@comment{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.91}}
@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_transit.bib -c 'keywords: "transit"' ref.bib}}
@incollection{AshJohJamBroGre02,
author = {Colin Ashton-{G}raham and Gary John and Bruce James and
Werner Br{\"o}g and Helen Grey-Smith},
title = {Increasing cycling through `soft' measures
({T}ravel{S}mart)---{P}erth, {W}estern {A}ustralia},
year = 2002,
chapter = 18,
pages = {274--289},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, marketing, transit},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@book{Cer98,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry},
year = 1998,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Cer98/index.html},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{CerLan97,
author = {Robert Cervero and John Landis},
title = {Twenty Years of the {B}ay {A}rea {R}apid {T}ransit system:
Land Use and Development Impacts},
year = 1997,
month = jul,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 31,
number = 4,
pages = {309--333},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
A good, balanced paper.
A few comments on the models: the first model does not account for
spatial autocorrelation, which may be an issue. The finding that
station location within a highway median, incentive zoning, and
restrictive zoning were not statistically correlated with building
activity around stations is quite interesting.
}
}
@book{ConEwe03,
author = {Heather Conn and Henry Ewert},
title = {Vancouver's Glory Years: Public Transit 1890--1915},
year = 2003,
publisher = {Whitecap Books},
address = {North Vancouver, BC, Canada},
keywords = {general interest, history, canada, transit},
status = {read}
}
@article{CST04,
author = {{Centre for Sustainable Transportation}},
title = {The Need to Reduce Transport Energy Use, and Ways to Do it},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
journal = {Sustainable Transportation Monitor},
volume = 10,
url = {http://www.cstctd.org/CSTadobefiles/STM10E-final.pdf},
keywords = {canada, energy, goods movement, transit},
abstract = {
This Monitor first updates energy matters discussed in previous
Monitors. The updating concludes that reducing transport fuel
use should be the overriding goal of Canada's transport
policies, more important than reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, and perhaps a better strategy for making progress
towards sustainable transport.
This issue then discusses three of the many ways in which
transport fuel use could be dramatically reduced. The first
would allow short-term gains. It is to make more efficient use
of trucks on the road. The second would have its main impacts
in the medium term. It is to achieve major reductions in fuel
use by new personal vehicles. The third is for the longer term.
It is to secure much greater use of tethered vehicles (which
get their energy from a rail or wire rather than from
an on-board source such as a gasoline tank, a hydrogen
storage device or a battery).
},
annote = {
Some interesting thoughts on fuel usage: the rise in fuel use
associated with freight transportation, and the low loading-levels
of trucks; the need for a return to tethered transport.
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{CTTTC05,
author = {{City of Toronto} and {Toronto Transit Commission}},
title = {Building a Transit City},
month = jan,
year = 2005,
institution = {City of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, canada}
}
@techreport{CV02,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Downtown Transportation Plan},
year = 2002,
institution = {City of Vancouver},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/dtp/final.htm},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, goods movement, transit, canada},
annoteurl = {http://www.davidpritchard.org/vacc/dtp},
annote = {
This was my real introduction to transport planning, and now in
retrospect I can see that this document represents a very
progressive stance on transportation planning. See some of my
detailed comments on cycling at the VACC website; I've been the
lead person on downtown issues for the VACC for the last several
years.
}
}
@article{DeRRae01,
author = {Michelle De{R}obertis and Rhonda Rae},
title = {Buses and bicycles: Design alternatives for sharing the road},
year = 2001,
month = may,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
publisher = {Institute of Transportation Engineers},
volume = 71,
number = 5,
pages = {36--44},
status = {read},
keywords = { bicycle planning, transit, streets, pavement marking },
annote = {
This is a very good idea for streets with heavy bus traffic.
Following the VACC's recommendation, Vancouver has implemented
this on downtown Burrard St.
}
}
@book{Dow92,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion},
year = 1992,
publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = { transport planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, urban form, induced travel, zoning },
status = {read},
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Dow92/index.html}
}
@book{Dow04,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion},
year = 2004,
publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, urban form, induced travel, zoning },
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Dow92/index.html}
}
@article{Dow05,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Smart {G}rowth: Why We Discuss It More Than We Do It},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 71,
number = 4,
pages = {367--378},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, urban politics, smart growth }
}
@inproceedings{FisMasSch07,
author = {Ian Fisher and Graeme Masterton and Wolfgang Scherr},
title = {Optimizing Intermodal Operations in {V}ancouver, {B.C.}:
{T}rans{L}ink's Rapid Transit Model},
year = 2007,
month = aug,
booktitle = {APTA International Operations Planning Workshop},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
keywords = {transit modelling, transit operations, visualization},
url = {http://www.apta.com/conferences_calendar/intermod/presentations07/Optimizing_Intermodal_Operations_in_Vancouver_BC_TransLink_Rapid_Transit_Model.pdf}
}
@article{FlyHolBuh02,
author = {Bent Flyvbjerg and Mette Skamris Holm and S{\o}ren Buhl},
title = {Underestimating costs in public works projects: error or
lie?},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 3,
pages = {279--295},
annote = {
A very interesting article. The theory that actors lie about
project costs for political gain is supported by the
statistically significant results found in this article.
},
keywords = {transport planning, politics, finance, transit},
status = {read}
}
@article{FraPiv94,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Gary Pivo},
title = {Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes
of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {44--52},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, transit, active transportation, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Findings from an empirical analysis to test the impacts of land-use
mix, population density, and employment density on the use of the
single-occupant vehicle (SOV), transit and walking for both work
trips and shopping trips are presented. The hypothetical
relationships tested focused on whether there is a relationship
between urban form and modal choice, whether this relationship
exists when controlling for non-urban form factors, whether this
relationship is linear or nonlinear, and whether a stronger
relationship exists between modal choice and urban form when they
are measured at both trip ends as opposed to either the origin or
the destination. A review of the literature and experiences
suggested that a fair amount of information is known about the
impacts of density on mode choice. However, considerable debate
exists over whether density itself is actually the causal stimulus
or a surrogate for other factors. To address this issue a data base
was developed with a comprehensive set of variables for which
density may be a proxy, for example, demographics and level of
service. This analysis employed a correlational research design in
which mode choice was compared among census tracts with differing
levels of density and mix. Findings from this research indicate
that density and mix are both related to mode choice, even when
controlling for non-urban form factors for both work trips and
shopping trips. Furthermore, the relationship between population
and employment density and mode choice for SOV, transit and walking
is nonlinear for both work and shopping trips. Transit usage and
walking increase as density and land-use mix increase, whereas SOV
usage declines. The findings from this research suggest that
measuring urban form at both trip ends provides a greater ability
to predict travel choices than looking at trip ends separately. The
findings also suggest that increasing the level of land-use mix at
the trip origins and destinations is also related to a reduction in
SOV travel and an increase in transit and walking.
},
annote = {
Solid research, with more convincing methodology than Sch96 (which
I read at about the same time).
Overall, the most interesting result of the paper is the
demonstration of nonlinearity. Figures 2 and 3 of their paper show
a graph of modal share vs. employment density, and vs. population
density. These graphs show that major increases in bus/walk modes
only happen at employment densities greater than 125
employees/acre (work trips), or 13 residents/acre (shopping trips).
The implications for policy are obvious: if you aren't going to
reach those thresholds, you're wasting your time. Also, the
employment graph shows substantial nonlinearity: between 75 and 125
employees/acre, there is essentially no change in mode share.
They also had some predictable results: walking trips were the most
sensitive to increases in population density; it's worth
considering densities at both trip ends (i.e., both residential
population density and employment population density); etc.
}
}
@article{HeiSch04,
author = {Andrew Heisz and Grant Schellenberg},
title = {Public Transit Use Among Immigrants},
institution = {Statistics Canada},
year = 2004,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {170--191},
keywords = { canada, transit, transport planning, sociology },
annote = {
Some very interesting notes regarding immgrants' use of public
transit. ``We find that recent immigrants are much more likely than
the Canadian born to use public transit to commute to work, even
after controlling for age, gender, income, distance to work, and
distance between place of residence and the city centre. Two
factors seem to explain this high rate of transit usage. First,
immigrants tend to use public transit in their commute to work more
when they are new to Canada (independent of other factors such as
age and income) but their rate of transit use declines as they
reside in Canada for longer periods of time. Second, newer cohorts
of immigrants have higher rates of transit use than earlier
cohorts, suggesting that they may be different in some ways that
have not been observed. [...] Projections for future public transit
needs could take into account that the urban population is not only
growing, but is also compositionally shifting towards a high-usage
group.'' They also found some interesting results about immigrants'
source countries: ``In both Toronto and Montreal, the incidence of
public transit utilization is highest among immigrants from the
Carribean, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Africa;
they are lowest among immigrants from Easy Asia, Europe, West Asia,
North America and Oceania.'' Results from Vancouver were
unfortunately very distorted due to the transit strike that took
place during the 2001 census, especially changing usage patterns in
Skytrain-serviced areas versus bus-serviced areas. It's worth
noting that immigrants from all of these source nations were much more
likely to use transit than the Canadian born, usually by margins of
at least 50\%.
},
status = {read}
}
@incollection{Hol02,
author = {Dave Holladay},
title = {Cycling with public transport: combined in partnership, not
conflict},
year = 2002,
chapter = 8,
pages = {110--142},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{Hua96,
author = {Herman Huang},
title = {The Land-Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
pages = {17--30},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
A brief survey of literature on Toronto, San Francisco, Washington,
Boston, Cleveland, Atlanta, Calgary, Edmonton, Portland and San Diego.
Many, many good references.
},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, canada}
}
@article{KenMilShaMacCol05,
author = {Christopher A.~Kennedy and Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby and
Heather L.~Mac{L}ean and Jesse Coleman},
title = {The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 25,
number = 4,
pages = {393--414},
abstract = {
The unsustainable nature of current urban transportation and land
use is well recognized. What is less clear is the prescription
for how to move towards a more sustainable future, especially
given the many interest groups involved, the complexity of
urban systems and the fragmented nature of
decision-making in most urban regions. It is argued
that the process of achieving more sustainable
transportation requires suitable establishment of four
pillars: effective governance of land use and
transportation; fair, efficient, stable funding;
strategic infrastructure investments; and attention to
neighbourhood design. A review of each pillar identifies key
issues. The characteristics of an ideal body for governance of
land use and transportation are considered. Trade-offs are
identified with: spatial representation; organizational
structure; democracy; and market philosophy. Effective
financing and pricing of urban transportation may be distorted
because responsibility for infrastructure is separated from
service provision. Financing mechanisms are categorized
depending on vehicle use and location. Investment in
infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles and intermediate
semi-rapid transit may be required in many cities. Major
investment in public transit infrastructure will likely not
suffice if macro land use and micro neighbourhood designs are
not supportive of these investments.
},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, governance, finance, transit, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
A useful read, covering a wide swath of topics, and including many
useful pointers to other papers within each topic. I found the
discussion of financing transportation particularly useful, mostly
because I haven't read much about that topic. Discussion of market
vs. non-market approaches, including P3s, was also valuable. I'm
glad to see discussion of neighbourhood design in the article, a
topic which is familiar and close to my heart.
}
}
@techreport{LawSun03,
author = {Maggie Law and Kaichi Sung},
title = {The {S}an {F}rancisco {M}uni Map Project},
year = 2003,
month = may,
institution = {University of California Berkeley School of Information
Management \& Systems},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
url = {http://groups.sims.berkeley.edu/MuniMap/deliverables/SF_Muni_Map_Final_Report.pdf},
keywords = {transit, computer science},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{LitEnc,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Online Transportation Demand Management Encylopedia},
year = 2005,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/index.php},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility }
}
@techreport{Lit04c,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Comprehensive Evaluation of Rail Transit Benefits},
year = 2004,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, rail},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/railben.pdf},
annote = {
Some interesting analysis. It's primarily a critique of another
paper, ``Great Rail Disasters'' by Randal O'Toole, which I'm not
familiar with; apparently, the paper condemns rail transit as cost
ineffective, but its analysis is fundamentally flawed. In the end,
the flaws boil down to two differences: 1) O'Toole values mobility
more than accessibility; and 2) he's quite ready to distort
statistics to make an argument.
Probably the most interesting part of his analysis is Figure 13,
showing that ``in Bus Only and Small Rail cities, traffic
congestion costs tend to increase with city size [...] but Large
Rail cities do not follow this pattern. They have substantially
lower congestion costs than comparable size cities. As a result,
New York and Chicago have about half the per capita congestion
delay as Los Angeles.''
Tables 6 and 7 is also very interesting, showing the total subsidy
to bus and rail systems, and a lower bound on the total benefits
from each.
Litman's notes comparing bus rapid transit and rail are interesting,
particularly his statistic showing that people are more willing to
stand on rail systems, allowing more passengers per vehicle. His
notes that rail does not subtract from bus systems are also
interesting, showing that cities with large and small rail tend to
spend more per-capita on transit, and hence that rail does not
necessarily reduce bus system performance. (Although I'm sure there
are cases where that happens!)
I still have some questions about one part of his analysis: his
argument proceeds by defining ``large rail'' cities as those with
transit mode share of 20\%+ with rail making up more than half of
the transit trips. He then argues that these cities have lower
vehicle-miles, higher transit trips, etc., typically due to the land
use impacts of the rail systems. However, there are elements of a
circular argument here: it's possible that the causation runs in
the other direction, and land uses cause higher transit mode share,
and hence shift certain cities into the large rail category.
(Personally, I don't believe that's the case---I think that rail
does cause denser land use. But the argument may need to be
rephrased to make this unambiguous.) I need to think about this
more before I can be certain that there actually is a flaw in his
reasoning, though. Regardless, I don't think it's a big flaw---it's
a difficult subject to tackle perfectly, and his analysis is
generally quite sound.
Litman includes a reference to the spreadsheet containing his
calculations! This could be quite useful for learning how this
analysis is done.
},
status = {read}
}
@article{LiuGua05,
author = {Rongfang (Rachel) Liu and Chang-Qian Guan},
title = {Mode Biases of Urban Transportation Policies in {C}hina and
their Implications},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 131,
number = 2,
pages = {58--70},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, transport modelling},
status = {read},
rating = 3,
annote = {
An interesting article, particularly since I haven't read much on
China before. They describe bike mode share of 40--60\%, which is
quite incredible! Car trips belong in the "other" category, and
other makes up less than 14\% of trips. However, it's on the rise:
they show Beijing rising from 6\% in 1986 to 27\% in 2000 (for
"other"). They complain about patronizing Western attitudes towards
bicycles, but do a little of the same themselves. However, they
close with an appeal for China to emulate the Dutch.
}
}
@article{LouBan96,
author = {Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee},
title = {There's no There there: or why neighborhoods don't readily
develop around light rail stations},
year = 1996,
month = {Fall},
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 9,
pages = {2--6},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transit-oriented development},
annote = {
A short but interesting look at the failures around the Blue Line
in Los Angeles. When transportation planners choose a transit
alignment through an industrial/abandoned area with cheap land, I
think the ridership estimates need to be informed by the miserable
urban realm around transit stations... but I imagine they
completely ignore such micro features.
}
}
@incollection{McC02b,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {The mainstreaming of cycle policy},
year = 2002,
chapter = 1,
pages = {1--16},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, transport planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{Mil02,
author = {Eric Miller},
title = {An Interview with {D}avid {G}unn},
journal = {Rail Travel News},
volume = 31,
number = 10,
year = 2002,
month = oct,
pages = {14--15},
keywords = {general interest, transit, rail}
}
@techreport{MilKriHun98,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and David S.~Kriger and John Douglas Hunt},
title = {Integrated urban models for simulation of transit and land use
policies: guidelines for implementation and use},
type = {Report},
number = 48,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1998,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, transit, land use transport link},
status = {read},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_48.pdf}
}
@techreport{MilKriHun98b,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and David S.~Kriger and John Douglas Hunt},
title = {Integrated urban models for simulation of transit and land use
policies},
year = 1998,
type = {Web Document},
number = 9,
institution = {Transportation Cooperative Research Program,
Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
url = {http://faculty.washington.edu/pwaddell/Models/Tcrp-rep.pdf},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, transit, land use transport link},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/MilKriHun98b/index.html }
}
@article{MilSha03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby},
title = {Evolution of Person Travel in the {T}oronto {A}rea and Policy
Implications},
year = 2003,
month = mar,
journal = {ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 129,
number = 1,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit, urban form},
abstract = {
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the historical evolution
of personal travel behavior in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) over
the past 35 years. The analysis indicates that in many respects the
GTA taken as a whole is similar to other cities within North
America in terms of increasing auto ownership; increasing
individual auto-drive trip rates; increasing suburbanization of
population and employment into areas poorly served by transit;
increasingly complex travel patterns; and transit, at best, maintaining
a constant number of trips per capita but losing modal share. The
analysis also highlights ways in which the GTA, particularly the
city of Toronto, deviates from the North American ``norm.'' These
include transit per capita ridership, overall mode splits,
revenue-cost operating ratios are still extremely high by
North American standards; the regional commuter rail
system has been very successful in attracting
increasing numbers of commuters from outside Toronto
into the Toronto central area; the continuing strength
of the Toronto central area has provided a strong,
viable transit service; and more generally, the relatively
high density and transit orientation of development
throughout the city of Toronto is highly supportive of
transit.
},
annote = {
Some very useful background on the transportation context of
Toronto. While I grew up in that city, I actually knew fairly
little about the evolution of its transportation system, so this
was quite useful to me. Not very revolutionary in content (it's
just a basic historical review), but worthwhile; a few good
references (Mee02, Shi97, PucLef96, WriLov02).
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{MilSob03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {Travel Demand and Urban Form},
year = 2003,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
type = {Issue Paper},
number = 9,
url = { http://www.neptis.org/library/cf_download.cfm?file=travel_demand_nip9.pdf\&path=\\ },
keywords = {transport planning, canada, urban planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
annote = {
A good report, with a realistic and progressive vision for the
future. I found the maps comparing Toronto, Square One and Pearson
trip ends extremely interesting (figures II.7 - II.9).
}
}
@techreport{MooTho94,
author = {Terry Moore and Paul Thorsnes},
title = {The Transportation/Land Use Connection},
year = 1994,
month = jan,
institution = {American Planning Association},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
edition = {1st},
number = {448/449},
keywords = {urban economics, transport planning, urban planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, zoning },
rating = 5,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/MooTho94/index.html }
}
@article{NewKen89b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Comparison of {U.S.}~Cities
with a Global Survey},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 1,
pages = {24--37},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning, canada, energy, land use transport link, urban form, transit },
rating = 4,
annote = {
This was the first I read by these authors; this article and their
1989 book are classic texts in the field.
It's an ambitious and impressive effort, although I doubt that
anyone will ever completely believe either their data or their
results. Nevertheless, the data collection effort is laudable,
especially when they include information on parking and relative
speeds. Since reading this, I've improved my stats quite a bit, and
I'd like to revisit it (or their 1999 followup) and see if I buy
their results and conclusions. I'd also like to look into the
econometric models they criticised.
One choice quote: ``Toronto has a much stronger transit system
(50?? vehicle miles of service per capita) than do U.S. or
Australian cities, a feature with its dense land use; its provision
for automobiles is also much less than that in U.S. and Australian
cities. The diversity of its transit systems, which include
commuter rail, subway, modern trams on-street and new LRT on
separated tracks, electric trolleys, and diesel buses (as well as
comprehensive cycle ways), provides a powerful comparison to nearby
Detroit, which has an almost complete commitment to the automobile.
The per capita gasoline consmuption in Detroit is double that in
Toronto; transit use is 0.8 percent of total passenger miles in
Detroit, compared with 16.7 percent in Toronto. However, the
difference in gasoline consumption in Detroit and Toronto cannot be
explained simply by the difference in transit use. For example, if
all of Toronto's transit users transferred to car the per capita
use of gasoline would increase by 53 gallons, making Toronto's
usage still 184 gallons per capita lower than that of Detroit. The
Toronto transit system is part of an overall more energy-efficient
city, despite Toronto having lower gasoline prices in 1980 and less
fuel-efficient vehicles than the U.S. Indeed, Toronto is one of the
few cities in the world with well-developed policies for
transportation energy conservation based on land use strategies.''
}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96c,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: A Guidebook for Practitioners},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 2 Part III},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-3.pdf}
}
@book{PusZup77,
author = {Boris S.~Pushkarev and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Public Transportation and Land Use Policy},
year = 1977,
publisher = {Indiana University Press},
address = { Bloomington, IN, USA },
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link},
status = {read},
rating = 5,
annoteurl = { http://www.davidpritchard.org/sustrans/PusZup77/index.html }
}
@article{Rie05,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {Six reasons why supply-oriented indicators systematically
overestimate service quality in public transport},
year = 2005,
month = may,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 25,
number = 3,
pages = {319--328},
status = {read},
annote = {
He's quite correct. All of these issues occurred to me when I was
working on Vancouver's Transit Service Guideline implementation,
which was supply-oriented rather than demand-oriented. It's a
detailed case study in the problems with averages.
},
keywords = {transit, indicators, transit indicators}
}
@unpublished{Sch97b,
author = {Paul Schimek},
title = {Understanding the Relatively Greater Use of Public Transit in
{C}anada Compared to the {USA}},
year = 1997,
institution = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of
Urban Studies and Planning},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
note = {Unpublished Ph.D. thesis},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Sob97,
author = {Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {The Track Ahead: Organization of the {TTC} under the new
amalgamated {C}ity of {T}oronto},
year = 1997,
month = sep,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering},
url = {http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/reports/track_ahead.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, governance, canada}
}
@techreport{Tra03,
author = {TransLink},
title = {Sustainable Region Showcase for {G}reater {V}ancouver},
year = 2003,
month = may,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, transit}
}
@techreport{TraBCA04,
author = {TransLink and {British Columbia Automobile Association}},
title = {Interest in Viable Transportation Options Among Private
Vehicle Drivers},
year = 2004,
month = jul,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.translink.bc.ca/files/polls_surveys/cust_satisfaction/Report_BCAA_GVTA_Travel_Choices_Quantitative_Nov2004.pdf},
keywords = {canada, data, transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Wac84,
author = {Martin Wachs},
title = {Autos, Transit, and the Sprawl of {L}os {A}ngeles: the 1920s},
year = 1984,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 50,
number = 3,
pages = {297--310},
keywords = { history, land use transport link, transit },
annote = {
A different take on Los Angeles than I'd heard before. Wachs
describes a city that was distinct from an early age. Its initial
trajectory was not so different from Vancouver: a population of
only 6000 in 1870, linked to the railroad in 1876. But it exploded
from there, to 50,000 by 1890, up to 320,000 by 1910, and 1.2
million by 1930---and already 780,000 cars by that date. The city
motorized extremely early, aided by the California climate and
local conditions. The immigrants were quite well-to-do, mostly
born in the USA and raised with American values, and settled in a
very dispersed pattern well before the arrival of the automobile,
mostly aided by streetcars.
The city developed in parallel with communications technology (the
telephone) and at the height of the City Beautiful movement. Also,
building heights were constrained by city laws after the 1906 San
Francisco earthquake. Already by 1924, 48 percent entering the CBD
came by car. The decisive stroke in favour of automobiles, however,
was the decision to proceed with an incremental roads and highway
plan (1924), and the failure to adopt a proposed high-cost transit
plan (1926).
},
quality = 4
}
@techreport{APTA97,
author = {{American Public Transit Association}},
title = {The Transit Fact book, 1996--97},
year = 1997,
institution = {American Public Transit Association},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{BeiPue03,
author = {Edward Beimborn and Robert Puentes},
title = {Highways and Transit: Leveling the Playing Field in Federal
Transportation Policy},
year = 2003,
month = dec,
institution = { The Brookings Institution },
series = {Series on Transportation Reform},
keywords = {finance, transit}
}
@article{BerPaa05,
author = {Joseph Berechman and R.E.~Paaswell},
title = {Evaluation, Prioritization and Selection of Transportation
Investment Projects in {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 32,
number = 3,
pages = {223--249},
abstract = {
This article reports on a methodological framework undertaken by
the authors to help the stakeholders in The Partnership of the
City of NY to understand a group of significant transportation
capital investment projects and to provide a means to
discriminate among them. The authors' major objects was to
inform these stakeholders how to make rational and systematic
choices based on economic and transportation grounds, in an
environment where appropriate data is lacking, no
comprehensive regional transportation plan or objectives are
defined, and the decision-making environment is highly
fragmented. After the authors define the problem, they discuss
details of the analysis, including the methodology used, the
data sources, and the cost-benefit models. The authors then
introduce the Goals Achievement Matrix for the selection and
prioritization of projects. The final selections discuss key
results and consider specific and general policy implications.
Out of the sizeable number of large-scale transportation
investment projects that have been proposed for New York City,
eight were selected for close scrutiny and assessment. The authors
briefly discuss the top three: the Fulton Transit Center and
permanent PATH station, the Penn Station/Farley Post Office,
and the Number 7 Subway Extension. These projects scored highest
on both transportation benefits and economic development
benefits scales.
},
annote = {
I attended a talk given the author, which seems to have focused on
the content of this paper.
},
keywords = {prioritisation, finance, transit}
}
@book{BerCer97,
author = {M.~Bernick and Robert Cervero},
title = {Transit villages in the 21st century},
year = 1997,
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{BolIhl97,
author = {C.~Bollinger and K.~Ihlandfeldt},
title = {The impact of rapid rail transit on economic development: the
case of {A}tlanta's {MARTA}},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 42,
pages = {179--204},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{BonSta93,
author = {J.~Bonsall and R.~Stacey},
title = {A Rapid Transit Strategy into the Next Century},
year = 1993,
institution = {OC Transpo},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
type = {Mimeo},
keywords = { canada, transit, transport planning }
}
@incollection{Boy76,
author = {D.~Boyce},
title = {Impact of Rapid Transit on Residential Property Sales Prices},
year = 1976,
booktitle = {Space Location and Regional Development},
editor = {M.~Chatterjee},
pages = {145--153},
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, transit, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{BruVucShi99,
author = {Eric C.~Bruun and Vukan R.~Vuchic and Yong-Eun Shin},
title = {Time-distance diagrams: A powerful tool for service planning
and control},
year = 1999,
journal = {Journal of Public Transportation},
volume = 2,
number = 2,
keywords = {transport planning, transit}
}
@book{Cal93,
author = {Peter G.~Calthorpe},
title = {The Next {A}merican Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the
{A}merican Dream},
year = 1993,
publisher = {Harper \& Row},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
priority = 5,
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{CamHarKeh01,
author = {I.C.~Cameron and N.J.~Harris and N.J.~Kehoe},
title = {Tram-related injuries in {S}heffield},
year = 2001,
month = may,
journal = {Injury},
volume = 32,
number = 4,
pages = {275--277},
keywords = {transit, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Cer84,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Light Rail Transit and Urban Development},
year = 1984,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 50,
number = 2,
pages = {133--147},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, transport planning, rail, land use transport link}
}
@article{Cer84b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Cost and performance impacts of transit subsidy programs},
year = 1984,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 18,
pages = {407--413},
keywords = {equity, transit, finance}
}
@article{Cer85,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {The Anatomy of Transit Operating Deficits},
year = 1985,
journal = {Urban Law and Policy},
volume = 6,
number = 3,
pages = {281--298},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Cer85b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {A tale of two cities: Light rail transit in {C}anada},
year = 1985,
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
volume = 111,
number = 6,
pages = {633--650},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Cer86,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Urban Transit in {C}anada: Integration and Innovation at its
Best},
year = 1986,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 40,
number = 3,
pages = {293--316},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit}
}
@article{Cer90,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Transit Pricing Research: A Review and Synthesis},
year = 1990,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 17,
pages = {117--139},
keywords = {transit, finance, equity}
}
@article{Cer90b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Profiling profitable bus routes},
year = 1990,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 44,
pages = {183--201},
keywords = {transit, finance, equity}
}
@techreport{Cer93,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Ridership Impacts of Transit-Focused Development in
{C}alifornia},
year = 1993,
type = {Monograph},
number = 45,
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
institution = {Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University
of California},
keywords = {transit, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Cer93b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Transit Supportive Development in the {U}nited {S}tates:
Experiences and Prospects},
year = 1993,
institution = {Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transit}
}
@article{Cer94,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Making Transit Work in the Suburbs},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1451,
pages = {3--11},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Cer94c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Rail-oriented office development in {C}alifornia: how successful?},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 48,
number = 1,
pages = {33--44},
keywords = {urban planning, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{Cer95,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Sustainable New Towns: {S}tockholm's rail-served satellites},
year = 1995,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {41--51},
keywords = { transit, urban planning, rail, urban form }
}
@techreport{Cer95b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {{BART @ 20}: Land Use and Development Impacts},
year = 1995,
type = {Monograph},
number = 49,
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
institution = {Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University
of California},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, land use transport link, transport planning}
}
@book{Cer97,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Paratransit in {A}merica: Redefining Mass Transportation},
year = 1997,
publisher = {Praeger},
address = {Westport, CT, USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@article{CerGor95,
author = {Robert Cervero and R.~Gorham},
title = {Commuting in transit versus automobile neighborhoods},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 1995,
volume = 61,
number = 2,
pages = {210--225},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, land use transport link }
}
@techreport{CerSes95,
author = {Robert Cervero and Samuel Seskin},
title = {The Relationship Between Transit and Urban Form},
year = 1995,
type = {Research Results Digest},
number = 7,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{CerWac82,
author = {Robert Cervero and Martin Wachs},
title = {An Answer to the Transit Crisis: The Case for Distance-Based
Fares},
year = 1982,
journal = {Journal of Contemporary Studies},
volume = 5,
number = 2,
pages = {59--70},
keywords = {transit}
}
@techreport{CIT01,
author = {{Commission for Integrated Transport}},
title = {European Best Practice in Delivering Integrated Transport},
year = 2001,
month = nov,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {{Commission for Integrated Transport}},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit},
url = {http://www.cfit.gov.uk/docs/2001/ebp/index.htm}
}
@inproceedings{CoxLovNew97,
author = {W.~Cox and J.~Love and N.~Newton},
title = {Competition in Public Transport: International State of the
Art},
year = 1997,
booktitle = {Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on
Competition and Ownership in Passenger Transport},
address = {Leeds, UK},
month = may,
keywords = {transit, finance, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Dav89,
author = {D.~Davies},
title = {Light rapid transit: implications for cyclists},
year = 1989,
month = {June/July},
institution = {Cycle Touring and Campaigning},
keywords = {transit, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Dea75,
author = {M.~Dear},
title = {Rapid Transit and Suburban Residential Land Uses},
year = 1975,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 29,
number = 2,
pages = {223--242},
keywords = {land use transport link, transit, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Din78,
author = {D.~Dingemans},
title = {Rapid Transit and Suburban Residential Land Use},
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
year = 1978,
volume = 32,
number = 2,
pages = {289--306},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, transit}
}
@techreport{Don82,
author = {P.~Donnelly},
title = {Rail Transit Impact Studies: {A}tlanta, {W}ashington, and
{S}an {D}iego},
year = 1982,
institution = {Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S.
Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{DooPor94,
author = {J.T.~Doolittle and E.K.~Porter},
title = {Integration of Bicycles and Transit},
year = 1994,
type = {TCRP Synthesis},
number = 4,
institution = {Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, intermodal, transit}
}
@techreport{Dor75,
author = {D.~Dornbush},
title = {{BART}-Induced Changes in Property Values and Rents: Land Use
and Urban Development Projects, Phase I, {BART} Impact Study},
year = 1975,
institution = {U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@incollection{Dun97,
author = {R.~Dunphy},
title = {Toronto: A Pioneering Transit Model in a Suburbanizing Future},
year = 1997,
booktitle = {Moving Beyond Gridlock: Traffic and Development},
publisher = {The Urban Land Institute},
pages = {109--124},
keywords = {canada, transit}
}
@article{ElgKen05,
author = {Ilan Elgar and Christopher Kennedy},
title = {Review of Optimal Transit Subsidies: Comparison between
models},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 131,
number = 2,
pages = {71--78},
keywords = {transit, finance}
}
@inproceedings{EwiCer01,
author = {Reid Ewing and Robert Cervero},
title = {Travel and the built environment---synthesis},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
booktitle = {Redefining, reevaluating and reinventing transit: the
transportation/land~use/environmental connection},
series = {Annual Policy and Research Symposium Series},
address = {UCLA Conference Center, Lake Arrowhead, CA, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Fur00,
author = {Peter G.~Furth},
title = {Data Analysis for Bus Planning and Monitoring},
year = 2000,
type = {TCRP Synthesis of Transit Practice},
number = 34,
institution = {Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning},
url = {http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tsyn34.pdf}
}
@article{GanDea72,
author = {C.~Gannon and M.~Dean},
title = {Rapid Transit and Office Development},
year = 1972,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 29,
number = 2,
pages = {223--242},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{GatSmi93,
author = {D.~Gatzlaff and M.~Smith},
title = {The impact of the {M}iami {M}etrorail on the value of
residences near station locations},
year = 1993,
journal = {Land Economics},
volume = 69,
number = 1,
pages = {54--66},
keywords = {land use transport link, transit, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{Ger99,
author = {Christian Gerondeau},
title = {Moving Peopl and Goods in Europe},
booktitle = {Driving {A}merica Conference},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 1999,
keywords = {transport planning, transit}
}
@article{GomMey90,
author = {Jose A.~Gomez-Iba{\~n}ez and J.~Meyer},
title = {Privatizing and Deregulating Local Public Services: Lessons
from {B}ritain's Buses},
year = 1990,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
pages = {9--21},
volume = 56,
number = 1,
keywords = { transit, transport planning, finance }
}
@book{GreJam93,
author = {R.~Green and O.~James},
title = {Rail Transit Station Area Development: Small Area Modeling in
{W}ashington, {D.C.}},
year = 1993,
publisher = {M.E.~Sharpe Publishers},
address = {Armonk, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transit}
}
@techreport{HasCra02,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau and G.~Crampton},
title = {Future of Urban Transport: Learning from Success and Weakness:
Light Rail},
year = 2002,
institution = {Environmental and Transport Planning},
address = {Brighton, UK},
keywords = {transit}
}
@article{Hee68,
author = {W.~Heenan},
title = {The Economic Effect of Rapid Transit on Real Estate
Development},
year = 1968,
journal = {The Appraisal Journal},
volume = 36,
pages = {212--224},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, canada}
}
@techreport{IBI07,
author = {{IBI Group}},
title = {Transportation Trends and Outlooks for the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea and {H}amilton: Strategic Transit Directions},
year = 2007,
month = jan,
address = {Toronto, ON},
institution = {IBI Group},
url = {http://www.gtta.com/en/news/Strategic%20Transit%20Directions_2007-01-29.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, toronto, transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{IBI07b,
author = {{IBI Group}},
title = {Transportation Trends and Outlooks for the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea and {H}amilton: Needs and Opportunities},
year = 2007,
month = jan,
address = {Toronto, ON},
institution = {IBI Group},
url = {http://www.gtta.com/en/news/Strategic%20Transit%20Directions_2007-01-29.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, toronto, transit, urban planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@book{Jon85,
author = {D.W.~{Jones Jr}},
title = {Urban Transit Policy: An Economic and Political History},
year = 1985,
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA},
keywords = {transit, history}
}
@article{Kai88,
author = {J.~Kain},
title = {Choosing the Wrong Technology: Or How to Spend Billions and
Reduce Transit Use},
year = 1988,
journal = {Journal of Advanced Transportation},
volume = 21,
number = 3,
pages = {197--213},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Ken02,
author = {Christopher A.~Kennedy},
title = {A comparison of the sustainability of public and private
transportation systems: Study of the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
journal = {Transportation},
year = 2002,
volume = 29,
number = 4,
pages = {459--493},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, canada}
}
@article{Ken91,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use/transit connection in {T}oronto: Some lessons for
{A}ustralian cities},
year = 1991,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 29,
number = 3,
pages = {149--154},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link, transit}
}
@techreport{KenLauNewBar97,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Paul Barter},
title = {Indicators of transport efficiency in 37 cities},
year = 1997,
institution = {World Bank and Institute for Science and Technology
Policy, Murdoch University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit }
}
@article{KenLau02,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube},
title = {Urban transport patterns in a global sample of cities and their
linkages to transport infrastructure, land use, economics and
environment},
year = 2002,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {5--19},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, energy},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp08.3.pdf}
}
@article{KenLau02b,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube},
title = {Travel Demand Management: The potential for enhancing urban
rail opportunities and reducing automobile dependence in cities},
year = 2002,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {20--36},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, transportation demand management, rail},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp08.3.pdf}
}
@book{KenLauNewBarRaaPobGui00,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Paul Barter and Tamim Raad and Chamlong Poboon and Benedicto
{Guia~Jr.}},
title = {An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities
1960--1990},
year = 2000,
publisher = {University Press of Colorado},
abstract = {
This sourcebook provides the most comprehensive set of time series
data and analyses on these important subjects that is available
today. It spans 46 cities in the US, Australia, Canada, Europe
and Asia, covering the widest possible range of data on the
land use and transportation systems, energy use, and economic
and environmental impacts of transportation that has been
assembled to date. It also contains a set of coloured maps for
each city outlining territorial boundaries, the extent of
urbanisation, and all rail, busway and freeway systems. A must
for every individual and organisation wanting to better
understand and respond to the urban transportation debate.
},
keywords = { data, transport planning, urban planning, transit, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{KenNew91,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Moving {M}elbourne: A public transport strategy for inner
{M}elbourne},
year = 1991,
institution = {Inner Metropolitan Regional Association, Victoria and
Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@article{KenNew94,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {{T}oronto---paradigm regained},
year = 1994,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 31,
number = 3,
pages = {137--147},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, transit, land use transport link}
}
@article{LanCerHal91,
author = {John D.~Landis and Robert Cervero and Peter Hall},
title = {Transit joint development in the {USA}: an inventory and
policy assessment},
year = 1991,
journal = {Environment and Planning C},
volume = 9,
number = 4,
pages = {431--452},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@mastersthesis{Lau07,
author = {Sabrina Lau},
title = {Towards Inclusive Public Transport: Immigrant Mothers and
their Daily Mobility},
year = 2007,
school = {University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {equity, transit}
}
@article{Lav77,
author = {C.~Lave},
title = {Rail Rapid Transit and Energy: The Adverse Effects},
year = 1977,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 648,
pages = {14--30},
keywords = {transit, energy, transport planning}
}
@article{LouBan00,
author = {Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee},
title = {The {B}lue {L}ine blues: why the vision of transit village may
not materialize despite impressive growth in transit ridership},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 5,
number = 2,
pages = {101--125},
keywords = {urban planning, transit-oriented development, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{LunCerWil04,
author = {Holly M.~Lund and Robert Cervero and Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Travel Characteristics of {T}ransit-{O}riented {D}evelopment in
{C}alifornia},
year = 2004,
month = jan,
institution = {Cal Poly Ponoma / UC Berkeley / San Francisco BART},
address = {Sacramento, CA, USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{McCMor03,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock and Dave Morris},
title = {Bikes and trams: integrating the benefits},
year = 2003,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 72,
number = 10,
month = nov,
pages = {308--309},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit}
}
@article{Mar07,
author = {Karel Martens},
title = {Promoting bike-and-ride: the {D}utch experience},
year = 2007,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 41,
number = 4,
pages = {326--338},
keywords = { bicycle planning, transit, intermodal },
abstract = {
The number of policy initiatives to promote the use of
bike-and-ride, or the combined use of bicycle and public transport
for one trip, has grown considerably over the past decade as part
of the search for more sustainable transport solutions. This paper
discusses the experiences with, and impacts of, such initiatives in
the Netherlands. The Dutch measures to promote bicycle use in
access trips have been generally successful. A country-wide program
to upgrade regular and secure bicycle parking at train stations has
led to an increase in user satisfaction and a growth in bicycles
parked at stations. Smaller programs to stimulate the combined use
of bike-and-bus have resulted in an increase in bicycle use, bus
use, and share of infrequent bus passengers. Bicycle lockers at bus
stops are hardly used by bus passengers, due in part to the
dominance of students among bus users as well as the relatively
high price of lockers in comparison to the value of bicycles used
for access trips. Measures to promote the use of the bicycle in
egress trips have met with more varying results. Projects to
introduce leasing bicycles for egress trips have failed to attract
passengers, for both train and bus services. In contrast, the
introduction of flexible rental bicycles at train stations has
resulted in a small reduction in car use, growth in train trips,
and growth in bicycle use for non-recurrent trips. The Dutch
experiences suggest some lessons for promoting bike-and-ride in
countries and cities with a less well-developed bicycle
infrastructure.
}
}
@book{Mee00,
author = {Paul Mees},
title = {A very public solution: transport in the dispersed city},
year = 2000,
publisher = {Melbourne University Press},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, canada},
annote = { Comparison of Melbourne and Toronto transit performance.
Discusses the failure of privatization of bus services due to loss
seamless connections, etc. }
}
@book{Mid67,
author = {W.~Middleton},
title = {The Time of the Trolley},
year = 1967,
publisher = {Kalmbach Publishing},
address = {Milwaukee, WI, USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, history}
}
@article{MilKriHun99,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and David S.~Kriger and John Douglas Hunt},
title = {A research and development program for integrated urban
models},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1685,
pages = {169--176},
abstract = {
The case is presented for a new, coordinated research and
development (R\&D) program designed to improve significantly
the operational state of practice in integrated urban modeling.
First, the authors' view of an ``ideal'' integrated urban
modeling system is described. If developed, this modeling
system should be capable of incorporating the best possible
understanding of transportation and land use interactions and
of addressing planning and analysis needs. Also discussed
briefly are current operational modeling capabilities as
related to the proposed ideal model. Finally, a multiyear R\&D
program that was designed to move current practice
significantly toward the operationalization of the ideal model
is detailed.
},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, land use transport link, transit}
}
@techreport{MilLitRoo02,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Todd Litman and Matthew J.~Roorda},
title = {Study of the Environmental Benefits of an {I}ntegrated
{M}obility {S}ystem ({IMS}) in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
year = 2002,
month = nov,
institution = {Joint Program in Transportation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, canada}
}
@techreport{MilSha00,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer Shalaby},
title = {Travel in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea: Past and Current
Behaviour and Relation to Urban Form},
year = 2000,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{MilSteJea90,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and G.N.~Steuart and D.~Jea},
title = {Understanding Urban Travel Growth in the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea},
volume = {III: Future Travel Trends and their Implications for
Transportation Policy in the Greater Toronto Area},
number = {TDS-90-07},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and
Development Branch},
year = 1990,
month = nov,
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form}
}
@article{MohShaMil06,
author = {Abolfazl Mohammadian and Amer S.~Shalaby and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {An Empirical Analysis of Transit Network Evolution: Case Study
of the {M}ississauga, {O}ntario Bus Network},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {forthcoming},
keywords = {transit, canada, transport planning}
}
@article{Nas03,
author = {Andrew Nash},
title = {Implementing {Z}urich's Transit Priority Program},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1835,
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{Nef96,
author = {J.W.~Neff},
title = {Substitution rates between transit and automobile travel},
year = 1996,
month = apr,
booktitle = {Paper presented at the Association of American
Geographers' Annual Meeting},
address = {Charlotte, NC, USA},
keywords = {transit, transport modelling}
}
@article{NewKen92b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Transit oriented urban villages: design solutions for the
90s},
year = 1992,
journal = {Urban Futures},
volume = 2,
number = 1,
pages = {50--56},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, urban form}
}
@techreport{Par96a,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.}},
title = {Influence of Land Use Mix and Neighborhood Design on Transit
Demand},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Par96c,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.}},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Mode of Access and Catchment Areas of
Rail Transit},
type = {Project},
number = {H-1},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
month = mar,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Transit, Urban Form, and the Built
Environment: A Summary of Knowledge},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part I},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-1.pdf}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96b,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Commuter and Light Rail Transit
Corridors: The Land Use Connection},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part II},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
month = mar,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-2.pdf}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96d,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Public Policy and Transit Oriented
Development: Six International Case Studies},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part IV},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-4.pdf},
annote = {
I found their description of Houston interesting. I'd heard a lot
about Houston's laissez-faire no-zoning policies, but I'd never
read anything about the details. It sounds like they still suffer
from the same social exclusion effects as many U.S. residential
areas, but they use deed restrictions to enforce the exclusion
instead of zoning laws. The authors give a surprisingly positive
review to the HOV system overall, quite different from what I'd
heard about HOV lanes in the present day context. Overall,
Houston sounds like a depressing place to live or work. The
complete rejection of land use control and the overwhelming
dominance of the automobile turn me off. The Washington, D.C. case
study wasn't very interesting to me, focusing mainly on
transit-oriented development plans. The Portland section was
slightly more interesting, again focusing on how land use goals
are achieved by the agencies involved. The Vancouver section was
mostly familiar, but did contain some interesting details that were
new to me. There are some strange comments, though---they
claim that the ``European and Asian heritage of the region has also
made the Vancouver community more accepting of transit'' and
characterise Vancouver as very unique within Canada. That's
total rubbish---Canadian cities generally have an accepting attitude
towards transit and a diverse cultural mix, and American cities
have as much of a ``European heritage'' as Canadian ones. Sure,
Vancouver is younger---but that should put it in the same boat as
other young west coast cities, like Seattle. Some of their
discussion regarding the history of SkyTrain is interesting,
however, especially the idea that the Expo line was deliberately
run through empty industrial areas to reduce NIMBY resistance and
to allow new, denser transit-oriented development. They also note
that TransLink does not own the land under the SkyTrain, allowing
existing owners to make good use of the land, building towers
around the tracks, etc. This is vastly better than the freeway
model, where the land underneath and nearby is just dead space.
Interestingly, they note that both Canadian and American government
agencies put out a Request For Proposals (RFP) for a low-cost site,
but only Canadian agencies can make location a requirement---i.e.,
requiring a site on the SkyTrain line.
I'm a bit dubious about their Ottawa section. They speak in glowing
terms about many of the details of the system, and it doesn't
always jibe with my experience when I lived there. Granted, I lived
in a lousy area (far from the transitway) with a poor commute
pattern. But there was a huge chunk of underserviced city where I
lived, and I did see how the policies were working out on the
ground. However, the policies sound like good ideas, at the least.
They started with a bizarre statistic to make Ottawa look good:
``Passengers per route mile in the first year,'' a statistic
biased towards bus systems, before development associated with a
fixed rail system is completed. It's nice that (like Vancouver)
they officially prioritise transit over road improvements, and that
they consider it an official service. Their policy of building
early in suburban areas is also an excellent idea, as is the policy
of forcing regional shopping centres to be within 5 minutes walk of
a transit station. (I have to wonder if that applies to big box
zones, though---they were certainly abundant in the Ottawa area
when I lived there. The abhorrent South Keys development all
happened under these policies.) The Transitway design is clever,
since they left enough room to allow later conversion to a
rail system. One telling quote: ``These services are adapted to,
and as a result, help reinforce, the region's suburban landscape.
In Ottawa-Carleton, it is accepted that low-density living
environments are preferred by most residents, and that transit
programs should in no way seek to alter this settlement
pattern, but rather to serve it.'' To be fair, that pattern
may be changing now---the condo boom has definitely hit Ottawa.
I suspect some of these sentences reflect the suburban American
audience of this report. Ottawa also has taken a serious attitude
towards directing job growth to transit corridors, in a manner
similar to the Dutch ABC system. They also route buses through
subdivision collector roads instead of arterial streets, to make
for easier pedestrian access and avoiding the fight to access
buses on arterials. (This may explain some of my confusion with
the bus system, since I was more accustomed to the Toronto
approach. It may also explain why buses were often poor choices
for reaching retail areas, usually located on the arterials. It
sounds like that was mostly political bad luck, though, not
design---developers have insisted on siting commercial development
on the arterials, not the planners' first choice.) Their reduction
in downtown parking is admirable, with a 15\% reduction from
1975 to 1984, a period of regression for most cities. They
don't really comment much on the fact that many Transitway stations
are built in parkland with no adjacent development, but they do
note that future stations are being built in advance of development,
with an aim to integrate better with mixed-use neighbourhoods. They
claim pessimistically that the high-density transit-oriented
residential demand had reached saturation point (!!) in Ottawa by
1993. At the end of the day, they've had difficulty achieving their
goals, with regional employment share near transit stations
remaining fairly static from 1986--1991. But they're still far
ahead of most of North America.
}
}
@article{PerPuc95,
author = {A.~Perl and John Pucher},
title = {Transit in trouble? The policy challenge posed by {C}anada's
changing urban mobility},
year = 1995,
journal = {Canadian Public Policy},
volume = 21,
number = 3,
pages = {261--283},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@article{PerBab86,
author = {J.~Perry and T.~Babitsky},
title = {Comparative Performance of Urban Bus Transit: Assessing
Privatization Strategies},
year = 1986,
journal = {Public Administration Review},
volume = 46,
pages = {45--59},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, finance}
}
@article{Pic85,
author = {Donald Pickrell},
title = {Federal Operating Assistance for Urban Mass Transit: Assessing
a Decade of Experience},
year = 1985,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1078,
pages = {1--10},
keywords = { transport planning, transit }
}
@article{Pic92,
author = {Donald Pickrell},
title = {A desire named streetcar: Fantasy and fact in rail transit
planning},
year = 1992,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Assocation},
volume = 58,
number = 2,
pages = {158--176},
keywords = {transit}
}
@article{Puc94,
author = {John Pucher},
title = {Public Transport Developments: {C}anada vs. The {U}nited
{S}tates},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 48,
number = 1,
pages = {65--78},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@article{PucHir93,
author = {John Pucher and I.~Hirschman},
title = {Urban Public Transport in the {U}nited {S}tates: Recent
Development and Policy Perspective},
year = 1993,
journal = {Public Transport International},
volume = 3,
pages = {12--25},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@book{PusZupCum82,
author = {Boris S.~Pushkarev and Jeffrey M.~Zupan and Robert S.~Cumella},
title = {Urban Rail in {A}merica: An Exploration of Criteria for
Fixed-Guideway Transit},
publisher = {Indiana University Press},
address = {Bloomington, IN, USA},
year = 1982,
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{RCUMR87,
author = {{Rice Center for Urban Mobility Research}},
title = {Assessment of Changes in Property Values in Transit Areas},
year = 1987,
institution = {Rice Center for Urban Mobility Research},
address = {Houston, TX, USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transit}
}
@book{Rep83,
author = {Michael Replogle},
title = {Bicycles and Public Transportation},
publisher = {Bicycle Federation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 1983,
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit}
}
@article{Rep87,
author = {Michael Replogle},
title = {Bicycles on Transit: A Review of the International
Experience},
year = 1987,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1141,
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit}
}
@article{Rie00,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {The accessibility of railway stations: the role of the bicycle
in The {N}etherlands},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
pages = {71--75},
abstract = {
The market potential of railway services depends on the quality of the
total chain from residence to place of activity. In The Netherlands
where natural conditions and infrastructure are conducive, the
bicycle is a potentially attractive access mode for railways since
it allows travellers to avoid waiting at bus, metro or tram stops.
Especially at the home end the bicycle appears to play a large role
as an access mode with a share of 35\%. At the activity end the
share is much shorter. Implications are discussed for policies
aiming at increasing the share of multimodal trips. Also physical
planning implications are considered.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, intermodal }
}
@article{Rie00b,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {Nonmotorized Modes in Transport Systems: A Multimodal Chain
Perspective for The {N}etherlands},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
pages = {31--36},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{SalGre78,
author = {J.~Sale and B.~Green},
title = {Operating Costs and Performance of {A}merican Public Transit
Systems},
year = 1978,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 4,
number = 2,
pages = {22--27},
keywords = {transport planning, transit}
}
@article{ShaAbdLee03,
author = {Amer S.~Shalaby and Baher Abdulhai and Jinwoo Lee},
title = {Assessment of Streetcar Priority Options Using Microsimulation
Modelling},
year = 2003,
month = dec,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering},
volume = 30,
number = 6,
pages = {1000--1009},
keywords = {transit, prioritisation},
url = {http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet\&journal=cjce\&volume=30\&calyLang=eng\&articleFile=l03-010.pdf}
}
@phdthesis{Shi97,
author = {P.~Shim{\'e}k},
title = {Understanding the relatively greater use of public transit in
{C}anada compared to the {USA}},
year = 1997,
school = {Massachussets Institute of Technology, Department of Urban
Studies and Planning},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {transit, canada}
}
@article{Smi84,
author = {W.~Smith},
title = {Mass Transit for High-Rise, High-Density Living},
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
volume = 110,
number = 6,
year = 1984,
pages = {521--535},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form}
}
@techreport{SteArmBaySteDelGiuGauGiuLavLevPucReiScoTarZup01,
author = {Les Sterman and David J.~Armijo and David Bayliss and Stephen
J.~{Del Giudice} and Helen E.~Gault and Genevieve Giuliano and Charles
A.~Lave and Herbert S.~Levinson and John R.~Pucher and Jack M.~Reilly and
Beverly A.~Scott and Joel A.~Tarr and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Making Transit Work: Insight from {W}estern {E}urope,
{C}anada, and the {U}nited {S}tates},
year = 2001,
institution = {Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
type = {Special Report},
number = 257,
keywords = {transit, urban form, land use transport link, canada, history},
priority = 5,
quality = 5,
url = {http://trb.org/publications/sr/sr257.pdf},
annote = {
Some excellent insights into the reasons why transit ridership is
so low in the United States. A particularly interesting note
regards the historical growth in Europe and the US: European
cities have experienced relatively little growth during the age of
the automobile, which goes a long way towards explaining their
limited suburbanisation. The comparison between Canada and US is
more apt, since both have experienced similar growth levels during
the automobile age.
}
}
@article{Str82,
author = {M.~Stringham},
title = {Travel Behavior Associated with Land Uses Adjacent to Rapid
Transit Stations},
year = 1982,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
volume = 52,
number = 4,
pages = {18--22},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, canada}
}
@techreport{TayMah96,
author = {Dean B.~Taylor and Hani S.~Mahmassani},
title = {Intermodal bicycle/transit mode choice: survey and nested
logit choice model},
year = 1996,
institution = {Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas
at Austin},
type = {Project},
number = {60056/465570},
address = {Austin, TX, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, intermodal, transit}
}
@article{Tea85,
author = {R.~Teal},
title = {Transit Service Contracting: Experiences and Issues},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1036,
year = 1985,
pages = {28--36},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, finance}
}
@book{Tho77,
author = {J.M.~Thomson},
title = {Great Cities and Their Traffic},
year = 1977,
publisher = {Penguin},
address = {Harmondsworth, UK},
keywords = {transit, transport planning},
annote = {Apparently he claims that a city center cannot grow much
beyond 120\,000 jobs based around automobile acccess (Newman and
Kenworthy).}
}
@article{Vin96,
author = {P.~Vintila},
title = {Planning for accessible public transport: Recent {A}ustralian
experience and its lessons for {N}ew {Z}ealand},
year = 1996,
journal = {New Zealand Journal of Disabilities},
volume = 2,
pages = {93--114},
keywords = {transit}
}
@book{Vuc81,
author = {Vukan R.~Vuchic},
title = {Urban public transportation: systems and technology},
year = 1981,
publisher = {Prentice Hall},
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Wac89b,
author = {Martin Wachs},
title = {{U.S.} transit subsidy policy: In need of reform},
year = 1989,
journal = {Science},
volume = 244,
pages = {1545--1549},
keywords = {equity, transit}
}
@article{War04,
author = {Mark Wardman},
title = {Public transport values of time},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 11,
pages = {363--377},
keywords = { transport modelling, transit modelling }
}
@book{War62,
author = {S.B.~Warner},
title = {Streetcar Suburbs},
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
year = 1962,
keywords = {history, transport planning, urban planning, transit}
}
@article{Web76,
author = {M.~Webber},
title = {The {BART} Experience: What Have We Learned?},
year = 1976,
journal = {Public Interest},
volume = 12,
number = 3,
pages = {76--108},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Web94,
author = {M.~Webber},
title = {The Marriage of Autos \& Transit: How to Make Transit Popular
Again},
year = 1994,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 5,
pages = 31,
keywords = {transit},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/access.pl?access5.pdf}
}
@techreport{WeyLin97,
author = {Paul Weyrich and William Lind},
title = {Conservatives and Mass Transit: Is it Time for a New Look?},
year = 1997,
institution = {The Free Congress Foundation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning}
}
@book{Yag84,
author = {G.~Yago},
title = {The Decline of Transit: Urban Transportation in {G}erman and
{U.S.}~Cities, 1900--1970},
year = 1984,
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, history}
}
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