Architecture, Austin, TX, USA, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[1286] Gary Pivo. The net of beads: Suburban office development in six metropolitan areas. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(4):457-469, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form
[1287] Gary Pivo. A taxonomy of suburban office clusters: The case of Toronto. Urban Studies, 30(1), 1993. [ bib ]
Metropolitan plans are commonly based on a system of suburban office clusters. The large variation among recent plans suggests a poor understanding of their nature and impacts. A taxonomy of office clusters could provide a necessary framework. Six hypotheses on the type, frequency, location, employment base and travel characteristics of suburban clusters were tested in a case-study of the Toronto region. Six physical types were identified and found to be associated with certain locations, employment activities and travel mode characteristics. The Toronto metropolitan plan was found to be successful when it conformed with these findings and unsuccessful when it did not. The results lead to provisional guidelines for future metropolitan plans.

Keywords: canada, location choice, firm behaviour
[1288] Gary Pivo. Towards sustainable urbanization in mainstreet Cascadia. Cities, 13(5):339-354, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[1289] D.A. Plane. Urban transportation: policy alternatives. In Susan Hanson, editor, The Geography of Urban Transportation, pages 435-469. Guildford Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1290] Pnina O. Plaut. Non-commuters: the people who walk to work or work at home. Transportation, 31(2):229-255, May 2004. [ bib ]
So... patronising. From the title (“non-commuters”) onwards, the author treats walking as an exotic eccentricity: “While fascinating, exotic and possibly romantic, little is known about those who “refuse” to use the two main modes of travel.” The author does note that Eas99 found that motorized travel models cannot be easily applied to nonmotorized travel. The analysis is confused by the antiquated sexist division of the Israeli census into “heads of household” and “spouse of head” categories. The author makes little attempt to unify the analysis of these categories, and falls into rambling about walkers being “poorer and less educated” than commuters, instead of doing a breakdown by income group and comparing trends within each group, or making a reasonable effort to guess at causes. Okay, I'm reacting very negatively to the article, and I'm not giving it a fair shake, but the tone and language really irritated me.
Keywords: pedestrian planning, transport modelling
[1291] Chamlong Poboon. Anatomy of a traffic disaster: Towards sustainable solutions to Bangkok's transportation problems. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Perth, Australia, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1292] Chamlong Poboon and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Bangkok: Towards a sustainable traffic solution. In Paper presented to Urban Habitat Conference, Delft, The Netherlands, February 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form
[1293] Chamlong Poboon and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. Bangkok's traffic disaster: An international comparative assessment of transportation and land use in Bangkok with its implications for air quality. In Paper presented to Pathways to Sustainability Conference, Newcastle, Australia, June 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link
[1294] J. Pogodzinski and T. Sass. Measuring the effects of municipal zoning regulations: a survey. Urban Studies, 28:497-621, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, zoning
[1295] Winnie Poon. An investigation into residential relocation rules and processes. Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling
[1296] Albert Pope. Ladders. Rice School of Architecture; Princeton Architectural Press, Houston, TX; New York City, NY, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Discusses urban form in the freeway era, the different connectivities of the grid system and the “ladder” system of the freeway era, and Houston in particular. Some very interesting ideas (judging from references), especially the notion of the freeway system enforcing a hierarchy, and forming spiralling patterns in contrast to the grid system. Unfortunately, my library doesn't have a copy...
Keywords: architecture, urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[1297] André Porlier. Le stationnement comme outil de gestion des déplacements dans la région métropolitaine de montréal. Technical report, Conseil régional de l'environnement de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, May 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking, canada, transportation demand management
[1298] Christopher Porter, John Suhrbier, and William L. Schwartz. Forecasting bicycle and pedestrian travel: State of the practice and research needs. Transportation Research Record, 1674:94-101, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[1299] Anant Pradhan and Kara Maria Kockelman. Error propagation in an integrated land use-transportation modeling framework: Output variation via UrbanSim. Transportation Research Record, 1805, 2002. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
This study examines the impact of uncertainty in the land use component of a partially integrated land use-transportation modeling system called UrbanSim. Outputs from the land use model (LUM) act as inputs for a traditional 4-step travel demand model (TDM), and travel times from the traffic-assignment stage of the TDM are fed forward into the subsequent years LUM. This work examines the propagation of uncertainty across model stages as well as at each model stage over time. A factorized design approach is used to model uncertainty in demographic inputs (which include aggregate growth rates and mobility rates) to the land use model, as well as uncertainty in various model parameters. The results suggest that while several model inputs may affect model outputs in the short run, only those inputs that have a cumulative effect are likely to have a significant impact on outputs in the long run. The results also suggest that uncertainty in model outputs may increase for the first few years for which the model is run, as modified inputs send shocks through the urban system. However, the level of uncertainty appears to come down in later years, as households, jobs, and developers respond to changed input conditions

Keywords: transport modelling
[1300] P. Prastacos. An integrated land use-transportation model for the San Francisco region. Environment and Planning A, 18:307-322 and 511-528, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1301] Poulicos Prastacos and Manolis Diamandakis. Applying GIS technology in operational urban models. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 223-234. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling, transport modelling
[1302] Jim Pravetz. A review of bicycle policy and planning developments in Western Europe and North America: A literature search. Technical report, Government of South Australia, Director-General of Transport, 1992. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1303] P.D. Prevedouros. Associations of personality characteristics with transport behavior and residence location decision. Transportation Research A, 26:381-391, 1992. [ bib ]
Apparently includes some discussion of introvert/extrovert behaviour differences.
Keywords: travel behaviour
[1304] Jean-François Pronovost and Marc Panneton. La Route Verte: A cycling challenge, a planning challenge. In Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1305] A.P. Pross. Group Politics and Public Policy. Oxford University Press, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, governance
[1306] John Pucher. Urban travel behavior as the outcome of public policy: The example of modal-split in Western Europe and North America. Journal of the American Planning Association, 54(3):509-520, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1307] John Pucher. Public transport developments: Canada vs. the United States. Transportation Quarterly, 48(1):65-78, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning
[1308] John Pucher. Urban passenger transport in the United States and Europe: A comparative analysis of public policies, part 1. Transport Reviews, 15(2):99-117, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1309] John Pucher. Bicycling boom in Germany: A revival engineered by public policy. Transportation Quarterly, 51(4), 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1310] John Pucher. Back on track: eight steps to rejuvenate public transport in Canada. Alternatives Journal, 24(1):26-34, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning
[1311] John Pucher. Urban transport in Germany: Providing feasible alternatives to the car. Transport Reviews, 18(4):285-310, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1312] John Pucher. Cycling safety on bikeways vs. roads. Transportation Quarterly, 55(4), Fall 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Essentially just a rebuttal to John Forester's (ridiculous) claims about the massive benefits of vehicular cycling.
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle segregation
[1313] John Pucher. The role of public policies in promoting the safety, convenience and popularity of bicycling. World Transport Policy and Practice, 7(4):75-79, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1314] John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. Cycling trends and policies in Canadian cities. World Transport Policy and Practice, 11(1), March 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Bicycling accounted for an average of 1.2% of work trips in Canada in 2001, but with considerable variation by province and metropolitan area. In this study, we chose six Canadian cities for detailed analysis of their cycling trends and policies: Montreal and Quebec City in Quebec; Ottawa and Toronto in Ontario; and Vancouver and Victoria in British Columbia. All of these cities have made impressive efforts to encourage more and safer cycling. Most of the cities report increases in cycling levels over the past two decades but appear to have reached a limit due to lack of funding for crucially needed cycling infrastructure (bike paths and lanes, parking, intersection modifications, etc.). In addition, the low-density, car-oriented suburban sprawl spreading around most Canadian cities has been increasing trip distances, thus making cycling decreasingly feasible outside the urban core. Finally, Canadian cities and provinces have not imposed any significant restrictions on car use or imposed increases in taxes, fees, and other charges for car use, such as most European cities have implemented to discourage driving and increase transit use, walking, and cycling. If Canadian cities really want to further increase cycling levels, they will have to further expand cycling infrastructure, curb low-density sprawl, and impose more restrictions and charges on car use.

Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1315] John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies. Transport Policy, 13(3):265-279, 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
In spite of their colder climate, Canadians cycle about three times more than Americans. The main reasons for this difference are Canada?s higher urban densities and mixed-use development, shorter trip distances, lower incomes, higher costs of owning, driving and parking a car, safer cycling conditions, and more extensive cycling infrastructure and training programs. Most of these factors result from differences between Canada and the United States in their transport and land-use policies, and not from intrinsic differences in history, culture or resource availability. That is good news, since it suggests the possibility of significantly increasing cycling levels in the United States by adopting some of the Canadian policies that have so effectively promoted cycling and enhanced its safety.

Very interesting. They perform a regression on some fairly aggregate data: provincial and state modal share and statistics. They find that precipitation, gasoline price, cycling fatality rates and temperature are the major factors determining mode share when American and Canadian data are combined, with median work trip distance almost as significant.

Some of the most interesting findings: average length of work trips in similar-sized cities are twice as high in the US; cars are really quite a bit more expensive in Canada: 33% of income, compared to 18% in the U.S.

I'm curious to see their sources for Canadian cycling injury stats; while I can see how they estimate total injuries, I can't imagine how they convert that to injuries per 100 million kilometres.

I looked at the results a little more closely, and tried to normalize the input variables prior to doing correlation, to give a sense of their rank in affecting cycling mode share. (This effectively just amounts to multiplying the regression parameter by the standard deviation of the variable.) Using this approach, I found the parameters to be, from most to least important: 1) gas price, 0.30; 2) precipitation, -0.19; 3) work trip distance, -0.10; 4) temperature, 0.09; 5) fatality rate, -0.09.

I'd be curious to see a similar analysis done in a purely urban Canadian context.

Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1316] John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. Making cycling irresistable: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Transport Reviews, 28(4), July 2008. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle segregation
[1317] John Pucher and S. Clorer. Taming the automobile in Germany. Transportation Quarterly, 46(3):383-395, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1318] John Pucher and Lewis Dijkstra. Making walking and cycling safer: lessons from Europe. Transportation Quarterly, 54(3):25-50, Summer 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, bicycle collisions
[1319] John Pucher and Lewis Dijkstra. Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9):1509-1516, September 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some interesting stats on cycling and walking rates among the elderly in Germany and the Netherlands
Keywords: active transportation
[1320] John Pucher and I. Hirschman. Urban public transport in the United States: Recent development and policy perspective. Public Transport International, 3:12-25, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[1321] John Pucher, Charles Komanoff, and Paul Schimek. Bicycling renaissance in North America? Transportation Research A, 33(7/8):625-654, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1322] John Pucher and C. Lefèvre. The urban transport crisis in Europe and North America. MacMillan, New York City, NY, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1323] John Pucher and John L. Renne. Socioeconomics of urban travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS. Technical report, Vorhees Transportation Policy Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: equity, transport planning
[1324] John V. Punter. Design Guidelines in American Cities: A Review of Design Policies and Guidance in Five West-Coast Cities. University of Liverpool Press, Liverpool, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, architecture
[1325] John V. Punter. The Vancouver experience. Urban Design Quarterly, 70:33-37, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[1326] John V. Punter. The Vancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and Design. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2003. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
This book examines the development of Vancouver's unique approach to zoning, planning, and urban design from the early 1970s to the beginning of the twenty-first century. By the late 1990s, Vancouver had established a reputation in North America for its planning achievement, especially for its creation of a participative, responsive, and design-led approach to urban regeneration and redevelopment. This system has other important features: an innovative approach to megaproject planning, a system of cost and amenity levies on major schemes, a participative process to underpin active neighbourhood planning, and a sophisticated panoply of design guidelines. These systems, processes, and their achievements place Vancouver at the forefront of international planning practice. The Vancouver Achievement explains the keys to its success, and evaluates its approach to planning and design against internationally accepted criteria. Generously illustrated with over 160 photos and figures, this book - the first comprehensive account of contemporary planning and urban design practice in any Canadian city - will appeal to academic and professional audiences, as well as the general public.

Keywords: history, canada, urban planning, urban politics, architecture, streets, urban design
[1327] A. Pushkar. Modelling household residential search processes: methodology and preliminary results of an original survey. Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: ilute, transport modelling
[1328] Anna O. Pushkar, Brian Hollingworth, and Eric J. Miller. A multivariate regression model for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from alternative neighborhood designs. In Presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: sustainability, land use transport link
[1329] Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan. Urban Space for Pedestrians. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[1330] Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffrey M. Zupan. Public Transportation and Land Use Policy. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, USA, 1977. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link
[1331] Boris S. Pushkarev, Jeffrey M. Zupan, and Robert S. Cumella. Urban Rail in America: An Exploration of Criteria for Fixed-Guideway Transit. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, USA, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[1332] S. Putman. Integrated Urban Models: Policy Analysis of Transportation and Land Use. Pion, London, UK, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, land use transport link
[1333] S. Putman. Integrated Urban Models 2: New Research and Applications of Optimization and Dynamics. Pion, London, UK, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1334] Tamim Raad. The car in Canada: A study of factors influencing automobile dependence in Canada's seven largest cities, 1961-1991. Master's thesis, University of British Columbia, School of Community and Regional Planning, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, canada
[1335] Tamim Raad and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. The US and us. Alternatives, 24(1):14-22, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning, urban planning
[1336] J. Rabinovitch. Curitiba: Towards sustainable development. Environment and Urbanisation, 4(2):62-73, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1337] J. Radberg. Termite's heap or rural villages? The problems of urban density and sustainability. In The European city-Sustaining urban quality, Proceedings of Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, April 1995. Ministry of Environment and Energy. [ bib ]
Keywords: ecology, urban planning
[1338] Traute Rafalski. Social planning and corporatism; modernization tendencies in Italian Fascism. International Journal of Political Science, 18(1), 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: history
[1339] Rails-to-Trails Conservancy and the Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals. Improving conditions for bicycling and walking: A best practices report. Technical report, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, January 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1340] Stuart Ramsey. Of mice and elephants. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 75(9):38-41, September 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, land use transport link, urban form
[1341] Bryan Raney, Andreas Voelimy, Nurhan Cetin, and Kai Nagel. Large scale multi-agent transportation simulation. In Proceedings of the 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany, 2002. European Regional Science Assocation. [ bib | .pdf ]
In a multi-agent transportation simulation, each traveler is represented individually. Such simulation consist of at least the following modules: - Activity generation. For each traveler in the simulation, a complete 24-hour day-plan is generated, with each major activity (sleep, eat, work, shop, drink beer), their times, and their locations.

- Modal and route choice. For each traveler in the simulation, the mode of transportation and the actual routes are computed.

- The Traffic simulation itself. In this module, the travelers are moved through the system, via the transportation mode they have chosen. A reasonably realistic traffic dynamics is necessary to include dynamic effects such as queue built-up.

- Learning and feedback. In order to find solutions which are consistent between the modules (congestion is a result of plans, but plans are made in anticipation of congestion), a standard relaxation technique is used. This technique has similarities to day-to-day human learning and can also be interpreted that way.

It is clear that further modules need to be added, such as for housing and land use, but also for freight traffic.

The important point of doing rule-based microscopic simulations is that it is possible to experiment with arbitrary behavioral rules, going all the way from simple learning heuristics to rational agent That is, one is not bound by, e.g., mathematical constraints. It is for example possible to construct, for each individual agent, a large set of plans (“strategies”) and have the agent select between these strategies, based on past performance, or construct a new strategy. This allows, for example, to evaluate performance according to individual preferences. It also allows to have, for each agent, an only partial knowledge of the world, which may be different for each agent, and may be changed via exploration (“mental maps”).

Using advanced computational methods, in particular parallel computing, it is now possible to do this for large metropolitan areas with 10 million inhabitants or more. We are currently working on such a simulation of all of Switzerland. Our focus is on a computationally efficient implementation of the agent-based representation, which means that we in fact represent each agent with an individual set of plans as explained above. We use a data base to store the agent's strategies, then load them into the simulation modules as required, and feed back individual performance measures into the data base. This approach allows that additional modules can be coupled easily, and without destroying computational performance.

Since the above only models day-to-day replanning, we also look at within-day replanning, which means that travelers can change plans during travel. In particular, we look at efficient distributed implementations of this. It turns out that computational efficiency is closely related to the real-world mechanics of the distributed intelligence inherent in the real world system.

Keywords: transport modelling, computer science
[1342] A. Rappaport. Toward a redefinition of density. Environment and Behavior, 7(2):25-36, 1975. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[1343] Mikko Räsänen, Ilkka Koivisto, and Heikki Summala. Car drivers and bicyclist behavior at bicycle crossings under different priority regulations. Journal of Safety Research, 30:67-77, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1344] Mikko Räsänen and Heikki Summala. Attention and expectation problems in bicycle-car collisions: An in-depth study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(5):657-666, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1345] Mikko Räsänen and Heikki Summala. The safety effects of sight obstacles and road-markings at bicycle crossings. Traffic Engineering and Control, 39(2), February 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1346] Steen Eiler Rasmussen. London: The Unique City. Cape, London, UK, 1937. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history
[1347] Real Estate Research Corporation. The costs of urban sprawl. Technical report, Real Estate Research Corporation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1974. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[1348] William Rees. Rethinking carrying capacity: Area-based indicators. Population and Environment, 17(3):191-215, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: sustainability
[1349] Stuart J. Reid. Bicycles in bus lanes: Should they really be there? In Proceedings of Velo-City 2001, Edinburgh, UK, September 2001. Transport Research Laboratory Limited. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1350] Stuart J. Reid. Pushing bikes. Surveyor magazine, pages 18-20, June 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1351] E. Relph. Suburban downtowns of the Greater Toronto Area. The Canadian Geographer, 35:421-425, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, canada
[1352] Michael Replogle. Bicycles and Public Transportation. Bicycle Federation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit
[1353] Michael Replogle. Bicycles on transit: A review of the international experience. Transportation Research Record, 1141, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit
[1354] Michael Replogle and Walter Hook. Improving access for the poor in urban areas. Race, Poverty & the Environment, 6(1):48-50, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, equity
[1355] Michael Replogle and H. Parcells. Linking bicycle/pedestrian facilities with transit. Technical report, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, intermodal
[1356] Rice Center for Urban Mobility Research. Assessment of changes in property values in transit areas. Technical report, Rice Center for Urban Mobility Research, Houston, TX, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, urban planning, transit
[1357] B.M. Richardson. The economics of city size. Saxon House, London, UK, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1358] H.W. Richardson. The new urban economics: and alternatives. Pion, London, UK, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1359] Piet Rietveld. The accessibility of railway stations: the role of the bicycle in the Netherlands. Transportation Research D, 5(1):71-75, January 2000. [ bib ]
The market potential of railway services depends on the quality of the total chain from residence to place of activity. In The Netherlands where natural conditions and infrastructure are conducive, the bicycle is a potentially attractive access mode for railways since it allows travellers to avoid waiting at bus, metro or tram stops. Especially at the home end the bicycle appears to play a large role as an access mode with a share of 35%. At the activity end the share is much shorter. Implications are discussed for policies aiming at increasing the share of multimodal trips. Also physical planning implications are considered.

Keywords: bicycle planning, transit, intermodal
[1360] Piet Rietveld. Nonmotorized modes in transport systems: A multimodal chain perspective for the Netherlands. Transportation Research D, 5(1):31-36, January 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transit, pedestrian planning
[1361] Piet Rietveld. Biking and walking: The position of non-motorized transport modes in transport systems. In K.J. Button and D.A. Hensher, editors, Handbooks in Transport, volume 3, pages 299-320. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport planning
[1362] Piet Rietveld. Six reasons why supply-oriented indicators systematically overestimate service quality in public transport. Transport Reviews, 25(3):319-328, May 2005. [ bib ]
He's quite correct. All of these issues occurred to me when I was working on Vancouver's Transit Service Guideline implementation, which was supply-oriented rather than demand-oriented. It's a detailed case study in the problems with averages.
Keywords: transit, indicators, transit indicators
[1363] Piet Rietveld and Vanessa Daniel. Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter? Transportation Research A, 38(7):531-550, August 2004. [ bib ]
A useful read, featuring a regression analysis of 103 Dutch cities, their cycling policies, network quality, and geographic features. The Fietersbond (Dutch Cyclists' Union) collected a lot of the data here, including a special bicycle that measures pavement quality via vibrations! Before drawing conclusions from their results, I'd like to normalize all of their variables to better understand what the relative contribution of each parameter was.
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport planning
[1364] G. Rindsfüser, H. Mühlhans, Sean T. Doherty, and K.J. Beckmann. Tracing the planning and execution of activities and their attributes: design and application of a hand-held scheduling process survey. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1365] Chris Rissell, Fiona Campbell, Bruce Ashley, and Lisa Jackson. Driver road rule knowledge and attitudes towards cyclists. World Transport Policy and Practice, 8(4):26-30, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1366] John Roberts. Quality streets: How traditional urban centres benefit from traffic-calming. Technical Report 75, Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST), London, UK, May 1988. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, pedestrian planning, traffic calming, streets
[1367] John Roberts. Where's downtown? `it went three years ago.'. Town and Country Planning, pages 139-141, May 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1368] John Roberts. User-friendly cities: What Britain can learn from mainland Europe. Technical report, Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST), London, UK, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, traffic calming
[1369] John Roberts. The use of our streets. Urban Design Quarterly, 35:9-13, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design
[1370] John Roberts. Wrong side of the tracks. Technical report, Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST), London, UK, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1371] Kent A. Robertson. Parking and pedestrians: Balancing two key elements in downtown development. Transportation Quarterly, 55(2):29-42, 2001. [ bib ]
Two important transportation goals for most American downtowns are to provide sufficient parking spaces to meet the demand of motorists and an attractive pedestrian-friendly environment. Yet, when planned for separately, these two goals frequently contradict each other. This article discusses the characteristics, problems, and strategies associated with downtown pedestrians and parking and advocates an integrated approach wherein the needs of both pedestrians and motorists are balanced. The keys to achieving this balance are (1) finding appropriate locations for off-street parking facilities that do not impede pedestrian flow, and (2) designing parking facilities that are sensitive to pedestrians and facilitate pedestrian connections.

Keywords: parking, pedestrian planning
[1372] Daniel A. Rodríguez and Joonwon Joo. The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment. Transportation Research D, 9(2):151-173, 2004. [ bib ]
By estimating multinomial choice models, this paper examines the relationship between travel mode choice and attributes of the local physical environment such as topography, sidewalk availability, residential density, and the presence of walking and cycling paths. Data for student and staff commuters to the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill are used to illustrate the relationship between mode choice and the objectively measured environmental attributes, while accounting for typical modal characteristics such as travel time, access time, and out-of-pocket cost. Results suggest that jointly the four attributes of the local physical environment make significant marginal contributions to explaining travel mode choice. In particular, the estimates reveal that local topography and sidewalk availability are significantly associated with the attractiveness of non-motorized modes. Point elasticities are provided and recommendations given regarding the importance of incorporating non-motorized modes into local transportation planning and in the study of how the built environment influences travel behavior.

Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban design, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link
[1373] Matthew J. Roorda. Toronto Area car ownership study: A retrospective interview and its applications. Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada
[1374] Matthew J. Roorda, Juan A. Carrasco, and Eric J. Miller. A joint model of car ownership and activity scheduling. In Presented at the 11th International Association for Travel Behaviour Research Conference, Kyoto, Japan, August 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: travel behaviour, transport modelling, ilute
[1375] Matthew J. Roorda, Sean Doherty, and Eric J. Miller. Operationalising household activity scheduling models: Addressing assumptions and using new sources of behavioural data. In Martin Lee-Gosselin and Sean T. Doherty, editors, Behavioural Foundations of Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Models: Assumptions and New Conceptual Frameworks. Elsevier, New York City, NY, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1376] Matthew J. Roorda and Eric J. Miller. Strategies for resolving activity scheduling conflicts: An empirical analysis. In Proceedings of the EIRASS Conference on Progress in Activity-Based Analysis, Maastricht, The Netherlands, May 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1377] Matthew J. Roorda and Eric J. Miller. Toronto activity panel survey: Demonstrating the benefits of a multiple instrument panel survey. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Travel Survey Methods, Costa Rica, August 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada
[1378] Matthew J. Roorda and Eric J. Miller. Strategies for resolving activity scheduling conflicts: An empirical analysis. In Harry J.P. Timmermans, editor, Progress in Activity-Based Analysis, pages 203-222. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1379] Matthew J. Roorda, Eric J. Miller, and Nick Kruchten. Incorporating within-household interactions into a mode choice model using a genetic algorithm for parameter estimation. Transportation Research Record, forthcoming, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, travel behaviour
[1380] Matthew J. Roorda, Abolfazl Mohammadian, and Eric J. Miller. Toronto Area car ownership study: A retrospective interview and its applications. Transportation Research Record, 1719:69-76, 2000. [ bib ]
Recent work in the area of comprehensive transportation modeling systems in a microsimulation framework, more specifically auto ownership modeling, has recognized the need for increased experimentation with dynamic models. Implicitly, dynamic models require longitudinal data. A Toronto area car ownership study was conducted to design and administer a longitudinal survey to fulfill the data requirements for such a dynamic model, to validate the survey results, and to conduct preliminary analysis on those results. An in-depth retrospective telephone survey was conducted with the help of a computer aid in Toronto, Canada. Simple univariate analyses were conducted on the data to determine the relationship between characteristics of the household and the occurrence of vehicle transactions, the choice of vehicle type, the duration a vehicle is held, and the degree of consumer loyalty to different types of vehicles.

I read this after Mohammadian's later papers. It looks like they did collect home/employer locations during the surveys-why didn't they use this information?
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, canada
[1381] Geoff Rose, Heidi Marfutt, and Phil Harbutt. Using a “ride to work” day event as a travel behaviour change initiative. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1382] S. Rosen. Hedonic prices and implicit markets: product differentiation in pure competition. Journal of Political Economics, 82:34-44, 1974. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1383] M. Rosetti and B. Eversole. Journey to work trends in the United States and its major metropolitan areas. Technical report, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1384] William Ross. Mobility and accessibility: The yin and yang of planning. World Transport Policy and Practice, 6(2), 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
The concepts `accessibility' and `mobility' are central to urban and transport planning, and although they are often used interchangeably, they convey fundamentally different concepts. For example, mobility, especially when excessive, can have a negative connotation, whereas accessibility is always seen as making a positive contribution to a community. In investigating the relationship between mobility and accessibility it emerges that planning policies which favour the one, act against the other, and the two can be seen as opposites.

Keywords: transport modelling, accessibility
[1385] T. Rossi and T.K. Lawton et al. Revision of travel demand models to enable analysis of atypical land use patterns. Technical report, Cambridge Systematics Inc. and Metropolitan Service District, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1386] David Rudlin and Nicholas Falk. Building the 21st Century Home: The Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood. Architectural Press, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban planning
[1387] A. Russell. Selling the cycle habit. Surveyor magazine, October 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1388] Ryan Russo. Parking & housing: Best practices for increasing housing affordability and achieving Smart Growth. Technical report, The Non-Profit Housing Association of Northern California, Inc., 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: parking, urban planning
[1389] S. Ryan and M.G. McNally. Accessibility of neotraditional neighborhoods: a review of design concepts, policies, and recent literature. Transportation Research A, 29(2):87-105, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, accessibility
[1390] Tom Rye, Tom Cowan, and Stephen Ison. Expansion of a controlled parking zone and its influence on mode split: The case of Edinburgh. Transportation Planning and Technology, 29(1):75, February 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1391] Tom Rye and Stephen Ison. Overcoming barriers to the implementation of car parking charges at UK workplaces. Transport Policy, 12(1):57-64, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1392] T.J. Ryley. Advanced Stop Lines for cyclists: The role of central cycle lane approaches and signal timings. Technical Report TRL181, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1393] T.J. Ryley and D.G. Davies. Further developments in the design of contra-flow cycling schemes. Technical Report 358, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
This research investigates the safety implications and practical methods of allowing contra-flow cycling in one-way streets in the UK. Five `alternative' contra-flow cycle schemes (ie schemes not including a mandatory cycle lane or physical segregation) were examined. Video filming and interviews with cyclists were used to collect data from the sites. The results were supplemented by data supplied by the local authority responsible for the schemes; this data included vehicle speeds and reported accidents. The schemes appeared to operate safely, supporting the wider use of alternative contra-flow cycle schemes in the UK. Design advice is proposed on how this can be best achieved. Important factors to consider when designing contra-flow schemes are motor vehicle flows, motor vehicle speeds, delivery vehicles, parking and side roads.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[1394] Fatma Saçli. Office parks, accessibility and location policy. Land Use Change Report IR-04-20, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: firm behaviour, location choice
[1395] Brian E. Saelens, Jim F. Sallis, Jennifer B. Black, and Dianna Chen. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: An environmental scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 93:1552-1558, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation, urban form
[1396] Brian E. Saelens, Jim F. Sallis, and Lawrence D. Frank. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from transportation, urban design and city planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25(2):80-91, 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Research in transportation, urban design, and planning has examined associations between physical environment variables and individuals' walking and cycling for transport. Constructs, methods, and findings from these fields can be applied by physical activity and health researchers to improve understanding of environmental influences on physical activity. In this review, neighborhood environment characteristics proposed to be relevant to walking/cycling for transport are defined, including population density, connectivity, and land use mix. Neighborhood comparison and correlational studies with nonmotorized transport outcomes are considered, with evidence suggesting that residents from communities with higher density, greater connectivity, and more land use mix report higher rates of walking/cycling for utilitarian purposes than low-density, poorly connected, and single land use neighborhoods. Environmental variables appear to add to variance accounted for beyond sociodemographic predictors of walking/cycling for transport. Implications of the transportation literature for physical activity and related research are outlined. Future research directions are detailed for physical activity research to further examine the impact of neighborhood and other physical environment factors on physical activity and the potential interactive effects of psychosocial and environmental variables. The transportation, urban design, and planning literatures provide a valuable starting point for multidisciplinary research on environmental contributions to physical activity levels in the population.

Keywords: active transportation, urban planning, urban form
[1397] Kjartan Sælensminde. Cost-benefit analyses of walking and cycling track networks taking into account insecurity, health effects and external costs of motorized traffic. Transportation Research A, 38:593-606, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: finance, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, active transportation
[1398] Kjartan Sælensminde and Rune Elvik. A method for setting priorities for measures designed for pedestrians and cyclists: criteria and guidelines. Technical report, Transportøkonomisk institutt (Institute of Transport Economics), Oslo, Norway, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, prioritisation
[1399] M. Safdie. The City After the Automobile. Basic Books, New York City, NY, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1400] Halla R. Sahely, Shauna Dudding, and Christopher A. Kennedy. Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto Area case study. Canadian Journal for Civil Engineering, 30:468-483, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: energy
[1401] J. Sale and B. Green. Operating costs and performance of American public transit systems. Journal of the American Planning Association, 4(2):22-27, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transit
[1402] N. Salingaros. Theory of the urban web. Journal of Urban Design, 3(1):53-71, February 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[1403] Jim F. Sallis, Lawrence D. Frank, Brian E. Saelens, and M. Katherine Kraft. Active transportation and physical activity: Opportunities for collaboration on transportation and public health research. Transportation Research A, 38(4):249-268, May 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Physically inactive lifestyles are a major public health challenge, and research in the transportation field on influences on the choice to walk and bike may provide guidance toward solutions. In the interests of promoting effective collaboration among the transportation, planning, and health fields, the current paper was written to fulfill three purposes. The first purpose was to summarize the transportation and planning studies on the relation between community design and non-motorized (“active”) transport and to interpret these studies from a health perspective. The second purpose was to summarize studies from the health literature that examine the relation between physical environmental variables and leisure-time physical activity that have relevance for transportation research. The third purpose was to promote more collaboration among transportation, planning, and health investigators by identifying opportunities for trans-disciplinary research.

Keywords: active transportation, transport planning
[1404] Jim F. Sallis, N. Owen, and Lawrence D. Frank. Behavioral epidemiology: a systematic framework to classify phases of research on health promotion and disease prevention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22:294-298, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation
[1405] Jaana Salo. Conditions related to cycling and planning parking facilities for bicycles. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle parking
[1406] W. Salomons. Evaluatie CPVC-OFOS in Enschede (evaluation of CPVC-model OFOS in Enschede). Verkeerskunde, 36(7-1985), 1985. Department of Transport translation 3269. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1407] Paul A. Salvini. Design and development of the ILUTE operational prototype: a comprehensive microsimulation model of urban systems. PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1408] Paul A. Salvini and Eric J. Miller. ILUTE: An operational prototype of a comprehensive microsimulation model of urban systems. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Travel Behavior Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1409] Paul A. Salvini and Eric J. Miller. ILUTE: An operational prototype of a comprehensive microsimulation model of urban systems. Networks and Spatial Economics, 5:217-234, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1410] Leonie Sandercock. Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities. Wiley, London, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1411] Georgina Santos and Laurent Rojey. Distributional impacts of road pricing: the truth behind the myth. Transportation, 31(1):21-42, February 2004. [ bib ]
This paper shows that road pricing can be regressive, progressive or neutral, and refutes the generalised idea that road pricing is always regressive. The potential distributional impacts of a road pricing scheme are assessed in three English towns. It is found that impacts are town specific and depend on where people live, where people work and what mode of transport they use to go to work. Initial impacts may be progressive even before any compensation scheme for losers is taken into account. When the situation before the scheme is implemented is such that majority of drivers entering the area where the scheme would operate come from households with incomes above the average, it can be expected that, once the scheme is implemented, these drivers coming from rich households will continue to cross the cordon and will be prepared to pay the charge. In such a case the overall effect will be that on average, rich people will pay the toll and poor people will not.

Keywords: congestion pricing, equity
[1412] John Ralston Saul. The Unconscious Civilization. CBC Massey Lectures. House of Anansi, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1995. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: philosophy, politics, governance
[1413] K. Schaeffer and E. Sclar. Access for All: Transportation and Urban Growth. Columbia University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, history
[1414] Andreas Schafer, D. Victor, and Robert W. Johnson Jr. The future mobility of the world population. Transportation Research A, 34:171-205, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1415] Jan Scheurer. Car-free housing in Europe: A new approach to sustainable residential development. Discussion paper, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, 1998. [ bib | .html ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1416] J. Schilling and L. Linton. The public health roots of zoning: in search of active living's legal genealogy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2):96-104, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: active transportation, history, urban planning
[1417] Paul Schimek. The dilemmas of bicycle planning. In Presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning and Association of European Schools of Planning Joint International Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 1996. [ bib | .html ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1418] Paul Schimek. Household motor vehicle ownership and use: How much does residential density matter? Transportation Research Record, 1552:120-125, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link
[1419] Paul Schimek. Understanding the relatively greater use of public transit in Canada compared to the USA. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transit, transport planning
[1420] L. Schipper and S. Meyers. Energy Efficiency and Human Activity: Past Trends, Future Prospects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992. [ bib ]
According to Hall (1997), this includes discussion of methodological problems with NewKen87.
Keywords: energy, urban planning
[1421] Ken Schneider. On the nature of cities: Towards creative and enduring human environments. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1979. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, ecology
[1422] Carsten Schürmann, Klaus Spiekermann, and Michael Wegener. Trans-european transport networks and regional economic development. In Proceedings of the 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany, 2002. European Regional Science Assocation. [ bib | .pdf ]
The important role of transport infrastructure for regional development is one of the fundamental principles of regional economics. In its most simplified form it implies that regions with better access to locations of input materials and markets will, ceteris paribus, be more productive, more competitive and hence more successful than more remote and isolated regions. The paper presents results of the research project 'Socio-Economic and Spatial Impacts of Trans-European Transport Networks (SASI)' undertaken for the European Commission. The main goals of the project were to design an interactive and transparent modelling system for forecasting the impacts of transport infrastructure investments and transport system improvements, in particular of the trans-European transport networks (TETN), on socio-economic activities and developments in Europe, including spatial and temporal distribution, and to demonstrate the usability of the modelling system by applying it to a number of relevant case studies. The paper will first explain the theoretical foundation and internal structure of the simulation model developed as well as its input and output. The model is a recursive simulation model of regional socio-economic development subject to exogenous assumptions about the economic and demographic development of the EU as a whole and about transport infrastructure investments and improvements. The second part of the paper will present the results of the application of the model to a set of different assumptions on TETN infrastructure investments and their likely socio-economic impacts on the European regions in terms of GDP per capita, unemployment and accessibility. The model results suggest that the development trajectories of all regions are rather similar in all scenarios, thus confirming the assumption that general socio-economic and technical macro trends are more powerful driving forces for regional economies than infrastructure improvements. It is also shown that some infrastructure scenarios lead to a slightly less polarised distribution of accessibility and GDP among regions, however, not enough to reverse the general trend towards economic polarisation within the European Union. The third part of the paper will outline model improvements currently made in the follow-up project 'Integrated Appraisal of Spatial Economic and Network Effects of Transport Investments and Policies' (IASON). The new model will be more comprehensive in theory and more disaggregate in terms of regions and economic sectors and will include the future member states of the European Union in eastern Europe.

Keywords: transport planning
[1423] Corinne Schuster, Sean Doherty, Matthew J. Roorda, James Khan, Ron Buliung, Murtaza Haider, and John Douglas Hunt. Disaggregate behaviour in urban areas: a review of the theories, approaches and models. In International Colloqium on the Behavioural Foundations of Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Models: Assumptions and New Conceptual Frameworks, Quebec City, QC, Canada, June 2002. [ bib ]
This paper will explore disaggregate approaches to modeling urban systems, organizing recent research, approaches, techniques and assumptions. As we know, the advantage of disaggregate approaches are that they begin with the individual, the finest resolution, enabling aggregation without losing valuable information. There is no single modeling technique that can provide a useful simulation of individual behaviour within the urban system. Instead, a variety of approaches must be integrated within a macro model. Each has differing assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. The paper will establish the players, decisions made and outcomes of modeling urban systems. Given these categories, a review of current literature demonstrates the emerging approaches for different aspects of the urban system model, identifies strengths and weaknesses and examines underlying assumptions and data collection techniques.

Keywords: transport modelling, ilute
[1424] Tim Schwanen, Martin Dijst, and Frans M. Dieleman. Policies for urban form and their impact on travel: the Netherlands experience. Urban Studies, 41(3), March 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link
[1425] Tim Schwanen and Patricia L. Mokhtarian. What affects commute mode choice: neighborhood physical structure or preferences towards neighborhoods? Journal of Transport Geography, 13(1):83-99, 2005. [ bib ]
A very useful classification of residents: by urban/suburban mismatch. Those living in the city but preferring suburbia (“dissonant”) behave those who both live in and prefer the city (“consonant”). Of the dissonants, urban-dwellers are claimed to be better off than suburban-dwellers, since urban dissonants can still drive, while suburban dissonants can't really do much about inadequate transit service / walking environment.
Keywords: land use transport link, travel behaviour
[1426] W.L. Schwartz, C.D. Porter, G.C. Payne, J.H. Suhrbier, P.C. Moe, and W.L. Wilkinson III. Guidebook on methods to estimate non-motorized travel: Overview of methods. Technical Report FHWA-RD-98-165, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 1999. [ bib | http ]
This guidebook provides a means for practitioners to better understand and estimate bicycle and pedestrian travel and to address transportation planning needs. The guidebook describes and compares the various methods that can be used to forecast non-motorized travel demand or that otherwise support the prioritization and analyses of non-motorized projects. These methods are categorized according to four major purposes: (1) demand estimation; (2) relative demand potential; (3) supply quality analysis; and (4) supporting tools and techniques. Discrete choice models, regional travel models, sketch plan methods, facility demand potential, bicycle compatibility measures, and geographic information systems are among the methods and tools described.

Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1427] U. Schweizer, P. Varaiya, and J. Hartwick. General equilibrium and location theory. Journal of Urban Economics, 3:285-303, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics
[1428] M. Seelig and J. Seelig. CityPlan: Participation or abdication? Plan Canada, 37(5):18-22, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[1429] R. Sennett. The fall of public man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1974. [ bib ]
Keywords: sociology
[1430] John Sewell. Against City Hall. James Lorimer, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, urban politics
[1431] John Sewell. Don Mills: E.P. Taylor and Canada's first corporate suburb. City Magazine, 21(2):28-38, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, urban planning
[1432] John Sewell. The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1993. [ bib ]
This looks like a great book, with some fascinating examples of bad ideas from a former mayor of Toronto.
Keywords: canada, urban planning
[1433] J. Seymour. A new epidemic of accidents. World Press Review, 43(12):8-9, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle collisions
[1434] Kevan Shafizadeh and Debbie Niemeier. Bicycle journey-to-work: Travel behavior characteristics and spatial attributes. Transportation Research Record, 1578:84-90, 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1435] Amer S. Shalaby, Baher Abdulhai, and Jinwoo Lee. Assessment of streetcar priority options using microsimulation modelling. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 30(6):1000-1009, December 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit, prioritisation
[1436] Amer S. Shalaby and Eric J. Miller. Travel in the Greater Toronto Area: Past and current behaviour and relation to urban form. The Neptis Foundation study, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, January 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, ilute, canada, urban form, land use transport link
[1437] R. Sharples. Modelling cyclists in SATURN. Traffic Engineering and Control, 34:472-475, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[1438] J.G. Shaw. Planning for parking. Technical report, University of Iowa Public Policy Center, Ames, IA, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1439] B.C. Sheer and M. Petkov. Edge city morphology; a comparison of commercial centres. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64:298-310, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, urban form
[1440] Q. Shen. Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: Problems and planning implications. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(4):589-606, 1997. [ bib ]
According to Cer98, this paper says that bicycles are the most efficient mode for trips under 14km in Shanghai
Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning
[1441] J. Shibata. Traffic management in rapidly growing Asian metropolises: Escape from vicious circle of car-oriented societies. The Wheel Extended (Toyota Quarterly Review), 98:17-21, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1442] Y. Shiftan. The effects of parking pricing and supply on travel patterns to a major business district. In E. Stern, I. Salomon, and P. Bovy, editors, Travel Behaviour: Spatial Patterns, Congestion and Modelling. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1443] Y. Shiftan and R. Burd-Eden. Modeling response to parking policy. Transportation Research Record, 1765:27-34, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1444] P. Shimék. Understanding the relatively greater use of public transit in Canada compared to the USA. PhD thesis, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, canada
[1445] W. Shore. Recentralization: the single answer to more than a dozen United States problems and a major answer to poverty. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(4):496-503, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning, equity
[1446] Donald C. Shoup. An opportunity to reduce minimum parking requirements. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(1):14-28, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1447] Donald C. Shoup. The high cost of free parking. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 17(1):3-20, Fall 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Urban planners typically set minimum parking requirements to meet the peak demand for parking at each land use, without considering either the price motorists pay for parking or the cost of providing the required parking spaces. By reducing the market price of parking, minimum parking requirements provide subsidies that inflate parking demand, and this inflated demand is then used to set minimum parking requirements. When considered as an impact fee, minimum parking requirements can increase development costs by more than 10 times the impact fees for all other public purposes combined. Eliminating minimum parking requirements would reduce the cost of urban development, improve urban design, reduce automobile dependency, and restrain urban sprawl.

Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1448] Donald C. Shoup. Instead of free parking. Access Magazine, 15:10-15, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1449] Donald C. Shoup. The trouble with minimum parking requirements. Transportation Research A, 33(7/8):549-574, September 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
A top-notch article. Fascinating reading. I suspect that we need some intermediate steps before priced curb parking could be viable, but I like some of his analysis of the costs associated with parking, and his illustration of the benefits of paid parking. He raises some interesting novel points about (1) minimum parking requirements depressing land values; (2) fee-in-lieu as a way of gauging the value of parking spaces; (3) minimum parking requirements mandate meeting the peak demand for free parking, preventing a market from forming; (4) minimum parking requirements derive from a desire to prevent spillover effects in residential areas.
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1450] Donald C. Shoup. Roughly right or precisely wrong. Access Magazine, 20:20-26, 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1451] Donald C. Shoup. Truth in transportation planning. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 6(1):1-16, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1452] Donald C. Shoup. The ideal source of local public revenue. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 34(6):753-784, November 2004. [ bib ]
Free or underpriced curb parking creates a classic commons problem. Studies have found that between 8% and 74% of cars in congested traffic were cruising in search of curb parking, and that the average time to find a curb space ranged between 3 and 14 min. Cities can eliminate the economic incentive to cruise by charging market-clearing prices for curb parking spaces. Market-priced curb parking can yield between 5% and 8% of the total land rent in a city, and in some neighborhoods can yield more revenue than the property tax.

Keywords: parking
[1453] Donald C. Shoup. The High Cost of Free Parking. American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[1454] Donald C. Shoup. Parking cash out. Planning Advisory Service Report 532, American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[1455] Donald C. Shoup. San Francisco and L.A.: Parking makes the difference. Planning, 71(1):36-37, January 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[1456] Donald C. Shoup and M. Breinholt. Employer-paid parking: a nationwide survey of employers' parking subsidy policies. In D. Greene, D. Jones, and M. Delucchi, editors, The Full Social Costs and Benefits of Transportation. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[1457] Donald C. Shoup and Donald H. Pickrell. Problems with parking requirements in zoning ordinances. Traffic Quarterly, 32(4):545-563, October 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1458] Donald C. Shoup and Donald H. Pickrell. Free parking as a transportation problem. Technical report, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1459] Donald C. Shoup and Richard W. Willson. Employer-paid parking: The problem and a proposed solution. Transportation Quarterly, 46(2):169-192, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1460] G. Sidenbladh. Planning problems in Stockholm. In Regional and City Planning: Seven Articles on Planning Problems in Greater Stockholm. Planning Commission of the City of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, 1964. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1461] Matti Siemiatycki. The international diffusion of radical transportation policy: The case of congestion charging. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4):510-514, December 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, urban politics
[1462] A. Siksna. The effects of block size and form in North American and Australian city centres. Urban Morphology, 1:19-33, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, pedestrian planning
[1463] J. Silas. Surabaya 1293-1993: A city of partnership. Technical report, Municipal Government of Surabaya, Surabaya, 1993. [ bib ]
Referred by NewKen99 p. 25, with regards to the lack of community orientation in high-rise development, and discussion of an alternative, the Kampung Improvement Scheme.
[1464] David C. Simmonds, Marcial Echnique, and Partners Limited. Review of land-use/transport interaction models. Technical report, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, UK, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1465] Andrejs Skaburskis. New Urbanism and sprawl. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25:233-248, 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[1466] Kenneth A. Small. Urban Transportation Economics. Hardwood Academic Publishers, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport planning
[1467] Kenneth A. Small and Jose A. Gomez-Ibañez. Road pricing for congestion management: the transition from theory to policy. In K.J. Button and E.T. Verhoef, editors, Road Pricing, Traffic Congestion and the Environment: Issues of Efficiency and Social Feasibility, pages 213-246. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
A review of many pre-London congestion pricing experiments
Keywords: congestion pricing
[1468] Graham Paul Smith. Homezones and traffic calming: implications for cyclists. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 5, pages 72-85. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

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Keywords: bicycle planning, traffic calming
[1469] P. Smith. Regional governance in British Columbia. Planning and Administration, 13:7-20, 1986. [ bib ]
Keywords: governance, urban politics, canada
[1470] P. Smith. Restructuring metropolitan governance: Vancouver and BC reforms. Policy Options, 17(2):7-11, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, canada, governance
[1471] S. Smith and A. Hekimian. Parking requirements for local zoning ordinances. ITE Journal, 55:35-40, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1472] W. Smith. Mass transit for high-rise, high-density living. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 110(6):521-535, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form
[1473] Ryan Snyder. Models, shmodels: Why can't we accept the reality of uncertainty? In Proceedings of Pro Walk/Pro Bike 2004, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2004. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, transport modelling
[1474] Richard Soberman. The track ahead: Organization of the TTC under the new amalgamated City of Toronto. Technical report, University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, September 1997. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit, governance, canada
[1475] Richard M. Soberman. Comparative review of transportation planning in Canada and the United States. Transport Logistics and Review, 19(2):99-109, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning
[1476] Richard M. Soberman. 'smart' transportation for sustainable development: a case study of Toronto. In W. Kulyk, editor, Urban Transportation System: Ensuring Sustainability Through Mass Transit, Alexandra, VA, USA, April 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning
[1477] Richard M. Soberman and Eric J. Miller. Impacts of full cost pricing on the sustainability of urban transportation: towards Canada's Kyoto commitment. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 26(3):345-354, June 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, canada, congestion pricing, energy, greenhouse gases
[1478] Yan Song and Gerrit-Jan Knaap. Measuring urban form: Is Portland winning the war on sprawl? Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(2), 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[1479] A. Sorton and T.W. Walsh. Bicycle stress level as a tool to evaluate urban and suburban bicycle compatability. Transportation Research Record, 1438:17-24, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1480] Frank Southworth. A technical review of urban land use-transportation models as tools for evaluating vehicle travel reduction strategies. Technical Report ORNL/M-4801, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 1995. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1481] Michael Southworth. Walkable suburbs: an evaluation of neotraditional communities at the urban edge. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1):28-44, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, new urbanism
[1482] Michael Southworth. Designing the walkable city. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(4):246-257, December 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban form
[1483] Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph. Street standards and the shaping of suburbia. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, streets, street design
[1484] Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph. Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1st edition, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, streets, urban planning, land use transport link
[1485] Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph. Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2nd edition, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, streets, urban planning, land use transport link
[1486] Michael Southworth and B. Parthasarathy. The suburban public realm I: its emergence, growth and transformation in the American metropolis. Journal of Urban Design, 1(3):245-264, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history, urban design
[1487] Michael Southworth and B. Parthasarathy. The suburban public realm II: Eurourbanism, New Urbanism, and the implications for urban design in the American metropolis. Journal of Urban Design, 2(1):9-35, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history, urban design, new urbanism
[1488] Stefano Spaccapietra, Christine Parent, and Christelle Vangenot. GIS databases: From multiscale to multirepresentation. In B.Y. Choueiry and T. Walsh, editors, Abstraction, Reformulation and Approximation, number 1864 in LNAI. Springer-Verlag, July 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Cartography is one of the major application areas using geographical databases. Whether it is for the business of producing paper maps for sale, or whether it is for displaying maps on a screen to visualize the result of a query, we need computer systems that know how to represent the same geographical area at different scales. The concept of multiscale database has become popular in the GIS domain as a way to enforce consistency between representations and reduce the global update load. Scaling, however, is just one of the facets that may lead to keeping several representations for the same real-world object. Viewpoint and classification are two major abstractions in the design process that also generate multiple representations. This paper investigates the generic issues and solutions to achieve flexible support of multiple representation in a GIS database.

Keywords: computer science, geographic information systems
[1489] Stefano Spaccapietra, Christine Parent, and Esteban Zimányi. Modeling time from a conceptual perspective. In Proceedings of International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Washington, D.C., USA, November 1998. [ bib ]
Although many temporal models have been proposed in the literature, there is still need for a conceptual model capturing the essential semantics of time-varying information that is free of implementation concerns. This paper first discusses important criteria to be considered when assessing the ŇconceptualÓ quality of a temporal model. Then, it presents the main temporal features of MADS, a spatio-temporal conceptual model. The focus is on identifying issues that are either open or controversial, and discussing alternatives, if any. Finally, it is shown how the model may be implemented on top of either TSQL2 or a traditional, non-temporal data model.

Keywords: computer science, geographic information systems
[1490] Klaus Spiekermann and Michael Wegener. Trans-European networks and unequal accessibility in Europe. European Journal of Regional Development, 4:35-42, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1491] Klaus Spiekermann and Michael Wegener. Freedom from the tyranny of zones: Towards new GIS-based spatial models. In A. Stewart Fotheringham and Michael Wegener, editors, Spatial Models and GIS: New Potential and New Models, pages 45-61. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2000. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: geographic information systems, spatial modelling, transport modelling, equity
[1492] SPUR. Reducing housing costs by rethinking parking requirements. Technical report, The San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association, 1998. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, equity, parking
[1493] Frederik C. Stam. Why Butterflies Don't Leave: Locational Evolution of Evolving Enterprises. PhD thesis, Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2003. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: demography of firms, firm behaviour, location choice
[1494] Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment. Trunk roads and the generation of traffic. Technical report, Department of Transport, United Kingdom, London, UK, 1994. [ bib ]
Comparable to TRB95 report, but came to the clear conclusion that freeways have negative net impact.
Keywords: transport planning
[1495] Dominic Stead and Stephen Marshall. The relationships between urban form and travel patterns: An international review and evaluation. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 1(2):113-141, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
This looks like an excellent summary of other land use/transport papers
Keywords: land use transport link
[1496] Norm Steinman and Keith Hines. A methodology to assess design features for pedestrian and bicyclist crossings at signalized intersections. Transportation Research Record, 1878, 2004. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[1497] Les Sterman, David J. Armijo, David Bayliss, Stephen J. Del Giudice, Helen E. Gault, Genevieve Giuliano, Charles A. Lave, Herbert S. Levinson, John R. Pucher, Jack M. Reilly, Beverly A. Scott, Joel A. Tarr, and Jeffrey M. Zupan. Making transit work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. Special Report 257, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Some excellent insights into the reasons why transit ridership is so low in the United States. A particularly interesting note regards the historical growth in Europe and the US: European cities have experienced relatively little growth during the age of the automobile, which goes a long way towards explaining their limited suburbanisation. The comparison between Canada and US is more apt, since both have experienced similar growth levels during the automobile age.
Keywords: transit, urban form, land use transport link, canada, history
[1498] G. Sternlieb. Housing development and municipal costs. Technical report, Rutgers University Press, Centre for Urban Policy Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, finance
[1499] Sj. Stienstra. The Winkelerf: improving environment for pedestrians in shopping streets without banning all cars. In PTRC Summer Annual Meeting. Warwick University, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1500] Ben Still and David C. Simmonds. Parking restraint policy and urban vitality. Transport Reviews, 20(3):291-316, 2000. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
The aim of the paper is to examine whether parking restraint policies may have impacts on the economic vitality of urban centres. Literature from empirical, attitudinal and modelling studies is reviewed within a structure based around a conceptual framework of parking impacts. The search for relevant material was undertaken both for the UK and overseas, but the discussion and conclusions were related to the UK context. Original modelling was undertaken and is reported here. This review found that as parking restraint policies have not been previously implemented with consistency or longevity, there is a lack of direct evidence, given that land-use impacts typically involve a long-term response. Furthermore, different methods of examining impacts have come to very different conclusions. Attitudinal evidence suggests that there is a high level of sensitivity to parking provision, whereas aggregate statistical studies tend to find only a weak relationship. The reasons underlying these differences are discussed. Land-use/transport models show impacts if there is sufficient change in generalized cost, although the spatial distribution of impacts, and impacts by household or employment disaggregation, vary considerably. Given the inconclusive nature of the evidence to date, only tentative policy implications can be drawn. Recommendations for further research are outlined, both for empirical study and for model enhancements.

Keywords: urban planning, parking
[1501] Monique A. Stinson and Chandra R. Bhat. Commuter bicyclist route choice: Analysis using a stated preference survey. Transportation Research Record, 1828:107-115, 2003. [ bib ]
The importance of factors affecting commuter bicyclists' route choices was evaluated. Both route-level (e.g., travel time) and link-level (e.g., pavement quality) factors are examined. Empirical models are estimated using data from a stated preference survey conducted via the Internet. The models indicate that, for commuter bicyclists, travel time is the most important factor in choosing a route. Presence of a bicycle facility ( especially a bike lane or separate path), the level of automobile traffic, pavement or riding surface quality, and presence of a bicycle facility on a bridge are also very important determinants. Furthermore, there are policy implications of these results for bicycle facility planning.

Keywords: bicycle planning
[1502] Monique A. Stinson and Chandra R. Bhat. Frequency of bicycle commuting: Internet-based survey analysis. Transportation Research Record, 1878, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1503] P.A. Stone. The Structure, Size and Costs of Urban Settlements, volume 28 of Economic and Social Studies. National Institute of Economic and Social Research/Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1973. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning
[1504] P.R. Stopher. Deficiencies of travel-forecasting methods relative to mobile emissions. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 119(5), 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1505] S.A. Stouffer. Intervening opportunities: a theory relating mobility and distance. American Sociological Review, 5(6):845-867, 1940. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling
[1506] M. Stringham. Travel behavior associated with land uses adjacent to rapid transit stations. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 52(4):18-22, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, canada
[1507] Heikki Summala, Eerao Pasanen, Mikki Räsänen, and Jukka Sievänen. Bicycle accidents and drivers' visual search at left and right turns. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 28(2):147-153, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions
[1508] M. Surber, Donald C. Shoup, and Martin Wachs. Effects of ending employer-paid parking for solo drivers. Transportation Research Record, 957, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1509] Åse Svensson. Arterial Streets for people: Guidance for planners and decision makers when reconstructing arterial streets. Technical report, ARTISTS Consortium, Malmö, Sweden, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban design, street design, streets
[1510] Erik Swyngedouw. Power plays: the politics of interlinking systems. In G. Giannopoulos and A. Gillespie, editors, Transport and Communications in the new Europe. Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ, USA, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, transport planning
[1511] Syndicat des Transports en Commun de la Région Lyonnaise (SYTRAL). L'agglomération Lyonnaise et les transports de personnes. Technical report, SYTRAL, Lyon, France, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: data
[1512] Emily Talen. Sense of community and neighborhood form: an assessment of the social doctrine of New Urbanism. Urban Studies, 36:1361-1379, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism, urban form
[1513] Emily Talen. New Urbanism and the culture of criticism. Urban Geography, 21(4):318-341, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism, geography
[1514] Emily Talen. Help for urban planning: the Transect strategy. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3):293-312, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: urban design, new urbanism, urban planning
[1515] Emily Talen. New Urbanism and American Planning: The Conflict of Cultures. Routledge, July 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism, urban planning
[1516] Emily Talen and Cliff Ellis. Beyond relativism: Reclaiming the search for good city form. Journal of the American Planning Association, 22:36-49, 2002. [ bib ]
This article argues that the search for a theory of good city form should be given a more prominent place in planning theory alongside theories of planning as a process. The professional practice of city and regional planning requires well-validated, durable criteria for successful outcomes. Fortunately, many recent developments in philosophy, science, political theory, and the arts challenge the postmodern relativism that has deflected attention away from normative theory toward procedural issues. The authors argue that planners should take advantage of these new ideas and launch a renewed quest for the elements of good city form.

Taking off from Lyn81 and borrowing from Turner's theory of the radical centre," this article discusses the need for good urban form as a key part of planning theory. A good quote: "As Duany et. al (2000) have argued, our goal should be a very high `win-loss ratio,' not sporadic, serendipitous victories."
Keywords: philosophy, urban form
[1517] Emily Talen and Gerrit-Jan Knaap. Legalizing smart growth: an empirical study of land use regulation in Illinois. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 22:345-359, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, smart growth
[1518] David Taylor. Connectivity and movement. In Peter Neal, editor, Urban Villages and the Making of Communities, chapter 5, pages 103-118. Spon Press, London, UK, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: new urbanism, urban planning
[1519] Dean B. Taylor and W. Jeffrey Davis. Review of basic research in bicycle traffic science, traffic operations, and facility design. Transportation Research Record, 1674:102-110, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1520] Dean B. Taylor and Hani S. Mahmassani. Intermodal bicycle/transit mode choice: survey and nested logit choice model. Project 60056/465570, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, intermodal, transit
[1521] Dean B. Taylor and Hani S. Mahmassani. Analysis of stated preferences for intermodal bicycle-transit interfaces. Transportation Research Record, 1556:86-95, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, intermodal
[1522] Dean B. Taylor and Hani S. Mahmassani. Coordinating traffic signals for bicycle progression. Transportation Research Record, 1705:85-92, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1523] R. Teal. Transit service contracting: Experiences and issues. Transportation Research Record, 1036:28-36, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, finance
[1524] L. Tesfatsion. Introduction to the CE special issue on agent-based computational economics. Computational Economics, 18(1), October 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, computer science
[1525] L. Tesfatsion. Agent-based computational economics. Economics Working Paper 1, Iowa State University, July 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, computer science
[1526] Marius Thériault, Christophe Claramunt, and P. Villeneuve. A spatio-temporal taxonomy for the representation of spatial set behaviours. In M. Böhlen, C. Jensen, and M. Scholl, editors, Spatio-temporal Database Management, number 1678 in LNCS, pages 1-19. Springer-Verlag, 1999. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: computer science, geographic information systems, ilute
[1527] R.G. Thom and A.M. Clayton. Low-cost opportunities for making cities bicycle-friendly based on a case study analysis of cyclists' behaviour and accidents. Transportation Research Record, 1372, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1528] M. Thomas. Copenhagen city of cyclists. Technical report, Municipality of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1529] J.M. Thomson. Great Cities and Their Traffic. Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK, 1977. [ bib ]
Apparently he claims that a city center cannot grow much beyond 120000 jobs based around automobile acccess (Newman and Kenworthy).
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[1530] Charles Tiebout. A pure theory of local public expenditures. Journal of Political Economy, 64(5):416-424, 1956. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics, equity, zoning
[1531] N.Y. Tilahun, David M. Levinson, and Kevin J. Krizek. Trails, lanes or traffic: Valuing bicycle facilities with an adapted stated preference survey. Transportation Research A, 41(4):287-301, May 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1532] Harry J.P. Timmermans. The saga of integrated land use-transport modeling: How many more dreams before we wake up? In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Travel Behavior Research, Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
He makes some very valid criticisms of integrated transportation/land use models. He has four things in particular that he'd like to see done: induction of principles of spatial behaviour; development of context and domain-specific behavioural models, where he complains about the use of multinomial logit models for residential location decisions, despite the fact that most households have very limited information and housing literature gives better models; development of truly integrated models, instead of cobbling together existing models and all of their assumptions; modelling of spatial planning and its effects on urban form, including P3s.
Keywords: transport modelling, ilute, land use transport link
[1533] Geetam Tiwari. Transport and land-use policies in Delhi. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81:444-450, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, equity
[1534] Rodney Tolley, editor. The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and cycling in Western cities. Woodhead Publishers, Cambridge, UK, 3rd edition, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1535] Rodney Tolley and Rachel Goodman. Sustainable transport: prospects for walking and cycling in Great Britain. Geography, 86(1):84-88, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1536] Rodney Tolley and Les Lumsdon. The National Cycle Strategy in the UK: to what extent have local authorities adopted its model strategy approach? Journal of Transport Geography, 9:293-301, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1537] Rodney Tolley, Les Lumsdon, and Karen Bickerstaff. The future of walking in Europe: a Delphi project to identify expert opinion on future walking scenarios. Transport Policy, 8(4):307-315, October 2001. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[1538] Rodney Tolley and B. Turton. Transport Systems, Policy and Planning. Wiley, New York City, NY, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1539] Ray Tomalty. The compact metropolis: Growth management and intensification in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. ICANN Publications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada, smart growth
[1540] Ray Tomalty. Growth management in the Vancouver region. Local Environment, 7(4):431-445, 2002. [ bib ]
A good article summarizing the history of the GVRD and the effectiveness of its growth management. Invaluable for anyone new to the Vancouver planning scene, or for those who just want to step back momentarily and look at the big picture.
Keywords: urban planning, canada, smart growth, urban growth boundary
[1541] Ray Tomalty and Andrejs Skaburskis. Development charges and city planning objectives: the Ontario disconnect. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 12(1):142-161, 2003. [ bib ]
In many provinces in Canada, development charges are collected by municipal governments to help pay for the capital costs associated with urban growth. Hardly anywhere, however, is there an attempt to structure development charges so as to achieve planning goals. This article examines the disconnect between fiscal and planning goals by tracking the evolution of development charge regimes in a particular urban region, namely the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. The authors pose the question: why do so many municipalities adopt average cost approaches to calculating development charges when it is widely assumed that a marginal cost approach is superior from an infrastructure and land-use efficiency (i.e., planning) perspective?

The typical explanations put forward to account for this preference are examined and found wanting. A fuller explanation requires an understanding of developer-municipal conflict over the principles involved in the design of development charges. This leads us to an account of the emergence of development charges in Ontario and the evolving debate between municipalities and developers over who should pay for the infrastructure needed to support growth. This story reveals that there has been a gradual shift in municipal infrastructure financing practices from a marginal cost or “site-specific” approach, favoured by developers, to an average cost or “municipal-wide” approach, favoured by municipalities. In the conclusions, a number of factors underlying this evolution are identified.

Keywords: canada, urban planning, urban politics, finance
[1542] David Tomlinson. Conflicts between cyclists and motorists in Toronto, Canada. In Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [ bib | .PDF ]
A good analysis of 2600 collisions over a two-year period. Valuable insight in a typical Canadian context. See also full report (CT03).
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada
[1543] H. Topp and T. Pharoah. Car-free city centers. Transportation, 21:231-247, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning
[1544] Hartmutt H. Topp. Parking policies in large cities in Germany. Transportation, 18:3-21, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1545] Hartmutt H. Topp. Parking policies to reduce car use in German cities. Transport Reviews, 13:83-95, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1546] P.M. Torrens. Can geocomputation save urban simulation? Throw some agents in the mixture, simmer, and wait... Working Paper 32, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, computer science
[1547] P.M. Torrens and David O'Sullivan. Cellular automata and urban simulation: where do we go from here? Environment and Planning B, 28(2):163-168, 2001. [ bib ]
High-level reflection on CA. Authors discuss relation between theory of CA and practice (bastardization) in urban simulation. See calibration as the biggest current issue, but also feel that many modelers get caught up in modeling and don't contribute back to urban theory.
Keywords: spatial modelling, computer science
[1548] Kevin Train. Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2003. [ bib | .html ]
Keywords: discrete choice modelling
[1549] TransLink. Sustainable region showcase for Greater Vancouver. Technical report, TransLink, Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: canada, transport planning, transit
[1550] TransLink. Cycling performance scorecard. Technical report, TransLink, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, data, bicycle planning
[1551] TransLink and British Columbia Automobile Association. Interest in viable transportation options among private vehicle drivers. Technical report, TransLink, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, data, transit, transport planning
[1552] TransLink and Canadian Facts. Regional travel survey: GVRD residents age 16+. Technical Report R0500/R0838, TransLink, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: canada, data, transport planning
[1553] Transport 2000 Trust. A safer journey to school: A guide for school communities. Technical report, Transport 2000 Trust, London, UK, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[1554] Transport Canada. The effects of the imposition of parking charges on urban travel in Canada. Summary Report TP-291, Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1978. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking, canada
[1555] Transport for London Street Management. A business case for cycling and evaluation of the impacts of cycling in London. Technical report, Transport for London, London, UK, January 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
A very ambitious bicycle plan, and with a rare application of cost/benefit analysis to cycling (instead of highways), showing reasonable benefits, even with major potential benefits excluded (health, reduced parking costs).
Keywords: bicycle planning, finance
[1556] Transport for London Street Management. Advanced Stop Lines (ASLs): Background and research studies. In Proceedings of Velo-City 2005, Dublin, Ireland, June 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
A very useful overview of London-based research on advanced stop lines (aka bike boxes) to give cyclists priority at intersections.
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1557] Transport for London Street Management. London cycling design standards. Technical report, Transport for London, London, UK, June 2005. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1558] Transportation Research Board. Expanding metropolitan highways: Implications for air quality and energy use. Special Report 245, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1559] P.N. Troy. Let's look at that again. Urban Policy and Research, 10(1):41-49, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1560] P.N. Troy. The perils of urban consolidation. The Federation Press, Leichardt, Sydney, Australia, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1561] D.A. Tsamboulaspos. Parking fare thresholds: a policy tool. Transport Policy, 8(2):115-124, April 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1562] J. Tschopp. Bike and ride and the introduction of the green reduction card: Basle, a success story in stimulating use of public transport and the bike. In Proceedings of Velo-City 1987, Groningen, The Netherlands, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1563] J. Tschopp. Massnahmen für den Veloverkehr, Herzogenbuchsee. Technical report, Verkehrs-Club der Schweiz (VCS), Basel, Switzerland, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1564] C. Tunnard and Boris Pushkarev. Man-made America: Chaos or Control? Yale University Press, New Haven, CI, USA, 1963. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning
[1565] Jeff Turner, Margaret Grieco, and E.A. Kwakye. Subverting sustainability? infrastructural and cultural barriers to cycle use in Accra. World Transport Policy and Practice, 2(3):18-23, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, sociology
[1566] Patricia A. Turner, Chris Simek, and Michael B. Greenman. Exploring collision exposure for bicyclists and pedestrians in florida. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1567] Cy Ulberg, Graciela Etchart, and Bethany Whitaker. Local option commercial parking tax analysis. Technical report, University of Washington, Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), Seattle, WA, USA, January 1992. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: parking
[1568] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Vienna convention on road signs and signals. Technical report, United Nations, November 1968. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: law, bicycle planning
[1569] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Vienna convention on road traffic. Technical report, United Nations, November 1968. [ bib | .pdf ]
A nice document, but sadly not ratified by Canada or the U.S. As suggested by the fact that it's a European convention, it's mostly ratified by European countries, plus a few African ones. Canada did ratify the 1949 convention, though.
Keywords: law, bicycle planning
[1570] University of Toronto Joint Program in Transportation Data Management Group. 2001 transportation tomorrow survey. Technical report, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2003. [ bib | http ]
There are many parts to this document on the JPinT DMG website. Full data is available through their Internet Data Retrieval System (iDRS).
Keywords: canada, data
[1571] Richard K. Untermann. Accommodating the Pedestrian: Adapting towns and neighborhoods for Walking and Bicycling. Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[1572] Richard K. Untermann. Can we pedestrianize the suburb? In Anne V. Moudon, editor, Public Streets for Public Use, chapter 8, pages 123-131. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, streets
[1573] Richard K. Untermann. Changing design standards for streets and roads. In Anne V. Moudon, editor, Public Streets for Public Use, chapter 19, pages 255-260. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, streets
[1574] Richard K. Untermann. Accomodating the pedestrian: adapting towns and neighborhoods for walking and bicycling. In Personal Travel in the US, Volume II, A Report of the Findings from 1983-1984 NPTS, Source Control Programs. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[1575] Urban Land Institute and National Parking Association. The Dimensions of Parking. The Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 2nd edition, 1983. [ bib ]
Wow, what an awful collection of essays. I can't speak for the more engineering-oriented chapters (“Construction Techniques” or “Ventilation”), but the chapters on energy and the environment are so glib and blinkered that they're painful. “Parking Demand” was the most painful: after rightly pointing out the error of relying on tables of “questionable, inappropriate, unknown, or obsolete origin”, Jean Keneipp then tells us to rely on these tables as long as they come from state transportation departments. He's also big on building to accommodate peak demand, instead of absorbing peak demand with other modes. Sigh.
Keywords: parking, transport planning
[1576] Urban Land Institute and National Parking Association. The Dimensions of Parking. The Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 4th edition, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1577] Urban Systems Inc. Parking issues and opportunities. Technical report, University of British Columbia Properties Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
An interesting read. It has a lot of useful Vancouver context, in more detail than other similar reports that I've read. That said, it makes a classic planning mistake: they make some decisions by surveying neighbouring jurisdictions and looking at averages.
Keywords: parking, transport planning, canada, transportation demand management
[1578] John Urry. Social engineering: Responding to Ken Livingstone. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4):506-509, December 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: congestion pricing, sociology
[1579] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Projecting land-use change: A summary of models for assessing the effects of community growth and change on land-use patterns. Technical Report EPA/600/R-00/098, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2000. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1580] U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics 1989. U.S. Department of Transportation, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1581] U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Highway Statistics 1991. U.S. Department of Transportation, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1582] U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Development of the bicycle compatibility index: a level of service concept. Technical Report FHWA-RD-98-072, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998. [ bib | .html ]
A very interesting study, with a good methodology for determining cyclist comfort. It'd be nice to see this done with some leading-edge designs, like bike boxes or coloured asphalt. The intserection pilot study is also interesting, but inconclusive with respect to design-they only tested 19 sites, which really doesn't seem sufficient to cover the gamut of possible designs. The photographs they showed were predominantly suburban settings, which isn't very helpful in a typical urban Canadian context.
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1583] U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Guidebook on methods to estimate non-motorized travel: Supporting documentation. Technical Report FHWA-RD-98-166, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1999. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning
[1584] L. van den Berg, R. Drewett, and L. Klaassen, editors. Urban Europe: A Study in Growth and Decline. Pergamon, London, UK, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, urban planning
[1585] L. van den Berg and L. Klaassen. The contagiousness of urban decline. In L. van den Berg, L. Burns, and L. Klaassen, editors, Spatial Cycles, pages 84-99. Gower, London, UK, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: geography, urban planning
[1586] Peter van der Waerden, Aloys Borgers, and Harry J.P. Timmermans. Cyclists' perception and evaluation of street characteristics. In Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1587] Peter van der Waerden, Harry J.P. Timmermans, and Aloys Borgers. PAMELA: Parking analysis model for predicting effects in local areas. Transportation Research Record, 1781, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: parking
[1588] Frank van Oort and Bert van der Knaap. New firm formation, employment growth and the local environment: Empirical observations in South Holland. In Jouke van Dijk and Piet H. Pellenbarg, editors, Demography of Firms: Spatial Dynamics of Firm Behaviour, volume 262, chapter 8, pages 173-203. Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Netherlands Geographical Studies, Utrecht/Groningen, The Netherlands, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: firm behaviour, demography of firms
[1589] B. van Wee and T. van der Horne. Employment location as an instrument for transport policy in the Netherlands. Transport Policy, 3(3):81-89, 1996. [ bib ]
Dutch ABC system.
Keywords: urban planning, location choice, transport planning, firm behaviour
[1590] Leo van Wissen. A micro-simulation model of firms, applications of concepts of the demography of the firm. In Jouke van Dijk and Piet H. Pellenbarg, editors, Demography of Firms: Spatial Dynamics of Firm Behaviour, chapter 2, pages 15-48. Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Netherlands Geographical Studies, Utrecht/Groningen, The Netherlands, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: demography of firms, firm behaviour, location choice
[1591] J. Vance. Geography and urban evolution in the San Francisco Bay Area. Technical report, Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1964. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, history, geography
[1592] K.J. Veldhuisen, L.L. Kapoen, and Harry J.P. Timmermans. RAMBLAS: a regional planning model based on the micro-simulation of daily activity patterns. Environment and Planning A, 31:427-443, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1593] Vélo Québec. Bicycling in Quebec in 2000. Technical report, Vélo Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada, October 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1594] Vélo Québec. L'état du vélo au Qu'ebec en 2000 (Bicycling in Quebec in 2000). Technical report, Vélo Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada, October 2001. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1595] Vélo Québec. Le vélo au centre-ville: le cas de dix villes in Europe et en Amérique. Technical report, Vélo Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada, March 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, canada
[1596] Erik Verhoef, Peter Nijkamp, and Piet Rietvald. The economics of regulatory parking policies: the (im)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation. Transportation Research A, 29(2):141-156, March 1995. [ bib ]
This article contains an economic analysis of regulatory parking policies as a substitute to road pricing. The scope for such policies is discussed, after which a simple diagrammatic analysis is presented, focusing on the differences between the use of parking fees and physical restrictions on parking space supply. The former is found to be superior for three reasons: an information argument, a temporal efficiency argument and an intertemporal efficiency argument. Finally, a spatial parking model is developed, showing that it may be possible to overcome the difficulty of regulatory parking policies not differentiating according to distance driven by specifying the appropriate spatial pattern of parking fees, making individuals respond to (spatial) parking fee differentials.

Keywords: parking, congestion pricing, urban economics
[1597] Erik Verhoef, Peter Nijkamp, and Piet Rietvald. Regulatory parking policies at the firm level. Environment and Planning C, 14(3):385-406, 1996. [ bib ]
This paper is focused on the intersection of two main policy 'tracks' followed in the Netherlands for the containment of road transport externalities: transport plans at the firm level, and regulatory parking policies. In this paper an applied modelling approach is taken, and the aim is to identify the relative importance of factors that are decisive for the viability of an individual firm's parking policies. The outcomes of an empirical survey conducted at the corporate level of the Free University in Amsterdam are used to discuss the social feasibility of regulatory parking policies conducted at the firm level (in terms of the employees' attitudes) and the effectiveness of such policies. Insight is provided into relevant backgrounds and obstacles serving to affect employees' commuting behaviour and that are likely to be encountered in the formulation of regulatory transport policies at the firm level. Moreover, the outcomes of this research may be relevant for the evaluation of regulatory parking policies at larger spatial scales (for example, neighbourhood parking schemes).

Keywords: parking
[1598] Verkehrsclub Österreich. Vorrang für Fussgänger. Technical Report 1, VCÖ, Mödling, Austria, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[1599] Vic Roads. Coloured surface treatments for bicycle lanes. Cycle Notes 14, Vic Roads, Melbourne, Australia, April 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement colouring
[1600] P. Vintila. Planning for accessible public transport: Recent Australian experience and its lessons for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Disabilities, 2:93-114, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit
[1601] P. Vintila, J. Phillimore, and Peter W.G. Newman. Markets, morals and manifestos: Fightback! and the politics of economic rationalism in the 1990s. Technical report, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban politics
[1602] David Voas and Paul Williamson. An evaluation of the combinatorial optimisation approach to the creation of synthetic microdata. International Journal of Population Geography, 6(5):349-366, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[1603] David Voas and Paul Williamson. Evaluating goodness-of-fit measures for synthetic microdata. Geographical and Environmental Modelling, 5(2):177-200, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[1604] Voetgangersvereniging. Wegwijzer voetgangersvoorzieningen (manual for pedestrian facilities). Technical report, VBV, Den Haag (The Hague), The Netherlands, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning
[1605] R. Voith. Changing capitalization of CBD-oriented transprotation systems: evidence from Philadelphia. Journal of Urban Economics, 33:361-376, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning
[1606] E. von Weisäcker, A. Lovins, and L. Lovins. Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use. Earthscan Publications, London, UK, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: energy
[1607] P. Vovsha, E. Peterson, and R. Donnelly. Micro-simulation in travel demand modeling: lessons learned from New York `best practices' model. Transportation Research Record, 1805, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1608] Vukan R. Vuchic. Urban public transportation: systems and technology. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[1609] Martin Wachs. Autos, transit, and the sprawl of Los Angeles: the 1920s. Journal of the American Planning Association, 50(3):297-310, 1984. [ bib ]
A different take on Los Angeles than I'd heard before. Wachs describes a city that was distinct from an early age. Its initial trajectory was not so different from Vancouver: a population of only 6000 in 1870, linked to the railroad in 1876. But it exploded from there, to 50,000 by 1890, up to 320,000 by 1910, and 1.2 million by 1930-and already 780,000 cars by that date. The city motorized extremely early, aided by the California climate and local conditions. The immigrants were quite well-to-do, mostly born in the USA and raised with American values, and settled in a very dispersed pattern well before the arrival of the automobile, mostly aided by streetcars. The city developed in parallel with communications technology (the telephone) and at the height of the City Beautiful movement. Also, building heights were constrained by city laws after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Already by 1924, 48 percent entering the CBD came by car. The decisive stroke in favour of automobiles, however, was the decision to proceed with an incremental roads and highway plan (1924), and the failure to adopt a proposed high-cost transit plan (1926).
Keywords: history, land use transport link, transit
[1610] Martin Wachs. U.S. transit subsidy policy: In need of reform. Science, 244:1545-1549, 1989. [ bib ]
Keywords: equity, transit
[1611] Martin Wachs. When planners lie with numbers. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(4):476-479, 1989. [ bib ]
“You're the expert,” says the client. “If you can't produce an estimate, nobody can.” “I'm not paying you for guesses,” says the supervisor. “Where are the facts to back up your position?” I once told a client that I could not in good conscience produce a forecast of the daily use of a proposed facility because there had never been a facility of that type in the region, and there was no experience on which to base a forecast. I was told, without even a pretense of politeness, “If you won't forecast, I'll get another consultant.” Another consultant was hired, and a forecast was made and paid for. Should the forecast be considered a good technical estimate, or a fiction produced to garner a fee by pleasing the client?
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning, transport modelling
[1612] Martin Wachs. Policy implications of recent behavioral research in transportation demand management. Journal of Planning Literature, 5(4):333-341, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, transport planning
[1613] Martin Wachs. Learning from Los Angeles: Transport, urban form, and air quality. Transportation, 20(14):329-359, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban form
[1614] Martin Wachs. Creating political pressure for cycling. Transportation Quarterly, 52(1):6-8, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1615] Martin Wachs, B.D. Taylor, N. Levine, and P. Ong. The changing commute: a case-study of the jobs-housing relationship over time. Urban Studies, 30:1711-1729, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1616] Alan Wachtel, John Forester, and D. Pelz. Signal clearance timing for bicyclists. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 65(3), 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1617] Alan Wachtel and D. Lewiston. Risk factors for bicycle-motor vehicle collisions at intersections. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 64(9):30-35, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions
[1618] Paul Waddell. An urban simulation model for integrated policy analysis and planning: Residential location and housing market components of UrbanSim. In Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Transport Research, Antwerp, Belgium, July 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1619] Paul Waddell. UrbanSim: Modeling urban development for land use, transportation and environmental planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3):297-314, 2002. [ bib ]
Interesting. Waddell gives a nod to Miller's 98 TRCP paper, generally agreeing that it's a good description of an “ideal model.” Waddell's model definitely tries to do a better job than earlier models, but the simulation may still be too coarse to achieve its goals. There is no modelling of the household, or much modelling of decision-making procedures within the household. They use the same one-year timestep as Miller, but only a five-year timestep for calculation of the transportation network. Their ability to deal with other modes is seriously limited - while disaggregation brings the scale down to a reasonable level, they don't model automobile ownership, one of the key decisions. They note the difficulty of validation against historical data; even with a relatively stable period (1980-1994, little job or pop changes), there's a fair bit of difference between their model and others' models. And of course they can't hope to predict big changes - like Weyerhaueser closing a plant. They're also still fairly cellular automata based - transition rules instead of behavioural modelling.
Keywords: transport modelling, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link
[1620] Paul Waddell, Alan Borning, Michael Noth, Nathan Freier, Michael Becke, and Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson. Microsimulation of urban development and location choices: Design and implementation of UrbanSim. Networks and Spatial Economics, 3(1):43-67, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, spatial modelling, transport modelling
[1621] Paul Waddell and Firouzeh Nourzad. Incorporating non-motorized mode and neighborhood accessibility in a land use and transportation model system. Transportation Research Record, 1805, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Some strange assumptions: a priori assumption that households prefer lower density; no room for changes in number of automobiles!
Keywords: transport modelling
[1622] Paul Waddell and Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson. Accessibility and agglomeration: Discrete-choice models of employment location by industry sector. In Presented at the 2003 Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, 2003. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, location choice, firm behaviour
[1623] Paul Waddell and Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson. Introduction to urban simulation: Design and development of operational models. In P. Stopher, K. Button, K. Kingsley, and D. Hensher, editors, Handbook in Transport, volume 5: Transport Geography and Spatial Systems, pages 204-236. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, USA, 2004. [ bib ]
Interesting background notes on the municipal interest in modeling - lawsuits from Sierra Club and others. I should compare Figure 3 vs. ILUTE's structure. Lots of good background on different modeling strategies. Claims that there is no evidence that aggregate data is less error-prone than disaggregate data. They show a very rough breakdown into submodels.
Keywords: transport modelling, land use transport link
[1624] Lal C. Wadhwa and Matthew Faichney. Enhancing safety for cyclists through infrastructure design. In Proceedings of the 25th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Canberra, Australia, October 2002. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1625] J.A. Waldman. Cycling in towns: A quantitative investigation. LTR 1 Working Paper 3, Department of Transport, London, UK, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1626] Ian Walker. Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(2):417-425, March 2007. [ bib | DOI ]
A naturalistic experiment used an instrumented bicycle to gather proximity data from overtaking motorists. The relationship between rider position and overtaking proximity was the opposite to that generally believed, such that the further the rider was from the edge of the road, the closer vehicles passed. Additionally, wearing a bicycle helmet led to traffic getting significantly closer when overtaking. Professional drivers of large vehicles were particularly likely to leave narrow safety margins. Finally, when the (male) experimenter wore a long wig, so that he appeared female from behind, drivers left more space when passing. Overall, the results demonstrate that motorists exhibit behavioural sensitivity to aspects of a bicyclist's appearance during an encounter. In the light of previous research on drivers2019 attitudes to bicyclists, we suggest drivers approaching a bicyclist use physical appearance to judge the specific likelihood of the rider behaving predictably and alter their overtaking accordingly. However, the extent to which a bicyclist's moment-to-moment behaviour can be inferred from their appearance is questionable, and so the tendency for drivers to alter their passing proximity based on this appearance probably has implications for accident probability.

Keywords: bicycle collisions, bicycle planning
[1627] G.T. Wall, D.G. Davies, and M. Crabtree. Capacity implications of Advanced Stop Lines for cyclists. Technical Report TRL585, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, London, UK, 2003. [ bib | http ]
An investigation of the capacity implications of installing Advanced Stop Lines (ASLs) has been carried out by TRL Limited as part of a project entitled Cycling Facilities and Engineering, commissioned by the Charging and Local Transport Division of the Department for Transport. The study included a review of previous research into ASLs in the UK and in the Netherlands; an examination of the theoretical capacity implications of installing ASLs using OSCADY (Optimised Signal Capacity and Delay) the signal-controlled junction modelling computer programme and saturation flow formulae; `before' and `after' video surveys of modified junctions at four sites in Guildford, Surrey, and questionnaires to examine the attitudes of cyclists. While cyclists generally thought that the ASLs were safer and easier to use than unadapted junctions, concerns were expressed that some drivers did not comply with the new layout. Changes in the length of time between green signals or a longer minimum green time may be required in some circumstances. At the two sites where the number of traffic lanes remained the same there was a slight increase in saturation flow, but at the two sites where a traffic lane was removed large reductions in saturation flow were observed. This report of the study concludes with several recommendations.

A valuable source, particularly for its review of Dutch literature on bike boxes. They find that adding a bike box with a 5m deep reservoir for a bike box has no effect on an intersection's motor vehicle capacity, unless a lane must be removed to make room for the bike box.
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1628] G. Walters, Reid Ewing, and W. Schroeer. Adjusting computer modeling tools to capture effects of smart growth, or poking at the project like a lab rat. Transportation Research Record, 1722:17-26, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport modelling
[1629] J. Wang and H. Wei. Traffic segregation on spatial and temporal bases: The experience of bicycle traffic operations in China. Transportation Research Record, 1396:11-17, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle segregation
[1630] Mark Wardman. Stated preference surveys and travel demand forecasting: an examination of the scale factor problem. Transportation Research A, 25:79-89, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1631] Mark Wardman. Public transport values of time. Transport Policy, 11:363-377, 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, transit modelling
[1632] Mark Wardman, R. Hatfield, and Matthew Page. The UK national cycling strategy: Can improved facilities meet the targets? Transport Policy, 4(2):123-133, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1633] Mark Wardman, Matthew Page, and Miles Tight. Cycling and urban mode choice. In Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Transport Research, Seoul, Korea, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1634] Mark Wardman, Miles Tight, and Matthew Page. Factors influencing the propensity to cycle to work. Transportation Research A, 41:339-350, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle modelling
[1635] B. Warf. Separated at birth? regional science and social theory. International Regional Science Review, 18(2):185-194, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, transport modelling
[1636] S.B. Warner. Streetcar Suburbs. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1962. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, transport planning, urban planning, transit
[1637] Tony Warnes. Cities and automobiles: A sourcebook. Urban Studies, 28(2):289-290, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1638] Robert Weant and Henry Levinson. Parking. Technical report, Eno Foundation for Transportation, Westport, CT, USA, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1639] M. Webber. The BART experience: What have we learned? Public Interest, 12(3):76-108, 1976. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, urban planning
[1640] M. Webber. The marriage of autos & transit: How to make transit popular again. Access Magazine, 5:31, 1994. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: transit
[1641] D.C. Webster and A.M. Mackie. Review of traffic calming schemes in 20mph zones. TRL Report 215, Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: traffic calming
[1642] Michael Wegener. The Dortmund housing market model: A Monte Carlo simulation of a regional housing market. Arbeitspapier 7, Institut für Raumplanung, University of Dortmund, 1983. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban economics, transport planning
[1643] Michael Wegener. Operational urban models: state of the art. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(1):17-29, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1644] Michael Wegener. Current and future land use models. In G.A. Shunk et al., editor, Travel Model Improvement Program Land Use Modeling Conference Proceedings, pages 13-40, Washington, D.C., USA, 1995. Travel Mode Improvement Program. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1645] Michael Wegener. Applied models of urban land use, transport and environment: state-of-the-art and future developments. In L. Lundqvist, L.-G. Mattsson, and T.J. Kim, editors, Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment: Recent Advances in Land use/Transportation Modelling, pages 245-267. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1646] Michael Wegener. New spatial planning models. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 3(3):224-237, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, transport modelling
[1647] Michael Wegener and F. Fürst. Land-use transport interaction: State of the art. TRANSLAND Integration of Transport and Land Use Planning Deliverable D2a, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1648] Michael Wegener and Klaus Spiekermann. Efficient, equitable and ecological urban structures. In D.A. Hensher and J. King, editors, Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Transport Research, volume 2, Oxford, UK, 1996. Pergamon. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, equity
[1649] Michael Wegener and Klaus Spiekermann. The potential of microsimulation for urban models. In Graham P. Clarke, editor, Microsimulation for Urban and Regional Policy Analysis, volume 6 of European Research in Regional Science, pages 146-163. Pion, London, UK, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling
[1650] Asha Weinstein and Elizabeth Deakin. How local jurisdictions finance traffic calming projects. Transportation Quarterly, 53(3):75-87, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, finance, traffic calming
[1651] J. Weitz. From quiet revolution to Smart Growth: State growth management programs, 1960 to 1999. Journal of Planning Literature, 14:267-338, 1999. [ bib ]
Keywords: smart growth, urban planning
[1652] J. Weitz and Terry Moore. Development inside urban growth boundaries: Oregon's empirical evidence of contiguous urban form. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64(4):424-440, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban growth boundary
[1653] A.G. Welleman. The Netherlands national cycling policy and facilities for cyclists at signalled junctions. paper given to meeting, The Local Authorities Cycle Planning Group, York, UK, May 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1654] Ton Welleman. An efficient means of transport: experiences with cycling policy in the Netherlands. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 12, pages 192-208. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1655] Ralph L. Wessels. Bicycling collisions in Washington state: A six-year perspective, 1988-1993. Transportation Research Record, 1538:81-90, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle collisions
[1656] Paul Weyrich and William Lind. Conservatives and mass transit: Is it time for a new look? Technical report, The Free Congress Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning
[1657] William C. Wheaton. Land capitalization, Tiebout mobility and the role of zoning regulations. Journal of Urban Economics, 34:102-117, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, zoning, urban economics, equity
[1658] A.H. Wheeler. Advanced Stop Lines for cyclists at Oxford, Newark and Bristol. Research Report RR336, Transport Research Laboratory Limited, Crawthorne, UK, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1659] A.H. Wheeler. Advanced Stop Lines for cyclists: A simplified layout. Traffic Engineering and Control, 36(5):283-289, May 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1660] A.H. Wheeler, M.A.A. Leicester, and G. Underwood. Advanced Stop Lines for cyclists at Oxford, Newark and Bristol. Traffic Engineering and Control, 34(2):54-60, February 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bike box
[1661] Stephen M. Wheeler. Planning for metropolitan sustainability. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20:133-145, 2000. [ bib ]
Some interesting historical notes on regional government: the abandonment of regional government in London, Barcelona and Copenhagen in the 1980s, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul tax sharing arrangement. He argues in favour of direct election of regional governments (e.g., Portland) rather than selection from local government officials (e.g., Vancouver, San Francisco) or appointment by state (e.g., Minneapolis-St. Paul). The article also has a more realistic view of governance and planning in the Greater Toronto Area than most articles I've read.
Keywords: sustainability, urban planning, governance, canada, public participation
[1662] Stephen M. Wheeler. The evolution of urban form in Portland and Toronto: implications for sustainability planning. Local Environment, 8(3):317-336, June 2003. [ bib | http ]
This paper analyses the evolution of urban form in two North American metropolitan regions (Portland and Toronto) and asks how more sustainable regional form might come about in the future in these and other urban areas. In the past, dominant patterns of urban form have emerged in such regions at different historical periods. These morphological phases include mid 19th-century grids, streetcar suburb grids, garden suburbs, automobile suburbs and New Urbanist neighbourhoods (which have only recently made an appearance and may or may not become widespread). Judging by the performance of past types of urban morphology, five design values appear particularly important for more sustainable urban form in the future: compactness, contiguity, connectivity, diversity and ecological integration. Although these principles were not well supported by 20th-century development, contemporary movements such as the New Urbanism and Smart Growth re-emphasise them. The example of these two regions indicates that, in the absence of new technological, economic or geographical forces, public sector institutions and urban social movements represent the most likely means to bring about new, more sustainable types of urban form.

Keywords: urban form, canada, streets, history, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism
[1663] J. Whitelegg. Transport for a Sustainable Future: The Case for Europe. Belhaven Press, London, UK, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, urban planning
[1664] William H. Whyte. Urban sprawl. Fortune, pages 103-111, 194, 198, January 1958. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history
[1665] William H. Whyte. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, sociology
[1666] William H. Whyte. City: Discovering the Center. Anchor, New York City, NY, USA, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, urban planning
[1667] R. Wiedemann. Microscopic Traffic Simulation: The Simulation System Mission. PhD thesis, Universität (TH) Karlsruhe, 1970s. [ bib | .pdf ]
Behavioural model for drivers (and bicyclists?) used by VISSIM simulator
Keywords: transport modelling
[1668] R. Wiedemann. Simulation des verkehrsflusses schriftenreihe des instituts für verkehrswesen. Heft 6, Universität (TH) Karlsruhe, 1974. [ bib ]
Behavioural model for drivers (and bicyclists?) used by VISSIM simulator
Keywords: transport modelling
[1669] James Williams and Jan Larson. Promoting bicycle commuting: Understanding the customer. Transportation Quarterly, 50(3):67-78, Summer 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1670] John Williams, Tom Walsh, David Harkey, Glenn Grigg, and Todd Litman. Wisconsin bicycle facility design handbook. Technical report, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, WI, USA, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
A very good, modern approach to bicycle facility design, from a North American perspective. Some really excellent diagrams of traffic calming designs; a good description of right-turn conflicts (p. 3-20).
Keywords: bicycle planning, pavement marking, traffic calming, traffic controls
[1671] Katie Williams. Does intensifying cities make them more sustainable? In Katie Williams, Elizabeth Burton, and Mike Jenks, editors, Achieving sustainable urban form, pages 30-45. E&FN Spon, London, UK, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: sustainability, urban form
[1672] Paul Williamson. Len Cook: Hero or zero of the 2001 census? a look at the impact of disclosure control on aggregate census outputs. [ bib | http ]
[1673] Paul Williamson. Synthetic microdata. In Rees, Martin, and Williamson, editors, The Census Data System, chapter 17, pages 231-241. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[1674] Paul Williamson. Confidentiality and anonymised survey records: The UK experience. In Proceedings of the International Microsimulation Conference on Population, Ageing and Health: Modelling Our Future, Canberra, Australia, December 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
An interesting discussion of “record-level risk” in microdata samples, and statistics agencies' response (perturbation, etc. of data). Notes an important disadvantage of IPF: cannot fully take advantage of crosstabs that include undesired attributes that may be correlated with desired attributes.
Keywords: population synthesis
[1675] Paul Williamson. Synthetic small-area microdata: An evaluation. In Proceedings of the International Microsimulation Conference on Population, Ageing and Health: Modelling Our Future, Canberra, Australia, December 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[1676] Paul Williamson. Estimating cell adjustment confidence intervals. Working Paper 2005/1, University of Liverpool, Department of Geography, Population Microdata Unit, January 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
[1677] Paul Williamson. The estimation of unknown multiway distributions: to IPF or to reweight, that is the question? In Proceedings of the 3rd International Population Geographies Conference, Liverpool, UK, June 2006. [ bib | http ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[1678] Paul Williamson, M. Birkin, and P.H. Rees. The estimation of population microdata by using data from small area statistics. Environment and Planning A, 30(5):785-816, 1998. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: population synthesis
[1679] Richard W. Willson. Parking subsidies and the drive-alone commuter: New evidence and implications. Transportation Research Record, 1181, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, parking
[1680] Richard W. Willson. Estimating the travel and parking effects of employer-paid parking. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 22:133-145, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1681] Richard W. Willson. Suburban parking economics and policy: Case studies of office worksites in Southern California. Technical Report FTA-CA-11-0036-92-1, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1682] Richard W. Willson. Suburban parking requirements: a tacit policy for automobile use and sprawl. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(1):29-42, 1995. [ bib ]
One of the better parking papers that I've read, and one which makes the connection to urban form explicit. One sentence was phrased in a way that struck me: he notes that each site is required to have adequate space to meet peak demands-rather than allowing one “peak” site for the area. Existing parking standards insist that parking must be provided exactly at the destination, even for rare peak demands.
Keywords: transport planning, parking, land use transport link
[1683] Richard W. Willson. Replacement parking for joint development: An access policy methodology. Technical report, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, Departments of Planning and Real Estate, San Francisco, CA, USA, April 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1684] Richard W. Willson and Donald C. Shoup. Parking subsidies and travel choices: Assessing the evidence. Transportation, 17:141-157, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1685] A.G. Wilson. A statistical theory of spatial trip distribution models. Transportation Research, 1:253-269, 1967. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport modelling, urban economics
[1686] A.G. Wilson. Some recent development in micro-economic approaches to modelling household behaviour, with special reference to spatio-temporal organization. In A.G. Wilson, editor, Papers in Urban and Regional Analysis, pages 216-236. Pion, London, UK, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: spatial modelling, urban economics
[1687] A.G. Wilson. Land-use/transport interaction models: past and future. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 32(1):3-27, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: land use transport link, transport modelling
[1688] Meghan Winters, Melissa C. Friesen, Mieke Koehoorn, and Kay Teschke. Utilitarian bicycling: A multilevel analysis and personal influences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(1), 2007. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, bicycle segregation
[1689] Frank Witlox and Hans Tindemans. Evaluating bicycle-car transport mode competitiveness in an urban environment: An activity-based approach. World Transport Policy and Practice, 8(4), 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1690] Katie N. Womack. Bicycle-helmet use evaluation using comparison-site observation. Transportation Research Record, 1538:91-95, 1996. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1691] World Bank. Urban transport: A World Bank policy study. Technical report, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning
[1692] World Bank. Cities on the move: A World Bank urban transport strategy review. Technical report, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: transport planning, finance, urban planning
[1693] World Health Organization. The world health report: Bridging the gaps. Technical report, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle collisions
[1694] P. Wramborg. On a new approach to urban planning, traffic network and street design with a special focus on bicycling. In Proceedings of Velo-City 99, Graz, Austria, 1999. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1695] R.M. Wright and R. Loveridge. The evolving physical condition of the Greater Toronto Area: Space, form, change. The Neptis Foundation study, University of Toronto, Department of Geography, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, canada
[1696] G. Yago. The Decline of Transit: Urban Transportation in German and U.S. Cities, 1900-1970. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1984. [ bib ]
Keywords: transit, transport planning, history
[1697] Michael Yeates. Making space for cyclists: a matter of speed? In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 4, pages 50-71. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1698] Chang Yi and Ming Zhang. Cul-de-sac vs. grid: Comparing street connectivity and pedestrian accessibility of urban forms in the Houston metropolitan area. In Presented at the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., USA, January 2006. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, pedestrian planning
[1699] W. Young and M. Taylor. A parking model hierarchy. Transportation, 18:37-58, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1700] W. Young, R.G. Thompson, and M.A.P. Taylor. A review of car parking models. Transport Reviews, 11(1):63-84, 1991. [ bib ]
Keywords: parking
[1701] John Zacharias. Non-motorized transportation in four Shanghai districts. International Planning Studies, 10(3/4):323-340, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning
[1702] Andrzej Zalewski. Traffic calming on the national road network to improve cycling conditions in small towns in Poland: the case of Kobylnica Slupska on National Road 21. In Hugh McClintock, editor, Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for Urban Planners, chapter 15, pages 237-250. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2002. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, traffic calming
[1703] A. Zander. Effective Social Action by Community Groups. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: activism
[1704] C.V. Zeeger, M. Cynecki, J. Fegan, B. Gilleran, P. Lagerway, C. Tan, and B. Works. FHWA study tour for pedestrian and bicyclist safety in England, Germany, and the Netherlands. Technical Report FHWA-PL-95-006, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning
[1705] A.I. Zlot and T.L. Schmidt. Relationships among community characteristics and walking and bicycling for transportation or recreation. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19:315-317, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, active transportation
[1706] Jeffrey M. Zupan. Transportation demand management: A cautious look. Transportation Research Record, 1346:1-9, 1993. [ bib ]
Keywords: transportation demand management, transport planning

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