@comment{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.91}}
@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_parking.bib -c 'keywords: "parking"' ref.bib}}
@inproceedings{Arn01,
author = {Richard Arnott},
title = {The Economic Theory of Urban Traffic Congestion: A Microscopic
Research Agenda},
year = 2001,
month = jul,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Environmental Economics and
the Economics of Congestion},
address = {Venice, Italy},
url = {http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/wp502.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban economics, transport planning, congestion pricing, parking}
}
@article{deCer04,
author = {Allison L.C.~{de Cerre\~no}},
title = {Dynamics of On-Street Parking in Large Central Cities},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1898,
pages = {130--137},
keywords = {parking, streets},
status = {read},
annote = {
Not too relevant from a sustainable transportation perspective. The
bulk of the paper addresses the mechanics of parking management
(metering technology, loading regulations, etc.) rather than the
bigger issues of choosing appropriate prices, balancing on-street
and off-street parking, encouraging quick turnover short-term
parking, or residential permit systems.
}
}
@techreport{Col04,
author = {{Colliers International}},
title = {North {A}merican {CBD} Parking Rate Survey},
year = 2004,
institution = {Colliers International},
url = {http://www.colliers.com/Content/Repositories/Base/Corporate/English/Market_Report_Corporate/PDFs/ColliersParkingRateSurvey2004.pdf},
keywords = {parking, transport planning, data},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{CV04,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Parking By-law},
number = {6059},
type = {By-law},
year = 2004,
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
institution = {{City of Vancouver}},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/BYLAWS/PARKING/Parking.htm},
keywords = {parking, zoning, canada}
}
@techreport{DiRCimBar81,
author = {John F.~DiRenzo and Bart Cima and Edward Barber},
title = {Parking Management Tactics},
institution = {{U.S.~Federal Highway Administration}},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
volume = {III: A Reference Guide},
year = 1981,
number = {FHWA-PL-81-010},
keywords = { parking },
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/DiRCimBar81/index.html },
status = {read}
}
@techreport{DRD00,
author = {{Danish Road Directorate}},
title = {Collection of Cycle Concepts},
year = 2000,
status = {read},
url = {http://www.cities-for-cyclists.org/dokumenter/cyccon.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box, pavement colouring, bicycle segregation, bicycle parking, bicycle collisions, traffic calming},
institution = {{Danish Road Directorate}},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
abstract = {
Promotion of more and safer bicycle traffic produces healthier road
users and helps to create better towns. Collection of Cycle
Concepts presents some ideas on how to increase the use of
bicycles and how to prevent bicycle accidents.
The growth in car traffic is creating environmental problems
and congestion. Compared to other countries in Europe traffic
problems in Denmark are still modest. An important explanation
for this is the development in the course of the last century
of a robust bicycle culture. Today, one trip out of five in
Denmark is by bicycle.
The future role of the bicycle must also be strong in order to create a
sustainable society. It is important to develop and infrastructure that
permits the optimal exploitation of the bicycle's qualities and
possibilities.
A larger share of the short trips in towns can take place by
bicycle. The car is often indispensable on longer trips. The
bicycle can not be alone. Intermodality is important. The right
balance of good roads and paths for pedestrians, cyclists and
motorists can create better towns without losing the interaction
between modes of transport.
The bicycle can more often be used as feeder traffic for coach,
bus, train and plane on longer trips. This calls for safe an
functional access roads and terminals with good
possibilities for interchanges.
Not only road administrations, but also companies, institutions,
schools associations ets, must contribute to changing our attitudes
to transport and making it more acceptable to cycle. The
individual advantages are big. Half an hour's cycling daily
increases our mean life expectancy by 1--2 years and gives
better quality of life, both physically and mentally.
There are many measures that can be taken to improve cyclist
safety. In spite of this, the accident risk for Danish cyclists has
not changed over the past 25 years. It is necessary to approach the
problem more systematically and introduce proposed solutions and
places and among target groups where they will have the greatest
impact.
The main challenge is promoting more and safer bicycle traffic is
the need to implement a wide range of measures simultaneously. I
therefore invite the reader to consider the many ideas contained in
Collection of Cycle Concepts---and be inspired of those ideas,
which apply to local conditions.
},
annote = {
This is probably the best bicycle planning guide I've run into so
far. Throroughly recommended for anyone interested in these issues,
and for anyone already involved in bicycle planning or advocacy.
Some of the good stuff: route sweeping, every 2--8 weeks, plus extra
autumn service to deal with leaves and a special service for
weekends to deal with broken glass near nightlife zones (p.~123);
``cycle crossings,'' where pavement markings are extended through
an intersection to reduce conflicts with turning motor vehicles
(p.~89); advanced stop lines; cute advertisements (p.~37); signage
(pp.~102-105); effect of distance on mode choice (p.~46);
discussion of the need for small shops (p.~46); graph showing how
age affects cycling speed and distance (p.~12); wheel ramp on
stairs (p.~95); bike parking maps (p.~108), with symbols for
covered/uncovered and number of spaces.
}
}
@techreport{EPA02,
author = {{European Parking Association}},
title = {{EPA} Urban Parking Policy Guide: Statement for {COST 342}},
year = 2002,
institution = {European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and
Technical Research (COST)},
address = {Cologne, Germany},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.europeanparking.eu/europeanparking/cms/Media/epa\%20policy\%20guide.pdf},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{HunSte99,
author = {William W.~Hunter and J.~Richard Stewart},
title = {An Evaluation of Bike Lanes Adjacent to Motor Vehicle
Parking},
year = 1999,
month = dec,
institution = {Florida Department of Transportation},
keywords = {bicycle planning, parking, pavement marking, streets },
url = {http://www.dot.state.fl.us/Safety/ped_bike/handbooks_and_research/research/ftlaud.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@article{leCBer03,
author = {Frank {le Clercq} and Luca Bertolini},
title = {Achieving sustainable accessibility: an evaluation of policy
measures in the {A}msterdam area},
journal = {Built Environment},
year = 2003,
volume = 29,
number = 1,
pages = {36--47},
status = {read},
url = {https://www.extenza-eps.com/extenza/loadPDF?objectIDValue=53949},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, parking, accessibility},
annote = {
Some interesting thoughts. 1) Their ``compact city'' policy seems to
have led to a polycentric region, with the edge regions (at the
boundary of the dense inner city and the car-oriented outer world)
developing into subcentres. Most of this is due to earlier policies
of motorway expansion and subcentre promotion. However, public
transport patronage has risen. 2) Public transport expansion
has been less effective than changes in urban form. Expansion to
new developments has not proven feasible, due to chicken-and-egg
issues. 3) The a,b,c location policy aimed to force employers with
large numbers of employees/visitors to take class A sites, defined
as having good public transport facilities running in several
directions, and with very strict parking place supply. Class B and
C sites have softer parking regimes and siting requirements. It's a
national policy. While it has been evaluated as a failure (mostly
due to application to only 15\% of all locations, since it only
applies to new developments), it is continuing.
}
}
@incollection{Les02,
author = {Nick Lester},
title = {On street parking regulation and enforcement in {L}ondon},
year = 2002,
booktitle = {{EPA} Urban parking Policy Guide: Statement for {COST 342}},
publisher = {European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and
Technical Research (COST)},
address = {Cologne, Germany},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.europeanparking.eu/europeanparking/cms/Media/epa\%20policy\%20guide.pdf},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{LitEnc,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Online Transportation Demand Management Encylopedia},
year = 2005,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/index.php},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility }
}
@techreport{Lit04b,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Parking Requirements Impacts on Housing Affordability},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
keywords = {parking, urban planning, transportation demand management, equity},
url = {http://vtpi.org/park-hou.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very interesting read. Litman raises a number of issues
associated with housing that I hadn't considered---my first
reaction is to question Vancouver's downtown development patterns.
Are parking requirements responsible for the tower fad, by making
townhouse and four-story apartment development uneconomic for
developers? On interesting bit of trivia: curb cuts reduce
onstreet parking capacity. His parking management solutions
are quite valuable and innovative ideas, and the studies he cites
in Victoria and Mississauga are useful; I should follow up on all
of his references. Of the management solutions, the two ideas I
found novel were: shared parking, where apartments and businesses
share spaces due to opposite peak demand times - very practical for
residential downtowns; transportation management associations, where a
neighbourhood organisation is formed to trade parking in a
neighbourhood.
I was initially convinced by his
arguments about reducing developer incentive to create low-income
housing, but I'm now a little skeptical; figure 12, in particular,
says to me that in a scenario where 0 parking spaces are required,
developers will have a huge incentive to produce high income
housing, since the relative profit difference will be so much
greater. Of course, this ignores the entire demand side of the
equation. Overall, I think more analysis is needed to determine the
real effect on developers.
}
}
@article{ManSho04,
author = {Michael Manville and Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {People, Parking and Cities},
year = 2004,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 25,
pages = {20--26},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, parking},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/access.pl?25/Access\%2025\%20-\%2002\%20-\%20People,\%20Parking,\%20and\%20Cities.pdf},
annote = {
A fascinating study of Los Angeles versus New York and San Francisco.
When the entire urban agglomeration is taken into account, L.A. is
actually denser than New York or San Francisco, since its suburbs are
relatively dense. The article explains discusses how downtown
parking in L.A. is profoundly different from the other two, and how
it hurts the city.
}
}
@article{Mar06,
author = {Greg R.~Marsden},
title = {The Evidence Base for Parking Policies---A Review},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 6,
pages = {447--457},
status = {read},
keywords = {parking},
url = {http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/archive/00002023/02/ITS15_The_evidence_base_for_parking_policies_UPLOADABLE.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Nas04,
author = {Andrew Nash},
title = {Traffic Calming in Three {E}uropean Cities: Recent
Experience},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001101.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, parking, urban planning, traffic calming},
status = {read},
annote = {
An interesting look at Munich, Vienna and Zurich. Their approaches
to funding are similar to Vancouver's, but they've done some very
innovative projects, including narrowing arterials while
maintaining capacity, and extensive parking management plans.
}
}
@techreport{NeuStrKra00,
author = {Ren{\'e} Neuenschwander and Silvia Strub and David Kramer},
title = {Swiss Overview (COST 342: Parking Policy Measures and Their
Effects on Mobility and the Environment)},
year = 2000,
month = oct,
institution = {European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and
Technical Research (COST)},
number = {COST 342/18/CH},
address = {Bern, Switzerland},
status = {read},
keywords = {parking},
annote = {
Some interesting notes on the Swiss context. They've had the same
difficulties as elesewhere---conflicts between state and city,
business groups and environmental. The total number of spaces seems
to be impossible to reduce, although the relative number can change
slowly. One city tried to force shopping centres to charge for all
parking, but backed down in the end.
},
url = {ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/cost-transport/docs/342-19-ch.pdf}
}
@techreport{NeuStrKra01,
author = {Ren{\'e} Neuenschwander and Silvia Strub and David Kramer},
title = {Swiss Case Studies (COST 342: Parking Policy Measures and Their
Effects on Mobility and the Environment)},
year = 2001,
month = may,
institution = {European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and
Technical Research (COST)},
number = {COST 342/18/CH},
address = {Bern, Switzerland},
status = {read},
keywords = {parking},
url = {ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/cost-transport/docs/342-18-ch.pdf}
}
@techreport{Por01,
author = {Andr{\'e} Porlier},
title = {Le stationnement comme outil de gestion des déplacements dans
la région métropolitaine de Montréal},
year = 2001,
month = may,
institution = {Conseil régional de l'environnement de Montréal},
address = {Montréal, QC, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {parking, canada, transportation demand management},
url = {http://www.transportdurable.qc.ca/documents/stationnement.pdf}
}
@article{RyeCowIso06,
author = {Tom Rye and Tom Cowan and Stephen Ison},
title = {Expansion of a Controlled Parking Zone and its influence on
mode split: The Case of {E}dinburgh},
year = 2006,
month = feb,
journal = {Transportation Planning and Technology},
volume = 29,
number = 1,
pages = 75,
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{RyeIso05,
author = {Tom Rye and Stephen Ison},
title = {Overcoming barriers to the implementation of car parking
charges at {UK} workplaces},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {57--64},
status = {read},
keywords = {parking}
}
@inproceedings{Sal00,
author = {Jaana Salo},
title = {Conditions related to cycling and planning parking facilities
for bicycles},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle parking},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/SALO.PDF}
}
@article{Sho99,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {The Trouble with Minimum Parking Requirements},
year = 1999,
month = sep,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 33,
number = {7/8},
pages = {549--574},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, parking},
url = {http://vtpi.org/shoup.pdf},
annote = {
A top-notch article. Fascinating reading. I suspect that we need
some intermediate steps before priced curb parking could be viable,
but I like some of his analysis of the costs associated with
parking, and his illustration of the benefits of paid parking.
He raises some interesting novel points about (1) minimum parking
requirements depressing land values; (2) fee-in-lieu as a way of
gauging the value of parking spaces; (3) minimum parking
requirements mandate meeting the peak demand for free parking,
preventing a market from forming; (4) minimum parking requirements
derive from a desire to prevent spillover effects in residential
areas.
}
}
@article{Sho99b,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {Instead of Free Parking},
year = 1999,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 15,
pages = {10--15},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, parking},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/access.pl?access15.pdf}
}
@article{Sho02,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {Roughly Right or Precisely Wrong},
year = 2002,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 20,
pages = {20--26},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, parking},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/access.pl?access20.pdf}
}
@book{ULINPA83,
author = {{Urban Land Institute} and {National Parking Association}},
title = {The Dimensions of Parking},
edition = {2nd},
publisher = {The Urban Land Institute},
year = 1983,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {parking, transport planning},
status = {read},
annote = {
Wow, what an awful collection of essays. I can't speak for the more
engineering-oriented chapters (``Construction Techniques'' or
``Ventilation''), but the chapters on energy and the environment
are so glib and blinkered that they're painful. ``Parking Demand''
was the most painful: after rightly pointing out the error of
relying on tables of ``questionable, inappropriate, unknown, or
obsolete origin'', Jean Keneipp then tells us to rely on these
tables as long as they come from state transportation departments.
He's also big on building to accommodate peak demand, instead of
absorbing peak demand with other modes. Sigh.
},
rating = 1
}
@techreport{Urb99,
author = {{Urban Systems Inc.}},
title = {Parking Issues and Opportunities},
year = 1999,
institution = {University of British Columbia Properties Inc.},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.trek.ubc.ca/research/pdf/paper7.pdf},
keywords = {parking, transport planning, canada, transportation demand management},
annote = {
An interesting read. It has a lot of useful Vancouver context, in
more detail than other similar reports that I've read. That said,
it makes a classic planning mistake: they make some decisions by
surveying neighbouring jurisdictions and looking at averages.
},
status = {read}
}
@article{VerNijRie95,
author = {Erik Verhoef and Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietvald},
title = {The economics of regulatory parking policies: the
(im)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation},
year = 1995,
month = mar,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 29,
number = 2,
pages = {141--156},
status = {read},
keywords = { parking, congestion pricing, urban economics },
abstract = {
This article contains an economic analysis of regulatory
parking policies as a substitute to road pricing. The scope for
such policies is discussed, after which a simple diagrammatic
analysis is presented, focusing on the differences between the
use of parking fees and physical restrictions on parking space
supply. The former is found to be superior for three reasons:
an information argument, a temporal efficiency argument and an
intertemporal efficiency argument. Finally, a spatial parking
model is developed, showing that it may be possible to overcome
the difficulty of regulatory parking policies not
differentiating according to distance driven by specifying the
appropriate spatial pattern of parking fees, making individuals
respond to (spatial) parking fee differentials.
}
}
@article{Wil95,
author = {Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Suburban parking requirements: a tacit policy for automobile
use and sprawl},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 61,
number = 1,
pages = {29--42},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
One of the better parking papers that I've read, and one which
makes the connection to urban form explicit.
One sentence was phrased in a way that struck me: he notes that each
site is required to have adequate space to meet peak demands---rather
than allowing one ``peak'' site for the area. Existing parking
standards insist that parking must be provided exactly at the
destination, even for rare peak demands.
},
keywords = {transport planning, parking, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{Ale87,
author = {L.A.~Alexander},
title = {Better Downtown Parking: Increasing the Supply and Managing it
Better},
year = 1987,
institution = {Downtown Research \& Development Center},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
abstract = {
This publication presents guidelines for improving downtown
parking. It explains how to ``think right'' about downtown
parking; how to ``plan a total parking system'' that meets all
needs; how to get the ``right amount of parking'' and how to
define your downtown ``parking goals'' and shape ``parking plans''
to reach them. In addition, this report aims to alert
downtowners to essential ``new ideas and concepts'' such as
efficient shared-parking, standards for calculating demand,
organizing free parking districts, etc. Another basic idea covered
relates to ``making all parking more productive'' by parking
system management. Other topics covered include relationship to
transit, handling heavy employee parking loads, metering or not
metering, and the ``ideal'' parking system.
},
keywords = {parking, transportation demand management}
}
@article{AnddeP04,
author = {Simon P.~Anderson and Andr{\'e} {de Palma}},
title = {The economics of pricing parking},
year = 2004,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 55,
number = 1,
pages = {1--20},
keywords = {parking, urban economics}
}
@book{ArnRavSch05,
author = {Richard Arnott and Tilmann Rave and Ronnie Schob},
title = {Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion},
year = 2005,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {congestion pricing, transport planning, urban economics, bicycle planning, parking},
annote = {
Apparently contains a fairly positive view of cycling, from a group
of economists.
}
}
@article{AxhPol91,
author = {Kay W.~Axhausen and J.W.~Polak},
title = {Choice of parking: stated preference approach},
year = 19991,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 18,
number = 1,
pages = {59--81},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Bai02,
author = {R.~Bain},
title = {Improving the quality of city centre parking: will the
consumer pay?},
year = 2002,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 43,
number = 5,
pages = {175--179},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Ban89,
author = {David Banister},
title = {Congestion: market pricing for parking},
year = 1989,
journal = {Built Environment},
volume = 15,
number = {3/4},
pages = {251--256},
keywords = {parking, congestion pricing}
}
@article{BatSkiSchBra97,
author = {J.~Bates and A.~Skinner and G.~Scholefield and R.~Bradley},
title = {Study of parking and traffic demand: {II}. A demand {T}raffic
{R}estraint {A}nalysis {M}odel ({TRAM})},
year = 1997,
month = mar,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 38,
number = 3,
pages = {135--141},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{BAEF90,
author = {Bay Area Economic Forum},
title = {Market-Based Solutions to the Transportation Crisis: Executive
Summary},
year = 1990,
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
institution = {Bay Area Economic Forum},
keywords = {transportation demand management, parking}
}
@article{BhaHig92,
author = {Kiran U.~Bhatta and Thomas J.~Higgins},
title = {Road and Parking Pricing: Issues and Research Needs},
year = 1992,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1346,
pages = {68--73},
keywords = {congestion pricing, parking}
}
@article{Bla99,
author = {J.~Blake},
title = {Car parking bombshell},
year = 1999,
month = feb,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 68,
number = 2,
keywords = {parking},
annote = {
Apparently about the DETR report on parking standards for the
southeast.
}
}
@article{Bon96b,
author = {Shaun Boney},
title = {Car parks: good, bad or just ugly?},
year = 1996,
month = dec,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 65,
number = 6,
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{BroLam72,
author = {S.A.~Brown and Thomas A.~Lambe},
title = {Parking Prices in the {C}entral {B}usiness {D}istrict},
year = 1972,
journal = {Socio-Economic Planning Sciences},
volume = 6,
pages = {133--144},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{Cal02,
author = {Edward Calthrop},
title = {Evaluating on-street parking policy},
year = 2002,
institution = {Katholieke Universiteit Leuven},
type = {Working Paper},
number = {2002-03},
keywords = {urban economics, congestion pricing, parking},
url = {http://weblog.kuleuven.be/dlcount.php?id=ete\&url=http://www.econ.kuleuven.be/ete/downloads/ete-wp02-03.pdf},
abstract = {
This paper uses a formal model to examine the welfare gains from a
marginal increase in the price of on-street parking. The
benefits of such a policy are shown to depend on the
improvement in search externalities in the on-street parking
market itself, plus effects on other distorted urban transport
markets, including congested freeway and backroad use,
mass-transit and off-street parking. The paper makes two further
contributions. The model is sufficiently general that several
well-known results from the parking literature emerge as
special cases. The model is used to review the existing
literature and highlights findings in separate parts of
literature. Finally, a numerical simulation model is used to
investigate the order of magnitude of an optimal urban parking
fee. In particular, these results confirm the importance of
taking into accounts effects on other distorted transport
markets when deciding upon the level of the price for on-street
parking. The model confirms that while parking pricing reform
may lead to substantial improvements in parking search times,
there is little overall impact on road congestion levels.
}
}
@techreport{CalPro02,
author = {Edward Calthrop and Stef Proost},
title = {Regulating on-street parking},
year = 2002,
institution = {Katholieke Universiteit Leuven},
type = {Working Paper},
number = {2002-02},
keywords = {urban economics, congestion pricing, parking},
url = {http://weblog.kuleuven.be/dlcount.php?id=ete\&url=http://www.econ.kuleuven.be/ete/downloads/ete-wp02-02.pdf},
abstract = {
Consider the choices available to a shopper driving to a city and
trying to park downtown. One option, typical to many cities, is
to follow the signposts to an off-street parking facility,
which is often privately operated. Another option is to search for
an on-street spot. If this proves unsuccessful, it is always
possible to return to the off-street facility. We formalise
such a setting and examine optimal on-street parking policy in
the presence of an off-street market. Not surprisingly, the
amount of socially-wasteful searching behaviour is shown to
depend on the prices of both the off- and on-street market. If
the off-street market is run competitively, optimal on-street
policy reduces to a simple and attractive rule: set the
on-street price equal to the resource cost of off-street
parking supply. Other pricing rules result in either excessive
searching behaviour or excessive off-street investment costs.
Time restrictions - a common alternative to on-street fees -
are also shown to be inefficient. In practice, however,
off-street markets are unlikely to be competitive. We examine the
case of a single off-street supplier playing as a Stackelberg
follower to the government regulated on-street market. Based on
a numerical example (calibrated to London), optimal on-street
policy is shown to either involve setting a relatively high
on-street price, such that the monopolist is induced to
undercut and gain the entire parking demand, or setting a
relatively low price, while the monopolist maximises profit on
the residual demand curve. Which strategy is optimal is shown
to be parameter dependent.
}
}
@techreport{CalPro04,
author = {Edward Calthrop and Stef Proost},
title = {Regulating on-street parking},
year = 2004,
institution = {Katholieke Universiteit Leuven},
type = {Working Paper},
number = {2004-10},
keywords = {urban economics, congestion pricing, parking},
url = {http://weblog.kuleuven.be/dlcount.php?id=ete\&url=http://www.econ.kuleuven.be/ete/downloads/ETE-WP-2004-10.PDF},
abstract = {
Consider a shopper or tourist driving downtown and trying to park.
Two strategies are usually available: either park at a private
off-street facility or search for a cheaper on-street spot. We
formalise such a setting and use the model to study optimal
government regulation of the on-street parking market. It is
shown that the optimal on-street fee equals the marginal cost
of off-street supply at the optimal quantity. If the off-street
market is supplied under constant returns to scale, this
provides a particular simple operational rule: the price on
street should match that off street. We also extend the model
to consider maximum length of stay restrictions and
non-competitive private supply. A numerical model, calibrated
to central London, investigates the magnitude of an optimal
fee.
}
}
@article{CalProvan00,
author = {Edward Calthrop and Stef Proost and Kurt {van Dender}},
title = {Parking Policies and Road Pricing},
year = 2000,
journal = {Urban Policy},
volume = 37,
number = 1,
pages = {63--76},
keywords = {parking, congestion pricing}
}
@techreport{Can04,
author = {Jeffrey J.~Cantos},
title = {Parking Strategies and Affordable Housing: An Efficient and
Equitable Approach},
year = 2004,
institution = {School of Planning, University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, parking},
url = {http://www.geog.utoronto.ca/programs/planning/planning\%20new/recentwork/2003/CIP/parkingstrategiespdf.pdf}
}
@techreport{deCer02,
author = {Allison L.C.~{de Cerre\~no}},
title = {Dynamics of On-Street Parking in Large Central Cities},
year = 2002,
institution = {Wagner Rudin Center for Transportation Policy \&
Management, New York University},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
url = {http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/transportation/files/street.pdf},
abstract = {Funded by the Federal Highway Administration, the purpose
of this report is three-fold: (1) to determine, to the degree
possible, the impact that on-street parking has on
transportation, development, and land-use; (2) to identify and
review comprehensively ``on-street'' parking policies and
management practices in large cities; and, (3) to recommend
best practice strategies for on-street parking in large cities.
The report is the culmination of a year-long study, which
included an extensive literature review, one-on-one discussions
with city parking officials, a peer-to-peer exchange session in
Boston, and a detailed questionnaire to which nine U.S. cities
responded.},
keywords = {parking}
}
@book{Chi98,
author = {Mark Childs},
title = {Parking Spaces: A Design, Implementation and Use Manual for
Architects, Planners and Engineers},
year = 1998,
publisher = {McGraw Hill},
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@article{ClaEtc93,
author = {P.~{Clarke et al.}},
title = {The use of stated preference techniques to investigate likely
responses to changes in workplace parking supply},
year = 1993,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 34,
number = {7/8},
pages = {350--354},
keywords = {parking}
}
@inproceedings{Coa97,
author = {Nigel Coates},
title = {Parking Policy and Bicycle Promotion in {O}xford},
year = 1997,
month = sep,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 1997},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
keywords = {bicycle planning, parking}
}
@article{CooGueBatLeM97,
author = {D.~Coombe and P.~Guest and J.~Bates and P.~{le Masurier}},
title = {Study of parking and traffic demand: {I}. The Research
Programme},
year = 1997,
month = feb,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 38,
number = 2,
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{DalSmi01,
author = {Martin Dale and Richard Smith},
title = {Estimating {L}ondon's Parking Space Capacity},
year = 2001,
month = sep,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 41,
number = 8,
pages = {325--328},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{DeaBecCraArcCaiKluLeuNi04,
author = {Elizabeth Deakin and Ally Bechtel and Amber Crabbe and Mary
Archer and Shannon Cairns and Andrew Kluter and Kamshing Leung and
Jason Ni},
title = {Parking Management and Downtown Land Development in
{B}erkeley, {C}alifornia},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1898,
pages = {124--129},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{EllWri82,
author = {J.R.~Elliot and C.C.~Wright},
title = {The collapse of parking enforcement in large towns: some
causes and solutions},
year = 1982,
month = jun,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 23,
number = 6,
pages = {304--310},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{Ene94,
author = {{Energy Pathways, Inc.}},
title = {Condominium Parking Standards in {M}ississauga},
year = 1994,
institution = {Canadian Mortgage and Housing Association},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@article{Eno02,
author = {M.~Enoch},
title = {{UK} Parking Cash Out Experience, and Lessons from
{C}alifornia},
year = 2002,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 48,
number = 5,
pages = {184--187},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{Fee86,
author = {B.P.~Feeney},
title = {A Review of the Impact of Parking Policy Measures on Travel
Demand},
year = 1986,
institution = {Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute},
type = {VTI Rapport},
number = {308A},
address = {Linkoping, Sweden},
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@article{Fee89,
author = {B.P.~Feeney},
title = {A Review of the Impact of Parking Policy Measures on Travel
Demand},
year = 1989,
journal = {Transportation Planning and Technology},
volume = 13,
pages = {229--234},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{FeiRot04,
author = {Eran Feitelson and Orit Rotem},
title = {The case for taxing surface parking},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 9,
number = 4,
pages = {319--333},
abstract = {
Surface parking generates multiple externalities. If left to the
market the supply of parking is likely to be suboptimal. But
parking requirements ignore most of the externalities. This
paper suggests that a tax approach may be a more efficient
method to internalize the externalities associated with parking
provision, thereby assuring an optimal supply of parking.
However, in practice it is infeasible to value all
externalities in monetary terms and to set such a tax. Hence, a
suboptimal flat surface parking tax is advanced. In addition to
its contribution to the reduction of externalities from land
cover, this tax is likely to have several noteworthy positive
attributes. It is simple to assess. It will provide an
incentive for intensifying the use of parking. It may also
increase the attractiveness of providing underground parking
relative to surface parking, thereby reducing the
attractiveness of suburban retail centers relative to central
cities. A discussion of implementation issues suggests that a
surface parking tax may face relatively low transaction costs.
These will be largely a function of the use of revenues. Hence,
the use of revenues should be specified when such a tax is
proposed.
},
keywords = {parking, transport planning }
}
@article{FukMor07,
author = {D.~Fukuda and S.~Morichi},
title = {Incorporating aggregate behavior in an individual's discrete
choice: An application to analyzing illegal bicycle parking behavior},
year = 2007,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 41,
number = 4,
pages = {313--325},
keywords = {parking, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Gil77,
author = {David W.~Gillen},
title = {Estimation and Specification of the Effects of Parking Costs
on Urban Transport Mode Choice},
year = 1977,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 4,
pages = {186--199},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Gil78,
author = {David W.~Gillen},
title = {Parking Policy, Parking Location Decisions and the
Distribution of Congestion},
year = 1978,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 7,
number = 1,
pages = {69--86},
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@article{GolYanHar02,
author = {J.~Golias and G.~Yannis and M.~Harvatis},
title = {Off-street parking choice sensitivity},
year = 2002,
journal = {Transportation Planning and Technology},
volume = 25,
number = 4,
pages = {333--348},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{GraVanPic94,
author = {S.~Gray and C.~Vance and M.P.~Pickett},
title = {Special parking areas in {L}ondon},
year = 1994,
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory},
address = {London, UK},
number = {TRL-97-279},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{Har93,
author = {Patrick H.~Hare},
title = {Making Housing Affordable by Reducing Second Car Ownership},
year = 1993,
month = apr,
institution = {Patrick Hare Planning and Design},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, equity, parking}
}
@techreport{Har95,
author = {Patrick H.~Hare},
title = {Planning, Transportation, and the Home Economics of Reduced
Car Ownership; Planning as if Household Budgets Mattered},
year = 1995,
month = apr,
institution = {Patrick Hare Planning and Design},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, equity, parking}
}
@article{HawHil82,
author = {S.L.~Haworth and I.C.~Hilton},
title = {Car parking standards and the urban economy},
year = 1982,
month = nov,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 23,
number = 11,
pages = {537--542},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{HenKin01,
author = {David A.~Henser and J.~King},
title = {Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and
location in the {S}ydney central business district},
year = 2001,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 35,
number = 3,
pages = {177--196},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Hig89,
author = {T.~Higgins},
title = {Parking Management and Traffic Mitigation in Six Cities:
Implications for Local Policy},
year = 1989,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1232,
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@article{Hig92,
author = {Thomas Higgins},
title = {Parking taxes: effectiveness, legality and implementation},
year = 1992,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 19,
pages = {221--230},
keywords = {parking, finance}
}
@article{HunTep93,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and S.~Tepley},
title = {A nested logit model of parking location choice},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research B},
volume = 27,
number = 4,
pages = {253--266},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{ITE04,
author = {{Institute of Transportation Engineers}},
title = {Parking Generation},
year = 2004,
institution = {Institute of Transportation Engineers},
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@book{JakScu04,
author = {John A.~Jakle and Keith A.~Sculle},
title = {Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture},
publisher = {University Press of Virginia},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, urban form, parking}
}
@article{JavSen99,
author = {Massoud Javid and Prianka N.~Seneviratne},
title = {Sizing parking facilities at airports},
year = 1999,
journal = {Journal of Advanced Transportation},
volume = 33,
number = 3,
pages = {253--272},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{JiaWac98,
author = {Wenya Jia and Martin Wachs},
title = {Parking and Affordable Housing},
year = 1998,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 13,
pages = {22--25},
keywords = {transport planning, equity, parking}
}
@techreport{JiaWac98b,
author = {Wenya Jia and Martin Wachs},
title = {Parking and Housing Affordability: A Case Study of {S}an
{F}rancisco},
year = 1998,
institution = {University of California Transportation Center},
type = {Research Paper},
number = 380,
keywords = {transport planning, equity, parking},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?380.pdf}
}
@article{JiaWac99,
author = {Wenya Jia and Martin Wachs},
title = {Parking and Housing Affordability: A Case Study of {S}an
{F}rancisco},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1685,
keywords = {transport planning, equity, parking},
pages = {156--160}
}
@techreport{Kul74,
author = {D.~Kulash},
title = {Parking taxes as roadway prices: A case study of the {S}an
{F}rancisco experience},
year = 1974,
institution = {The Urban Institute},
type = {Paper},
number = {1212-9},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {congestion pricing, parking}
}
@techreport{Kuz03,
author = {Richard J.~Kuzmyak},
title = {Parking Management and Supply},
year = 2003,
institution = {Transportation Cooperative Research Program,
U.S.~Federal Transit Administration},
type = {Report},
number = 95,
chapter = 18,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, parking},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp\%5Frpt\%5F95c18.pdf}
}
@article{Lam67,
author = {Thomas Lambe},
title = {The Choice of Parking Location by Workers in the {C}entral
{B}usiness {D}istrict},
year = 1967,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 23,
number = 3,
pages = {397--411},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@article{Lam96,
author = {Thomas Lambe},
title = {Driver Choice of Parking in the City},
year = 1996,
journal = {Socio-Economic Planning Sciences},
volume = 30,
number = 3,
pages = {207--219},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{Lem01,
author = {Andr{\'e} Lemelin},
title = {Calcul de l'impact sur la circulation automobile d'une taxe
sur le stationnement dans la grande région de {M}ontréal},
year = 2001,
month = nov,
type = {Inédits},
number = {2001-6},
address = {Montréal, QC, Canada},
institution = {Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique:
Urbanisation, Culture et Société},
url = {http://www.inrs-ucs.uquebec.ca/pdf/inedit2001_06.pdf},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{LemHamSte00,
author = {Andr{\'e} Lemelin and Pierre J.~Hamel and Alain Sterck},
title = {Étude sur la mise en place d'une taxe sur le stationnement
dans la grande région de {M}ontréal},
year = 2000,
address = {Montréal, QC, Canada},
institution = {Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique:
Urbanisation, Culture et Société},
url = {http://www.inrs-ucs.uquebec.ca/pdf/rap2000_01.pdf},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{Lev82,
author = {H.S.~Levinson},
title = {Parking in a Changing Time},
year = 1982,
institution = {Eno Foundation for Transportation},
address = {Westport, CT, USA},
abstract = {
Parking's broad influence over travel in the modern urban setting
is discussed, including recent changes in urban priorities and
transport policies created by contemporary concerns for
environment, energy, and air pollution. Downtown parking issues
and options are reviewed. They include questions related to how
parking affects and is affected by many other factors,
including community development, environemental concerns,
transportation goals, existing parking facilities and street
systems, urban and suburban transit stops and the like. The
impacts of increasing or decreasing automobile access are
depicted. Three basic city center types are identified and
described: extensively transit-oriented, intermediate transit
use, and predominantly automobile oriented. The basic problems
posed by commuter parking are covered, as are options for
dealing with them. Four options for downtown parking and
transportation policy are presented: trend projection, maintain
present auto-transit balance, all future growth by transit, and
reduce the number of automobiles accumulated downtown. Air
quality considerations are mentioned. Parking supply and demand
can be adjusted by stabilizing downtown parking supply,
revising parking rates to encourage short- term use, and
implementing new zoning policies to limit parking. Each option
is discussed. Urban parking policies require community
participation. The groups and concerns involved are reviewed.
Parking guidelines are suggested for major transit corridors.
Recommendations are made on issues to be considered in forming
parking policies and programs in the future.
},
keywords = { parking, transportation demand management, transport planning}
}
@article{ManSho05,
author = {Michael Manville and Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {People, Parking and Cities},
year = 2005,
month = dec,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 131,
number = 4,
pages = {233--245},
url = {http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/People,Parking,CitiesJUPD.pdf},
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@article{MarGar06,
author = {Wesley E.~Marshall and Norman W.~Garrick},
title = {Parking at Mixed-Use Centers in Small Cities},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1977,
pages = {164--171},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{MehWacShoPla87,
author = {M.~Mehranian and Martin Wachs and Donald C.~Shoup and
R.~Platkin},
title = {Parking Costs and Mode Choices among Downtown workers: a case
study},
year = 1987,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1130,
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{MeyMcS83,
author = {Michael D.~Meyer and M.~Mc{S}hane},
title = {Parking policy and downtown economic development},
year = 1983,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 109,
pages = {27--43},
keywords = {parking, urban planning}
}
@techreport{MilStrBia96,
author = {Gerard C.S.~Mildner and James G.~Strathman and Martha J.~Bianco},
title = {Travel and Parking Behavior in the {U}nited {S}tates},
year = 1996,
month = dec,
type = {Discussion Paper},
number = {DP96-7},
institution = {Center for Urban Studies, Portland State University},
abstract = {
This paper looks at the connection between the regulation of
parking by cities, transit service levels, and travel and parking
behavior in the United States. Travel behavior information comes
from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and
the Federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration's 1990 Section
15 Report. Data on the current state of parking programs in place
in central business districts of the U.S. is identifed through
telephone interviews of local officials responsible for parking
policies from the twenty cities identified in the NPTS. The travel
behavior analyses and the data from the parking officials
interviews were combined with data from the Federal Highway
Administration's Journey-to-Work data to group cities according to
their parking policies, transit service, and ridership levels on a
continuum of ``Transit- Accommodating Cities'' and ``Auto-Accommodating
Cities''. A key finding is that cities with interventionist parking
policies, high parking prices and limited supply, frequent transit
service, and a high probability that travelers will pay to park are
the most likely to have high transit ridership figures.
},
url = {http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CUS/publications/docs/DP96-7.pdf},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{MilStrBia97,
author = {Gerard C.S.~Mildner and James G.~Strathman and Martha
J.~Bianco},
title = {Parking Policies and Commuting Behavior},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 51,
number = 1,
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Mil02c,
author = {A.~Millard-Ball},
title = {Putting on their parking caps},
year = 2002,
month = apr,
journal = {Planning},
pages = {16--21},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Mil93,
author = {Eric J.~Miller},
title = {{C}entral {A}rea Mode Choice and Parking Demand},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1413,
pages = {60--69},
keywords = {parking, canada, transportation demand management}
}
@article{MilEve82,
author = {G.~Miller and C.~Everett},
title = {Raising Commuter Parking Prices: An Empirical Study},
year = 1982,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 11,
pages = {105--129},
keywords = {parking}
}
@inproceedings{MorBol96,
author = {J.~Morrall and D.~Bolger},
title = {Cost Effectiveness through Innovation},
year = 1996,
month = oct,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1996 Transportation Assocation of
Canada Annual Conference},
address = {Charlottetown, Canada},
abstract = {
This paper was presented at the 'Cost-Effective Traffic Operations
Through Innovation' session. The importance of parking policies
as complementary policies to an overall urban transportation
strategy has been acknowledged as a key component in
influencing both transit use and ridesharing. The main focus of
this article is the relationship between downtown long-stay
parking supply and transit use, and the implications of this
relationship for developing downtown parking policies. Based on
a survey of Canadian cities, it was determined that peak hour
transit modal split to downtown areas is inversely proportional
to the ratio of long-stay parking stalls per downtown employee.
The analysis indicated that this relationship is highly
statistically significant for Canadian and American cities. The
implication of the findings is that the main choice with
respect to establishing a long-stay parking policy is directly
linked to the modal split goal. Thus, policy makers should
first establish a desirable and achievable modal split goal and
then establish a long-stay parking strategy which would match
the supply of long-stay parking with the modal split goal.
},
keywords = {parking, transportation demand management, canada}
}
@article{MorBol96b,
author = {J.~Morrall and D.~Bolger},
title = {The relationship between Downtown Parking Supply and Transit
Use},
year = 1996,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
volume = 66,
number = 2,
abstract = {
Parking policies can complement an overall urban transportation
strategy by influencing both transit use and ridesharing. This
article presents a study of the downtown parking supply and
transportation policies of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in
relation to other Canadian cities. The focus of the study is
the relationship between downtown parking supply and transit
use. In a study survey, a strong relationship is found between
peak-period modal split to public transit and the supply of
downtown parking. Specifically, the proportion of downtown
commuters using public transportation is inversely proportional
to the ratio of parking stalls per downtown employee.
},
keywords = {parking, transportation demand management, canada}
}
@article{Nel97,
author = {Amanda Nelson},
title = {Fear of parking},
year = 1997,
month = jan,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 66,
number = 1,
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{NelNyg02,
author = {{Nelson/Nygaard Consulting}},
title = {Housing Shortage / Parking Surplus},
year = 2002,
institution = {Transportation and Land Use Coalition},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
url = {http://www.transcoalition.org/reports/housing_s/housing_shortage_home.html},
keywords = {urban planning, equity, parking}
}
@article{Nic95,
author = {J.~Nicolson},
title = {Parking in town centres: the key to sustainability},
year = 1995,
journal = {Highways and Transportation},
volume = 42,
number = 11,
pages = {16--18},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{ParBen02,
author = {Ian W.H.~Parry and Antonio Bento},
title = {Estimating the Welfare Effect of Congestion Taxes: The
Critical Importance of Other Distortions within the Transport
System},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 51,
number = 2,
pages = {339--365},
keywords = { congestion pricing, parking, urban economics }
}
@article{PenDueStr97,
author = {Zhongren Peng and Kenneth J.~Dueker and James G.~Stratham},
title = {Residential Location, Employment Location and Commuter
Responses to Parking Charges},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1556,
pages = {109--118},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Pet04,
author = {Romain Petiot},
title = {Parking enforcement and travel demand management},
year = 2004,
journal = { Transport Policy},
volume = 11,
number = 4,
pages = {399--411},
keywords = {parking, transportation demand management}
}
@article{Rob01,
author = {Kent A.~Robertson},
title = {Parking and Pedestrians: Balancing Two Key Elements in
Downtown Development},
year = 2001,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 55,
number = 2,
pages = {29--42},
abstract = {
Two important transportation goals for most American downtowns are
to provide sufficient parking spaces to meet the demand of
motorists and an attractive pedestrian-friendly environment.
Yet, when planned for separately, these two goals frequently
contradict each other. This article discusses the
characteristics, problems, and strategies associated with
downtown pedestrians and parking and advocates an integrated
approach wherein the needs of both pedestrians and motorists
are balanced. The keys to achieving this balance are (1)
finding appropriate locations for off-street parking facilities
that do not impede pedestrian flow, and (2) designing parking
facilities that are sensitive to pedestrians and facilitate
pedestrian connections.
},
keywords = {parking, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{Rus01,
author = {Ryan Russo},
title = {Parking \& Housing: Best Practices for Increasing Housing
Affordability and Achieving {S}mart {G}rowth},
year = 2001,
institution = {The Non-Profit Housing Association of Northern
California, Inc.},
url = {http://www.nonprofithousing.org/actioncenter/toolbox/parking/ParkingandHousing.pdf},
keywords = {parking, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Sha97,
author = {J.G.~Shaw},
title = {Planning for Parking},
year = 1997,
institution = {University of Iowa Public Policy Center},
address = {Ames, IA, USA},
keywords = {parking}
}
@incollection{Shi02,
author = {Y.~Shiftan},
title = {The Effects of Parking Pricing and Supply on Travel Patterns
to a Major Business District},
year = 2002,
editor = {E.~Stern and I.~Salomon and P.~Bovy},
booktitle = {Travel Behaviour: Spatial Patterns, Congestion and
Modelling},
publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
address = {Cheltenham, UK},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{ShiBur01,
author = {Y.~Shiftan and R.~Burd-Eden},
title = {Modeling Response to Parking Policy},
year = 2001,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1765,
pages = {27--34},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Sho95,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {An opportunity to reduce minimum parking requirements},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 61,
number = 1,
pages = {14--28},
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@article{Sho97,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {The High Cost of Free Parking},
year = 1997,
month = {Fall},
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 17,
number = 1,
pages = {3--20},
keywords = {transport planning, parking},
abstract = {
Urban planners typically set minimum parking requirements to meet
the peak demand for parking at each land use, without
considering either the price motorists pay for parking or the
cost of providing the required parking spaces. By reducing the
market price of parking, minimum parking requirements provide
subsidies that inflate parking demand, and this inflated demand
is then used to set minimum parking requirements. When
considered as an impact fee, minimum parking requirements can
increase development costs by more than 10 times the impact
fees for all other public purposes combined. Eliminating
minimum parking requirements would reduce the cost of urban
development, improve urban design, reduce automobile
dependency, and restrain urban sprawl.
},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?351.pdf}
}
@article{Sho03,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {Truth in Transportation Planning},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Transportation and Statistics},
volume = 6,
number = 1,
pages = {1--16},
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@article{Sho04,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue},
year = 2004,
month = nov,
journal = {Regional Science and Urban Economics},
volume = 34,
number = 6,
pages = {753--784},
abstract = {
Free or underpriced curb parking creates a classic commons problem.
Studies have found that between 8\% and 74\% of cars in congested
traffic were cruising in search of curb parking, and that the
average time to find a curb space ranged between 3 and 14 min.
Cities can eliminate the economic incentive to cruise by
charging market-clearing prices for curb parking spaces.
Market-priced curb parking can yield between 5\% and 8\% of the
total land rent in a city, and in some neighborhoods can yield
more revenue than the property tax.
},
keywords = {parking}
}
@book{Sho05,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {The High Cost of Free Parking},
year = 2005,
publisher = {American Planning Association},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Sho05b,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {Parking Cash Out},
year = 2005,
institution = {American Planning Association},
type = {Planning Advisory Service Report},
number = 532,
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@article{Sho05c,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {{S}an {F}rancisco and {L.A.}: Parking Makes the Difference},
year = 2005,
month = jan,
journal = {Planning},
volume = 71,
number = 1,
pages = {36--37},
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@incollection{ShoBre97,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup and M.~Breinholt},
title = {Employer-paid parking: a nationwide survey of employers'
parking subsidy policies},
year = 1997,
booktitle = {The Full Social Costs and Benefits of Transportation},
editor = {D.~Greene and D.~Jones and M.~Delucchi},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
address = {Heidelberg, Germany},
keywords = {parking, transport planning}
}
@article{ShoPic78,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup and Donald H.~Pickrell},
title = {Problems with Parking Requirements in Zoning Ordinances},
year = 1978,
month = oct,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 32,
number = 4,
pages = {545--563},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{ShoPic80,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup and Donald H.~Pickrell},
title = {Free Parking as a Transportation Problem},
year = 1980,
institution = {U.S. Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{ShoWil92,
author = {Donald C.~Shoup and Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Employer-Paid Parking: The Problem and a Proposed Solution},
year = 1992,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 46,
number = 2,
pages = {169--192},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{SmiHek85,
author = {S.~Smith and A.~Hekimian},
title = {Parking Requirements for Local Zoning Ordinances},
year = 1985,
journal = {ITE Journal},
volume = 55,
pages = {35--40},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{SPUR98,
author = {SPUR},
title = {Reducing Housing Costs by Rethinking Parking Requirements},
year = 1998,
institution = {The {S}an {F}rancisco Planning and Urban Research
Association},
url = {http://www.spur.org/documents/spurhsgpkg.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, equity, parking}
}
@article{StiSim00,
author = {Ben Still and David C.~Simmonds},
title = {Parking Restraint Policy and Urban Vitality},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 20,
number = 3,
pages = {291--316},
keywords = {urban planning, parking},
abstract = {
The aim of the paper is to examine whether parking restraint
policies may have impacts on the economic vitality of urban
centres. Literature from empirical, attitudinal and modelling
studies is reviewed within a structure based around a conceptual
framework of parking impacts. The search for relevant material was
undertaken both for the UK and overseas, but the discussion and
conclusions were related to the UK context. Original modelling was
undertaken and is reported here. This review found that as parking
restraint policies have not been previously implemented with
consistency or longevity, there is a lack of direct evidence, given
that land-use impacts typically involve a long-term response.
Furthermore, different methods of examining impacts have come to
very different conclusions. Attitudinal evidence suggests that
there is a high level of sensitivity to parking provision, whereas
aggregate statistical studies tend to find only a weak
relationship. The reasons underlying these differences are
discussed. Land-use/transport models show impacts if there is
sufficient change in generalized cost, although the spatial
distribution of impacts, and impacts by household or employment
disaggregation, vary considerably. Given the inconclusive nature of
the evidence to date, only tentative policy implications can be
drawn. Recommendations for further research are outlined, both for
empirical study and for model enhancements.
},
doi = {10.1080/014416400412823},
url = {http://www.etudes.ccip.fr/archrap/pdf99/lem9905a.pdf}
}
@article{SurShoWac84,
author = {M.~Surber and Donald C.~Shoup and Martin Wachs},
title = {Effects of Ending Employer-Paid Parking for Solo Drivers},
year = 1984,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 957,
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Top91,
author = {Hartmutt H.~Topp},
title = {Parking policies in large cities in {G}ermany},
year = 1991,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 18,
pages = {3--21},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Top93,
author = {Hartmutt H.~Topp},
title = {Parking policies to reduce car use in {G}erman cities},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 13,
pages = {83--95},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{TC78,
author = {{Transport Canada}},
title = {The Effects of the Imposition of Parking Charges on Urban
Travel in {C}anada},
year = 1978,
type = {Summary Report},
number = {TP-291},
institution = {Transport Canada},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@article{Tsa01,
author = {D.A.~Tsamboulaspos},
title = {Parking fare thresholds: a policy tool},
year = 2001,
month = apr,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 8,
number = 2,
pages = {115--124},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{UlbEtcWhi92,
author = {Cy Ulberg and Graciela Etchart and Bethany Whitaker},
title = {Local Option Commercial Parking Tax Analysis},
year = 1992,
month = jan,
institution = {University of Washington, Washington State
Transportation Center (TRAC)},
address = {Seattle, WA, USA},
keywords = {parking},
url = {http://www.landcentre.ca/lcframedoc.cfm?ID=1466}
}
@book{ULINPA00,
author = {{Urban Land Institute} and {National Parking Association}},
title = {The Dimensions of Parking},
edition = {4th},
publisher = {The Urban Land Institute},
year = 2000,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {parking},
rating = 1
}
@article{vanWaeTimBor02,
author = {van der Waerden, Peter and Harry J.P.~Timmermans and Aloys Borgers},
title = {{PAMELA}: Parking Analysis Model for Predicting Effects in
Local Areas},
year = 2002,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1781,
doi = {10.3141/1781-02},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{VerNijRie96,
author = {Erik Verhoef and Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietvald},
title = {Regulatory parking policies at the firm level},
year = 1996,
journal = {Environment and Planning C},
volume = 14,
number = 3,
pages = {385--406},
keywords = { parking },
abstract = {
This paper is focused on the intersection of two main
policy 'tracks' followed in the Netherlands for the containment of
road transport externalities: transport plans at the firm
level, and regulatory parking policies. In this paper an
applied modelling approach is taken, and the aim is to identify
the relative importance of factors that are decisive for the
viability of an individual firm's parking policies. The
outcomes of an empirical survey conducted at the corporate
level of the Free University in Amsterdam are used to discuss
the social feasibility of regulatory parking policies conducted
at the firm level (in terms of the employees' attitudes) and
the effectiveness of such policies. Insight is provided into
relevant backgrounds and obstacles serving to affect employees'
commuting behaviour and that are likely to be encountered in
the formulation of regulatory transport policies at the firm
level. Moreover, the outcomes of this research may be relevant
for the evaluation of regulatory parking policies at larger
spatial scales (for example, neighbourhood parking schemes).
}
}
@techreport{WeaLev90,
author = {Robert Weant and Henry Levinson},
title = {Parking},
year = 1990,
institution = {Eno Foundation for Transportation},
address = {Westport, CT, USA},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{Wil88,
author = {Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Parking Subsidies and the Drive-Alone Commuter: New Evidence
and Implications},
year = 1988,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1181,
keywords = {transport planning, parking}
}
@article{Wil92,
author = {Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Estimating the Travel and Parking Effects of Employer-Paid
Parking},
year = 1992,
journal = {Regional Science and Urban Economics},
volume = 22,
pages = {133--145},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{Wil92b,
author = {Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Suburban Parking Economics and Policy: Case Studies of Office
Worksites in {S}outhern {C}alifornia},
year = 1992,
number = {FTA-CA-11-0036-92-1},
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {parking}
}
@techreport{Wil05,
author = {Richard W.~Willson},
title = {Replacement Parking for Joint Development: An Access Policy
Methodology},
year = 2005,
month = apr,
institution = {San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, Departments of
Planning and Real Estate},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{WilSho90,
author = {Richard W.~Willson and Donald C.~Shoup},
title = {Parking Subsidies and Travel Choices: Assessing the Evidence},
year = 1990,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 17,
pages = {141--157},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{YouTay91,
author = {W.~Young and M.~Taylor},
title = {A parking model hierarchy},
year = 1991,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 18,
pages = {37--58},
keywords = {parking}
}
@article{YouThoTay91,
author = {W.~Young and R.G.~Thompson and M.A.P.~Taylor},
title = {A review of car parking models},
year = 1991,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
pages = {63--84},
keywords = {parking}
}
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