david pritchard. bibliography.

Keyword: "urban design"

[1] Christopher Alexander. A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum, 122:58-62, 58-61, April, May 1965. [ bib ]
Apparently, a critique of hierarchical, tree-like city design (particularly conventional suburban street layouts)
Keywords: architecture, urban design, urban form, streets, street design
[2] Christopher Alexander. The timeless way of building. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1979. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[3] Christopher Alexander. The nature of order. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[4] Christopher Alexander, S. Ishikawa, M. Silverstein, M. Jacobson, and I. Fiksdahl-King. A pattern language. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1977. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[5] Christopher Alexander, H. Neis, A. Anninou, and I. King. A new theory of urban design. Oxford University Press, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[6] Donald Appleyard. Livable Streets. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1981. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design, streets, street design, traffic calming
[7] Donald Appleyard and Allan B. Jacobs. Toward an urban design manifesto. Technical report, Institute of Urban & Regional Design, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1982. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[8] Donald Appleyard and M. Lintell. The environmental quality of city streets: the residents' viewpoint. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 38(2):84-101, 1972. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design, street design
[9] J. Bergdall and R. Williams. Perception of density. Berkeley Planning Journal, 5:15-38, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, urban design
[10] L. Bookout and J. Wentling. Density by design. Urban Land, 47:10-15, 1988. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, urban design
[11] Matthew Carmona. Road to nowhere: Urban design, highway engineers, and the design of cycle lanes. Town and Country Planning, 73(1):31, January 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, streets, urban design
[12] Robert Cervero. Suburban employment centers: Probing the influence of site features on the journey-to-work. Journal of Planning Education and Research, pages 75-85, 1989. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban form, urban design
[13] Robert Cervero. Traditional neighborhoods and commuting in the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation, 23:373-394, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, transport planning, urban planning, urban design
[14] Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch. Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Working Paper 281, University of California Transportation Center, July 1995. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link
[15] Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch. Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods. Transport Policy, 3:127-141, 1996. [ bib ]
Apparently fairly important - shows benefits of traditional neighbourhood design.
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link
[16] G. Clay. Will the real Portland please stand up? Landscape Architecture, 88(5):155-156, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[17] G. Cullen. Townscape. Architectural Press, London, UK, 1961. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[18] Andrés Duany. Introduction to the special issue dedicated to the Transect. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3):251-260, 2002. [ bib | DOI | .pdf ]
Keywords: new urbanism, urban planning, urban design
[19] Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. The neighbourhood, the district, and the corridor. In Peter Katz, editor, New Urbanism: Towards an architecture of community, pages xvii-xx. McGraw-Hill, New York City, NY, USA, 1994. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, architecture, new urbanism, urban design
[20] Pierre Filion. Suburban mixed-use centres and urban dispersion: What difference do they make? Environment and Planning A, 33(1):141-160, 2001. [ bib ]
Some very good points in a comparison of several Toronto shopping centres that I know well. Hard data makes for an interesting comparison exercise. The amazing thing, really, is the allocation of space in each centre: roughly 2.5:1 ratio of space for cars to space for buildings (except North York Centre, at 2:1), compared with 1:2 in downtown Toronto. North York Centre still comes out almost as bad as the others, since it uses its saved space mostly for open park space (38% of total space!)

“If suburban mixed-use centres have been successful in juxtaposing different land uses, their integration of these uses has been far less impressive.”

Keywords: urban planning, transport planning, urban design, pedestrian planning
[21] Norman W. Garrick and Jianhong Wang. New concepts for context-based design of streets and highways. Transportation Research Record, 1912:57-64, 2005. [ bib ]
Discusses some of the history of street design standards, and problems with the typical current approach, where freeway design standards are applied to urban street design. Emphasis on design speed, curve radii, and design process. Good refs: Mar02.
Keywords: streets, urban design, street design
[22] Jan Gehl. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York City, NY, USA, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, pedestrian planning
[23] D. Gordon and S. Vipond. Gross density and New Urbanism: comparing conventional and New Urbanist suburbs in Markham, Ontario. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(1):41-54, 2005. [ bib ]
Very interesting. Markham looks like it may be a good control case for future investigations. Having lived away from the GTA for many years, I was surprised to hear of consistent support for such policies from Markham, which was quite car-dependent in my time.
Keywords: urban design, urban form, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism
[24] Michael Hebbert. Engineering, urbanism and the struggle for street design. Journal of Urban Design, 10(1), February 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, transport planning, street design, streets
[25] Paul Hess and Beth M. Milroy. Making Toronto's streets. Technical report, University of Toronto, Department of Geography and Planning, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2006. [ bib | www: ]
Keywords: streets, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, canada, street design, urban design, prioritisation
[26] Paul Hess, Anne V. Moudon, Mary C. Snyder, and Kiril Stanilov. Neighborhood site design and pedestrian travel. Transportation Research Record, 1674:9-19, 1999. [ bib ]
Some interesting notes about site design. It's a refreshingly concrete comparison of urban and suburban neighbourhood design. I don't think I'd realised just how sparse some American street networks are until I saw the maps of Mariner, Seattle... I can't find any Canadian suburb that empty. Not that it makes Canadian suburbs any more walkable-our suburban pattern may be dense, but it's still extremely disconnected.

The scale of suburban blocks was also surprising: 300m-400m per side, on average, compared to 90m-122m for urban blocks. The rule of thumb is that people won't walk more than 400m to a bus stop-one block in the suburbs. Not to mention the perceptual bleakness of walking forever in these empty spaces...

I found the comments here about pedestrian traffic to different sized commercial centres interesting. They found that in suburban neighbourhoods, pedestrians preferred medium-sized centres over other sizes. I wonder what the reasons are-perhaps the auto-favouring design features around large suburban centres, or the barrier caused by their colossal parking lots?

I really liked the discussions on micro design. While many reports talk about illegal jaywalking, they at least note that in many suburban areas, the distance between legal crossings is usually 400-800m-a huge distance for someone on foot. Is it any wonder that people jaywalk? They also noted the problems of fences around apartment complexes, schools, and commercial areas-I can't count the number of times I've walked the most direct path out of a suburban location only to find a fence, and then being forced to retrace my steps, walking an extra 500-1000m for no reason whatsoever.

Finally, I liked the idea of a “latent” pedestrian market in medium-density suburbs, that could be brought out with improved design.

Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban design, streets
[27] Allan B. Jacobs. Great Streets. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design, street design
[28] Allan B. Jacobs and Donald Appleyard. Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1):112-120, 1987. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[29] Allan B. Jacobs, Elizabeth MacDonald, and Yodan Rofé. The Boulevard Book: History, Evolution, Design of Multiway Boulevards. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, streets, urban design, street design
[30] Allan B. Jacobs, Yodan Rofé, and Elizabeth MacDonald. Multiple roadway boulevards: Case studies, designs and design guidelines. Transportation Center Working Paper 300, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1995. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, streets, urban design, street design
[31] Jane Jacobs. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage, New York City, NY, USA, 1961. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
Keywords: urban planning, equity, transport planning, general interest, sociology, streets, pedestrian planning, accessibility, urban design
[32] John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle. Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture. University Press of Virginia, June 2004. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, urban form, parking
[33] Leon Krier. Architecture: choice or fate? Andreas Papadakis, Windsor, Berks, UK, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: architecture, urban design
[34] Kevin J. Krizek. Pretest-posttest strategy for researching neighborhood scale urban form and travel behavior. Transportation Research Record, 1722:48-55, 2000. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban form, land use transport link, urban design
[35] Einar Lillebye. The architectural significance of the street as a functional and social arena. In Colin Jefferson, Janet Rowe, and Carlos Brebbia, editors, The Sustainable Street: The Environmental, Human and Economic Aspects of Street Design and Management. Wessex Institute of Technology Press, Southampton, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: street design, streets, urban design, architecture, sustainability
[36] Kevin Lynch. City design. Urban Design International, 1(2):48, 1980. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[37] Kevin Lynch. Good city form. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981. [ bib ]
A classic, apparently. As summarized by TalEll02, his main criteria for good form are 1) vitality: the support of biological requirements; 2) sense: mental perception and differentiation of a settlement; 3) fit: the match between pattern and behaviour; 4) access: being able to reach resources; 5) control of the use of the settlement; and “meta-criteria” of efficiency (cost) and justice (equity).
Keywords: urban form, urban design, urban planning
[38] Stephen Marshall. Public transport orientated urban design. In E. Feitelson and E. Verhoef, editors, Transport and Environment: in Search of Sustainable Solutions. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2001. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design, streets, street design, urban form
[39] Stephen Marshall. Streets & Patterns: The Structure of Urban Geometry. Spon Press, New York City, NY, USA, 2005. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban planning, urban form, transport planning, street design, urban design
[40] Stephen Marshall. Cities, Design, and Evolution. Routledge, 2007. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design
[41] Stephen Marshall. Urban Coding: Learning from Design and Planning Traditions. Routledge, 2008. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design
[42] Jim McCluskey. Road Form and Townscape. Butterworth Architecture, Oxford, UK, 2nd edition, 1992. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design, urban form, street design
[43] John Montgomery. Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 3(1):93-116, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban design
[44] Anne V. Moudon, Paul M. Hess, Mary C. Snyder, and Kiril Stanilov. Effects of site design on pedestrian travel in mixed-use medium-density environments. Transportation Research Record, 1578:48-55, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: pedestrian planning, urban design
[45] Lewis Mumford. The City in History: Its origins, its transformations and its prospects. Harcourt, Brace, New York City, NY, USA, 1961. [ bib ]
Keywords: history, urban planning, urban design, urban politics
[46] Clarence A. Perry. The neighborhood unit: a scheme of arrangement for the family-life community. Monograph, Russell Sage Foundation, 1929. [ bib ]
Some interesting discussion. This design served as the prototype for suburban layouts for quite a while, although the results have not met the optimistic expectations laid out here. Many of his goals are laudable (walking distance to all amenities, avoid forcing children to cross arterials, etc.) while others are not (promoting segregation).

“It is plain that arterial highways must necessarily run in every direction and turn the street system into a network, and that residential life must occupy the interstitial spaces.” This marked one of the first times that a neighbourhood was planned inside the bounds of a square of “arterials,” and that framing proved popular, although Jane Jacobs has made strong arguments against it. Perry represents Jacobs' antithesis, I think: patriarchal and paternalist, aiming to plan and provide for whatever needs he considers valid. He calls the regular grid of equal-sized streets “leading nowhere in particular” while his meandering discontinuous street plan is “leading to places where people go.” It's a deceptively persuasive argument-who would be against good design?-but it's ultimately patronising and controlling.

Keywords: urban planning, urban design, streets
[47] John V. Punter. The Vancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and Design. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2003. [ bib |

detailed annotation

 ]
This book examines the development of Vancouver's unique approach to zoning, planning, and urban design from the early 1970s to the beginning of the twenty-first century. By the late 1990s, Vancouver had established a reputation in North America for its planning achievement, especially for its creation of a participative, responsive, and design-led approach to urban regeneration and redevelopment. This system has other important features: an innovative approach to megaproject planning, a system of cost and amenity levies on major schemes, a participative process to underpin active neighbourhood planning, and a sophisticated panoply of design guidelines. These systems, processes, and their achievements place Vancouver at the forefront of international planning practice. The Vancouver Achievement explains the keys to its success, and evaluates its approach to planning and design against internationally accepted criteria. Generously illustrated with over 160 photos and figures, this book - the first comprehensive account of contemporary planning and urban design practice in any Canadian city - will appeal to academic and professional audiences, as well as the general public.

Keywords: history, canada, urban planning, urban politics, architecture, streets, urban design
[48] John Roberts. The use of our streets. Urban Design Quarterly, 35:9-13, 1990. [ bib ]
Keywords: streets, urban design
[49] Daniel A. Rodríguez and Joonwon Joo. The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment. Transportation Research D, 9(2):151-173, 2004. [ bib ]
By estimating multinomial choice models, this paper examines the relationship between travel mode choice and attributes of the local physical environment such as topography, sidewalk availability, residential density, and the presence of walking and cycling paths. Data for student and staff commuters to the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill are used to illustrate the relationship between mode choice and the objectively measured environmental attributes, while accounting for typical modal characteristics such as travel time, access time, and out-of-pocket cost. Results suggest that jointly the four attributes of the local physical environment make significant marginal contributions to explaining travel mode choice. In particular, the estimates reveal that local topography and sidewalk availability are significantly associated with the attractiveness of non-motorized modes. Point elasticities are provided and recommendations given regarding the importance of incorporating non-motorized modes into local transportation planning and in the study of how the built environment influences travel behavior.

Keywords: pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban design, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link
[50] B.C. Sheer and M. Petkov. Edge city morphology; a comparison of commercial centres. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64:298-310, 1998. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, urban design, urban form
[51] Michael Southworth and B. Parthasarathy. The suburban public realm I: its emergence, growth and transformation in the American metropolis. Journal of Urban Design, 1(3):245-264, 1996. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history, urban design
[52] Michael Southworth and B. Parthasarathy. The suburban public realm II: Eurourbanism, New Urbanism, and the implications for urban design in the American metropolis. Journal of Urban Design, 2(1):9-35, 1997. [ bib ]
Keywords: urban planning, history, urban design, new urbanism
[53] Åse Svensson. Arterial Streets for people: Guidance for planners and decision makers when reconstructing arterial streets. Technical report, ARTISTS Consortium, Malmö, Sweden, 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
Keywords: bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban design, street design, streets
[54] Emily Talen. Help for urban planning: the Transect strategy. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3):293-312, 2002. [ bib | DOI ]
Keywords: urban design, new urbanism, urban planning

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