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@techreport{Alt04,
author = {{Alta Planning and Design}},
title = {{S}an {F}rancisco's Shared Lane Pavement Markings: Improving
Bicycle Safety},
year = 2004,
institution = {San Francisco Department of Parking and Traffic},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
url = {http://www.bicycle.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/dpt/bike/Bike_Plan/Shared Lane Marking Full Report-052404.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement marking},
annote = {
Some useful research on a distinctive type of bicycle facility. I
still have mixed feelings on this design, although I can definitely
imagine situations where it would be useful. The two major positive
points are: it legitimizes cyclists taking the lane; improves distance
between bicycles and door zone on streets where bicycles could not
be otherwise accommodated. These are both major design achievements;
I've spent some time thinking about these exact problems, and
haven't come up with anything nearly as effective as this.
However, I'm worried that this could be used as an
excuse to not build bicycle lanes. A properly designed
bicycle lane and parking zone should leave a buffer between parking
and cyclists, and is more inviting on busy streets than a shared
lane could be. Furthermore, a bicycle lane gives cyclists a real
speed advantage in congested traffic: their lane might be empty
while vehicle lanes are bumper-to-bumper.
The report shows that these
markings encourage drivers to give bikes more clearance when
passing, and gives bicycles the comfort margin needed to get them
out of the dooring zone. Unfortunately, they don't address the
issue of pavement markings to encourage parked cars to stay close
to the curb, which is also an important part of the story.
},
status = {read}
}
@incollection{AshJohJamBroGre02,
author = {Colin Ashton-{G}raham and Gary John and Bruce James and
Werner Br{\"o}g and Helen Grey-Smith},
title = {Increasing cycling through `soft' measures
({T}ravel{S}mart)---{P}erth, {W}estern {A}ustralia},
year = 2002,
chapter = 18,
pages = {274--289},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, marketing, transit},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{AulKal99,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and M.~Kaltenecker},
title = {{T}oronto bicycle commuter safety rates},
year = 1999,
month = nov,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 31,
number = 6,
pages = {675--686},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada, toronto},
annote = {
Interesting. This is one of the first thorough, scientific attempts
at understanding cycling collisions that I've seen. The sampling
methodology is always tricky, and their approach here is certainly
not perfect. I would have liked to see questions about the type of
facility where falls/collisions happened in their survey---this
seems like vital information. The actual dataset also has its
problems: only a small fraction of total exposure was on paths or
sidewalks (6\%). Additionally, the study area only contains a small
amount of path facilities (74km), and from what I know of Toronto
paths, most were built quite a long time ago and are very poorly
designed and maintained. Many sections of the Martin Goodman
waterfront trail were horrific when I rode it to work in 1999, and
there are some really dodgy sections in the Don Valley system.
But otherwise, the study methodology is fairly sound, and the
authors are suitably conservative in their conclusions. I don't
fully understand their weighting system, but I'll reread that at
some point.
Overall, I'd be very hesitant to condemn paths or sidewalks on the
basis of a study like this. Sidewalks definitely have problems, but
this study really only shows that badly designed/maintained paths
are unsafe---not a surprise, really. And it says nothing at all
about the ``bicycle segregation'' debate, despite popular citations
on Wikipedia for that purpose.
}
}
@inproceedings{Ber04,
author = {Inger Marie Bernhoft},
title = {Risk perception and behavior of elderly pedestrians and
cyclists in cities in {D}enmark},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, streets},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000897.pdf},
abstract = {
The risk perception and behavior of elderly pedestrians and
cyclists in cities in Denmark have been revealed by means of a
questionnaire administered to both elderly people aged 70 and
above and a control group aged 40--49, and interviews with some
of the elderly respondents. The elderly appreciate pedestrian
crossings, signalized intersections and cycle paths
significantly more than the control group does. To a larger
extent they feel that it is dangerous to cross the road where
these facilities are missing. Furthermore, the elderly
pedestrians find the presence of a sidewalk very important on
their route whereas the control group more often chooses the
fastest route. Differences within the group of elderly
respondents can be related to differences in health and
physical abilities rather that to differences in age.
Generally, the elderly road users state a more cautious
behavior in specific traffic situations than the control group.
Thus, a significantly higher proportion of the elderly than the
control group choose to walk up to a pedestrian crossing if
they can see one and stop the bicycle before turning left, and
a significantly lower proportion of the elderly choose to cross
at a red light, ride on the sidewalk and ride in the opposite
direction on the cycle path.
}
}
@techreport{Bla02,
author = {Timothy Blair},
title = {The Bicycle Compatibility of Streets in Downtown {C}algary},
year = 2002,
institution = {University of Calgary, Department of Environmental
Design-Planning},
address = {Calgary, AB, Canada},
type = {Master's Project},
url = {http://www.ucalgary.edu/evds/people/alumni/alumni/planning/Tim_Blair/Tim_Blair_MDP.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@incollection{Boh02,
author = {Wolfgang Bohle},
title = {{G}erman cycling policy experience},
year = 2002,
chapter = 13,
pages = {209--222},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@mastersthesis{Cal99,
author = {Beth Callister},
title = {Vancouver area bicycle groups: approaches and effectiveness},
school = {University of British Columbia, School of Community and
Regional Planning},
year = 1999,
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
annote = {
An interesting little essay, including some historical facts about
Vancouver cycling groups that I wasn't aware of, such as the
fact that BEST was originally an offshoot of Bicycle People.
Too bad there's no online copy... reading it on microfiche on
UBC campus is a pain.
},
keywords = {activism, bicycle planning, urban politics, canada},
status = {read}
}
@article{CerDun03,
author = {Robert Cervero and Michael Duncan},
title = {Walking, Bicycling and Urban Landscapes: Evidence from the
{S}an {F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
year = 2003,
volume = 93,
number = 9,
pages = {1478--1483},
keywords = {active transportation, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, bicycle modelling},
status = {read},
abstract = {
Some claim that cardependent cities contribute to obesity by
discouraging walking and bicycling. In this article, we use household
activity data from the San Francisco region to study the links between
urban environments and nonmotorized travel.
We used factor analysis to represent the urban design and land-use
diversity dimensions of built environments. Combining factor scores
with control variables, like steep terrain, that gauge impediments to
walking and bicycling, we estimated discrete-choice models.
Builtenvironment factors exerted far weaker, although not
inconsequential, influences on walking and bicycling than control
variables.
Stronger evidence on the importance of urban landscapes in shaping foot
and bicycle travel is needed if the urban planning and public health
professions are to forge an effective alliance against cardependent
sprawl.
},
annote = {
A good study looking at the factors influencing cycling and
walking. The perspective is Cervero's usual framework, the three Ds:
density, diversity and design. All three are found to have significant
influences on bicycle usage, with the residential end being
slightly more important. Of the urban form variables, the presence
of neighbourhood retail is found to be the strongest predictor of
walking.
From an evaluation standpoint, I wish these authors would
standardize/normalize the coefficients of their models! After
limiting to statistically significant variables, normalization
would allow me to compare the relative influence of each
variable on bicycle usage. It would also be extremely useful to
include the mean and standard deviation of all input variables, to
allow some rough comparisons to other study areas. If the input
data has low variance (e.g., a uniformly low-density suburb),
meaningful patterns could be missed.
Finally, the bicycle model seems pretty shoddy---the rho-squared
value is only 0.13! Since it only considers factors at origin and
destination, I imagine it's missing a massive amount of valuable
data, like the topography, safety and quality of the route itself.
},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1447996}
}
@incollection{Cla02,
author = {Andy Clarke},
title = {{US} bicycle planning},
year = 2002,
chapter = 17,
pages = {263--273},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@incollection{Cle02,
author = {Jo Cleary},
title = {Developing healthy travel habits in the young: Safe Routes to
School in the {UK}},
year = 2002,
chapter = 6,
pages = {86--99},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@techreport{CT03,
author = {{City of Toronto}},
title = {Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Collision Study},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {{City of Toronto}},
year = 2003,
status = {read},
url = {http://www.toronto.ca/transportation/publications/bicycle_motor-vehicle/pdf/car-bike_collision_report.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
annote = {
An excellent, through report of bicycle/motor vehicle collisions,
in a Canadian context. See also: Tom00.
}
}
@techreport{CV02,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Downtown Transportation Plan},
year = 2002,
institution = {City of Vancouver},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/dtp/final.htm},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, goods movement, transit, canada},
annoteurl = {http://www.davidpritchard.org/vacc/dtp},
annote = {
This was my real introduction to transport planning, and now in
retrospect I can see that this document represents a very
progressive stance on transportation planning. See some of my
detailed comments on cycling at the VACC website; I've been the
lead person on downtown issues for the VACC for the last several
years.
}
}
@techreport{CVES99,
author = {{City of Vancouver Engineering Services}},
title = {1999 Bicycle Plan: Reviewing the Past, Planning the Future},
year = 1999,
institution = {City of Vancouver},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/engsvcs/transport/cycling/pdf/1999bikeplan.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
annote = {
By the time I actually got around to reading this, I was familiar
with much of the content. I'm still surprised by how slowly they're
implementing the non-downtown recommendations, but I suppose the
downtown needs are by far the most pressing, and quite
time-consuming. I like the fact that they actually define
level-of-service measures for bicycle routes---I'd be curious to run
the counts through a GIS and see how the existing routes do in terms
of LoS.
}
}
@article{DeRRae01,
author = {Michelle De{R}obertis and Rhonda Rae},
title = {Buses and bicycles: Design alternatives for sharing the road},
year = 2001,
month = may,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
publisher = {Institute of Transportation Engineers},
volume = 71,
number = 5,
pages = {36--44},
status = {read},
keywords = { bicycle planning, transit, streets, pavement marking },
annote = {
This is a very good idea for streets with heavy bus traffic.
Following the VACC's recommendation, Vancouver has implemented
this on downtown Burrard St.
}
}
@techreport{DijLevThoThoVanVanNilJorLunLau98,
author = {Atze Dijkstra and Peter Levelt and Jytte Thomsen and Ole
Thorson and Jan {van Severen} and Peter Vansevenant and Puk
Kristine Nilsson and Else J{\o}rgensen and Belinda {la Cour Lund}
and Jan Grubb Laursen},
title = {Best practices to promote cycling and walking},
year = 1998,
status = {read},
url = { http://www.vejdirektoratet.dk/pdf/adonis/adonis.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, pavement colouring, pavement marking, streets},
institution = {{Danish Road Directorate}},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
abstract = {
The ADONIS project was commissioned by the European Commission to a
Consortium comprising 7 partners as part of the Fourth
Framework Programme. Original title of the project is: Analysis
and Development Of New Insight into Substitution of short car
trips by cycling and walking (ADONIS).
The ADONIS project was partly funded by the EU - DG VII
Transport RTD Programme, Urban Sector and was co-financed by
Danish Transport Council, Danish Ministry of Transport,
Municipality of Barcelona, Catalan Institute of Road safety,
SAINCO TRAFICO S.A., Swedish Transport \& Communications Research
Board and Belgian Institute for Traffic Safety.
},
annote = {
Interesting ideas:
C10 (New types of designs for bus stops) describes
some interesting ways of designing bus stops to reduce conflicts
with cyclists. In one of the options, the bicycle lane is against
the curb, but the bus does not pull into the curb to let passengers off.
Instead, it stops in its lane, and passengers walk across the bicycle
lane. To help them, zebra crossings are marked across the bicycle lane
at the bus doors. I think this design is only needed because buses in
Denmark are not allowed to pull up to the curb when there is a bicycle
lane. C17a-b (Two-way bicycle traffic in one-way streets in Belgium and
the Netherlands) gives some interesting background on the effectiveness
of this desirable tactic in those countries, and includes some useful
signs used there. C18 (two-way traffic on cycle tracks) makes the
interesting point that two-way tracks can be good solutions when there
are many T juntions on one side of the street, but few on the other
(e.g., next to rail tracks or water).
The crossings section is excellent: all of C19--C32 are worth
reading. These ideas are first-rate, and few of them have been
adopted in North America, from what I've seen. These are some of
the biggest issues that I have with current design on this
continent. I liked their use of the term ``cycle crossing''
where the bike lane/path is marked through an intersection.
The parking section (C33--C38) isn't too revolutionary. There are a
few interesting details of free public bicycle programmes, and
company bicycle programmes in C40--C42. The rest of the policy
section (C39--C44) was unexciting, and likewise for the education
section (C45--C52).
The organisation section had some interesting ideas. C53 discusses
bicycles on public transport (mainly commuter rail routes) in
Copenhagen. C56 (``BikeBusters'') describes a programme where committed
car drivers were given a free bike, free bus tickets for a year, and
asked to fill in trip diaries and track their weight and cholesterol.
Others describe bike-to-school programmes, bicycle courier
companies, and priority snow cleaning.
}
}
@article{DilCar03,
author = {Jennifer Dill and Theresa Carr},
title = {Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major {U.S.} Cities: If
you Build Them, Commuters will use them},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1828,
pages = {116--123},
abstract = {
Some surveys indicate that providing bicycle lanes and paths may
encourage more people to commute by bicycle. The presence of a
striped lane or separated path can increase a cyclist's
perception of safety. With growing concerns over traffic
congestion and vehicle pollution, public policy makers are
increasingly promoting bicycling as an alternative for
commuting and other utilitarian trip purposes. State and local
spending on bicycle facilities has increased significantly over
the past decade. Previous studies have linked higher levels of
bicycle commuting to various demographic and geographic
variables. At least one analysis showed that cities with higher
levels of bicycle infrastructure (lanes and paths) witnessed
higher levels of bicycle commuting. Research was conducted that
affirms that finding by analyzing data from 43 large cities
across the United States. This cross-sectional analysis
improves on previous research by including a larger sample of
cities, not including predominantly college towns, and using
consistent data from the Bureau of the Census 2000 Supplemental
Survey. Although the analysis has limitations, it does support
the assertion that new bicycle lanes in large cities will be
used by commuters.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
status = {read},
url = {http://web.pdx.edu/~jdill/Dill\%20Carr\%20TRR\%201828.pdf}
}
@techreport{DRD00,
author = {{Danish Road Directorate}},
title = {Collection of Cycle Concepts},
year = 2000,
status = {read},
url = {http://www.cities-for-cyclists.org/dokumenter/cyccon.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box, pavement colouring, bicycle segregation, bicycle parking, bicycle collisions, traffic calming},
institution = {{Danish Road Directorate}},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
abstract = {
Promotion of more and safer bicycle traffic produces healthier road
users and helps to create better towns. Collection of Cycle
Concepts presents some ideas on how to increase the use of
bicycles and how to prevent bicycle accidents.
The growth in car traffic is creating environmental problems
and congestion. Compared to other countries in Europe traffic
problems in Denmark are still modest. An important explanation
for this is the development in the course of the last century
of a robust bicycle culture. Today, one trip out of five in
Denmark is by bicycle.
The future role of the bicycle must also be strong in order to create a
sustainable society. It is important to develop and infrastructure that
permits the optimal exploitation of the bicycle's qualities and
possibilities.
A larger share of the short trips in towns can take place by
bicycle. The car is often indispensable on longer trips. The
bicycle can not be alone. Intermodality is important. The right
balance of good roads and paths for pedestrians, cyclists and
motorists can create better towns without losing the interaction
between modes of transport.
The bicycle can more often be used as feeder traffic for coach,
bus, train and plane on longer trips. This calls for safe an
functional access roads and terminals with good
possibilities for interchanges.
Not only road administrations, but also companies, institutions,
schools associations ets, must contribute to changing our attitudes
to transport and making it more acceptable to cycle. The
individual advantages are big. Half an hour's cycling daily
increases our mean life expectancy by 1--2 years and gives
better quality of life, both physically and mentally.
There are many measures that can be taken to improve cyclist
safety. In spite of this, the accident risk for Danish cyclists has
not changed over the past 25 years. It is necessary to approach the
problem more systematically and introduce proposed solutions and
places and among target groups where they will have the greatest
impact.
The main challenge is promoting more and safer bicycle traffic is
the need to implement a wide range of measures simultaneously. I
therefore invite the reader to consider the many ideas contained in
Collection of Cycle Concepts---and be inspired of those ideas,
which apply to local conditions.
},
annote = {
This is probably the best bicycle planning guide I've run into so
far. Throroughly recommended for anyone interested in these issues,
and for anyone already involved in bicycle planning or advocacy.
Some of the good stuff: route sweeping, every 2--8 weeks, plus extra
autumn service to deal with leaves and a special service for
weekends to deal with broken glass near nightlife zones (p.~123);
``cycle crossings,'' where pavement markings are extended through
an intersection to reduce conflicts with turning motor vehicles
(p.~89); advanced stop lines; cute advertisements (p.~37); signage
(pp.~102-105); effect of distance on mode choice (p.~46);
discussion of the need for small shops (p.~46); graph showing how
age affects cycling speed and distance (p.~12); wheel ramp on
stairs (p.~95); bike parking maps (p.~108), with symbols for
covered/uncovered and number of spaces.
}
}
@techreport{DT93,
author = {Department for Transport},
title = {{A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines for cyclists},
year = 1993,
institution = {Department for Transport, Traffic Advisory Unit},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box},
type = {Traffic Advisory Leaflet},
number = {08/93},
url = {http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_roads/documents/page/dft_roads_504724.hcsp},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{DT96,
author = {Department for Transport},
title = {Further development of {A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines},
year = 1996,
institution = {Department for Transport, Traffic Advisory Unit},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box},
type = {Traffic Advisory Leaflet},
number = {05/96},
url = {http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_roads/documents/page/dft_roads_504717.hcsp},
status = {read}
}
@article{FajCur01,
author = {Joel Fajans and Melanie Curry},
title = {Why Bicyclists Hate Stop Signs},
year = 2001,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 18,
pages = {28--31},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, streets, traffic controls},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/access.pl?access18.pdf}
}
@techreport{FHWA98-1,
author = {{U.S.~Federal Highway Administration}},
title = {Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index: a level of
service concept},
year = 1998,
number = {FHWA-RD-98-072},
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research/pedbike/bci/index.html},
annote = {
A very interesting study, with a good methodology for determining
cyclist comfort. It'd be nice to see this done with some leading-edge
designs, like bike boxes or coloured asphalt. The intserection pilot
study is also interesting, but inconclusive with respect to
design---they only tested 19 sites, which really doesn't seem sufficient
to cover the gamut of possible designs. The photographs they showed
were predominantly suburban settings, which isn't very helpful in
a typical urban Canadian context.
}
}
@article{Gar98b,
author = {Gary Gardner},
title = {When Cities Take Bicycles Seriously},
year = 1998,
month = {September/October},
journal = {World Watch Magazine},
volume = 115,
pages = {16--22},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/download/EP115A/},
annote = {
A basic overview of the rationale for urban bicycling, and
the obstacles facing further promotion. It has some interesting
points regarding bike-based police and parking enforcement. I
think those officers are great, along with the bike-based paramedics
(stretcher trailer and all) I saw in Vancouver's Grey Cup festivities
in November 2005.
}
}
@incollection{Gri02,
author = {John Grimshaw},
title = {The {UK} {N}ational {C}ycle {N}etwork: a millenium project},
year = 2002,
chapter = 7,
pages = {100--109},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{HanCaoMok06,
author = {Susan L.~Handy and Xinyu Cao and Patricia L.~Mokhtarian},
title = {Self-Selection in the Relationship Between the Built
Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from {N}orthern
{C}alifornia},
year = 2006,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 72,
number = 1,
quality = 4,
status = {read},
pages = {55--74},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
An excellent article investigating the role of attitudes in walking
and biking. Most importantly, they attempted a quasi-longitudinal
method. They discussed the feedbacks between the act of walking and
attitudes about walking, although their method is not sophisticated
enough to examine those feedbacks.
Some of the numbers are scary. For the average suburban respondent,
the minimum distance to any establishment was about 550m, versus
250m for an urban respondent. The distance to any household
maintenance establishment (e.g., groceries, drugstore, etc.) was
800m versus 400m for urban. No wonder no one walks!
Their cycling model had a surprisingly high R-squared value,
0.258---most disaggregate cycling models that I've seen are much
lower. Cervero \& Duncan had about 0.13; Krizek had about 0.22. Mind
you, this could just be a result of their model structure, which is
quite unusual.
Regarding their actual models, I'm mildly concerned by the
pro-bike/walk and pro-transit attitude variables in their cycling
model. While the signs are plausible, the variables are fairly
highly correlated; is it possible that the parameters are therefore
misestimated? (Mind you, a correlation of 0.3 isn't that high, at
the end of the day.) More importantly, what is the
``alternatives factor''? I'm guessing that it refers to the ``PA
options'' factor, but it's not clear. Finally, why is a change in
the ``socializing behaviour'' in the new neighbourhood associated
with greater cycling? This isn't explored in the paper, but I could
imagine that it means ``more other people out cycling''---the classic
``safety in numbers'' hypothesis from the cycling literature.
},
url = {http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/xinyu/JAPA_Walking.pdf}
}
@incollection{Har02,
author = {James Harrison},
title = {Planning for more cycling: the {Y}ork experience bucks the
trend},
year = 2002,
chapter = 9,
pages = {143--154},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@inproceedings{Her99,
author = {Lene Herrstedt},
title = {The {D}anish Strategy to Promote Safe Cycling},
year = 1999,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 99},
address = {Graz, Austria},
pages = {3--9},
status = {read},
url = {ftp://kamen.uni-mb.si/velo-city99/proceedings.pdf},
abstract = {
One of the targets in the Danish masterplan for transport ``Traffic
2005'' is to promote cycling and walking in Danish cities and at
the same time to improve traffic safety for cyclists and
pedestrians as well as for road users in general. Around 4\% of
car traffic mileage should be transferred to cycling and
walking before 2005. The traffic safety target of the
masterplan, in spite of increasing traffic is to reduce the
number of persons killed and injured by 45\% before the year
2000 with reference to the year 1988. In 1997, the Danish
Government published a new national traffic safety strategy
``Every accident is one too many''. This strategy pays specific
attention to the safety of cyclists. Demonstration projects
co-financed by the government have been initiated to
demonstrate some examples on how to realize the intentions and
targets. In addition, new research activities have been
initiated. In 1997, the Ministry of Transport established a
Cyclist Forum with the purpose of creating a dialogue among
local, regional and state level Road Authorities and the
different players involved or related to planning and safety of
cycling. In the spring of 1999, the Ministry of Transport is
going to introduce a new national cycling strategy and the
Danish Road Directorate will introduce a new handbook for local
technicians and planners - a Catalogue of Ideas for
recommendable solutions to promote safe cycling. This paper
presents the Danish strategy for promoting safe cycling -
including an overview of the policy, activities and experiences
so far.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{HesMil06,
author = {Paul Hess and Beth M.~Milroy},
title = {Making {T}oronto's Streets},
year = 2006,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography and Planning},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
quality = 4,
status = {read},
url = { http://www.cuhi.utoronto.ca/research/Toronto%20Streets%20Report%20Sept%202006.pdf },
keywords = { streets, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, canada, street design, urban design, prioritisation }
}
@incollection{Hol02,
author = {Dave Holladay},
title = {Cycling with public transport: combined in partnership, not
conflict},
year = 2002,
chapter = 8,
pages = {110--142},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@techreport{HubWil03,
author = {Tom Huber and John Williams},
title = {Wisconsin Bicycle Planning Guidance},
year = 2003,
month = jun,
url = {http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/docs/bike-guidance.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement marking, traffic calming, traffic controls},
institution = {Wisconsin Department of Transportation},
address = {Madison, WI, USA},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{Hun06,
author = {John Douglas Hunt},
title = {An Examination of Bicycle Use Sensitivities Over Time Using
Stated Preference},
year = 2006,
type = {Technical Paper},
number = {TP-06015},
institution = {Institute for Advanced Policy Research, University of Calgary},
address = {Calgary, AB, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {
http://www.iapr.ca/images/stories/pdfs/iapr-tp-06015.pdf
}
}
@unpublished{HunAbr01,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and John Edward Abraham},
title = {Influences on bicycle use},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
note = {Unpublished?},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.ucalgary.ca/\%7Ejabraham/Papers/edmontonbike/EdmontonCyclingPaperForTransportation.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{Hun98,
author = {William W.~Hunter},
title = {An Evaluation of Red Shoulders as a Bicycle and Pedestrian
Facility},
year = 1998,
institution = {University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research
Center},
address = {Chapel Hill, NC, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, pavement colouring, streets},
url = {http://www.dot.state.fl.us/Safety/ped_bike/handbooks_and_research/research/redstudy.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
Somewhat interesting, mostly due to its rarity: there are very few
North American studies of pavement colouring. It's a rural context,
and hence not very applicable in the situations I examine, where a
bike lane might be coloured adjacent to a parking lane. The most
curious aspect of the paper is the author's choice to consider
``motor vehicle encroaches neighboring vehicle lane when passing
bike'' as a major variable---it's an issue, but not a major one in
my view.
}
}
@article{HunHarSteBir00,
author = {William W.~Hunter and David L.~Harkey and J.~Richard Stewart
and Mia L.~Birk},
title = {Evaluation of Blue Bike-Lane Treatment in {P}ortland, {O}regon},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {107--115},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring, streets},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-017.pdf}
}
@techreport{HunSte99,
author = {William W.~Hunter and J.~Richard Stewart},
title = {An Evaluation of Bike Lanes Adjacent to Motor Vehicle
Parking},
year = 1999,
month = dec,
institution = {Florida Department of Transportation},
keywords = {bicycle planning, parking, pavement marking, streets },
url = {http://www.dot.state.fl.us/Safety/ped_bike/handbooks_and_research/research/ftlaud.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{HunSteStuHuaPei99,
author = {William W.~Hunter and J.~Richard Stewart and Jane C.~Stutts
and Herman H.~Huang and Wayne E.~Pein},
title = {A Comparative Analysis of Bicycle Lanes versus Wide Curb
Lanes: Final Report},
year = 1999,
number = {FHWA-RD-99-034},
institution = {U.S.~Federal Highway Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, streets, pavement marking, bicycle segregation },
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/r\&d/widelanes_final.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{HunSteStuHuaPei99b,
author = {William W.~Hunter and J.~Richard Stewart and Jane C.~Stutts
and Herman H.~Huang and Wayne E.~Pein},
title = {A Comparative Analysis of Bicycle Lanes versus Wide Curb
Lanes: Operational and Safety Findings and Countermeasure
Recommendations},
year = 1999,
month = oct,
number = {FHWA-RD-99-035},
institution = {U.S.~Federal Highway Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle segregation, pavement marking, streets},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/r\&d/widelanes_counter.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = { Many, many good references! This is a really good read. }
}
@techreport{Kat01,
author = {Rod Katz},
title = {Forecasting Bicycle Demand},
year = 2001,
institution = {Austroads Inc.},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
number = {AP-R194/01},
keywords = {transport modelling, bicycle planning},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.abc.dotars.gov.au/418_AP_R194_1.pdf},
annote = {
An everyday review of demand modelling. The section on ``maximal
share studies'' was interesting (Bro82, MorTho92). They also cited
a four-stage model including bicycles in Portland (RosLaw93) and
Edmonton (HunBro98).
}
}
@incollection{Kra02,
author = {Thomas Krag},
title = {Urban cycling in {D}enmark},
year = 2002,
chapter = 14,
pages = {223---236},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{KriJoh06,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek and Pamela J.~Johnson},
title = {Proximity to trails and retail: Effects on urban cycling and
walking},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 2006,
volume = 72,
number = 1,
pages = {33--42},
status = {read},
quality = 3,
annote = {
A fairly simple study, but with some important discussion and
results. Most importantly, they examined nonlinear reactions to
distance for cycling and walking. While this is not a surprising
result, and would probably emerge from a traditional multinomial
logit mode choice model (with linear disutility for distance), it
is still worth exploring. From a policy perspective, the nonlinear
relationship that emerges can be vital to designing walkable and
bikable neighbourhoods. After controlling for socioeconomic
characteristics, they found that only the presence of retail closer
than 200m was associated with higher odds of walking; the presence
of retail in the 200m-400m range had no significant impact on the
odds of walking. This contradicts the received wisdom that people
are willing to walk up to 400m (1/4 mile) for such trips. It also
suggests that urban intensification should be focused within a very
narrow range of retail establishments to be effective, similar to
the strategy of Toronto's Avenues plan or Vancouver's EcoDensity
initiative.
For cycling, they found that only the presence of a path within
400m of home was associated with higher odds of biking. Again, more
distant paths had no significant effect. This is also a lower limit
than the received wisdom, although not drastically so. I think
Vancouver's long-range bicycle plan aims for bike routes with a
spacing of 500m, although they're nowhere close to that yet. It
does suggest that there could be significant improvements in mode
share when the spacing improves from the current level (roughly
1000m) to 500m, which is a bit surprising; I'd sort of thought that
we'd see diminishing returns with the later routes, but this paper
suggests that routes that are too far away have no impact on most
people.
Finally, Krizek and Johnson mention one important note: the number
of vehicles/bicycles in a household is a potentially endogenous
variable, making it dangerous for use in a model. An interesting
note, and one that's rarely considered in the modelling literature.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{Lec02,
author = {Mauricio Leclerc},
title = {Bicycle Planning in the {C}ity of {P}ortland: Evaluation of
the city's {B}icycle {M}aster {P}lan and statistical analysis of
the relationship between the city's bicycle network and bicycle
commute},
year = 2002,
month = {Fall},
type = {Field Area Paper},
status = {read},
institution = {Portland State University},
address = {Portland, OR, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://web.pdx.edu/~jdill/LeClerc.pdf}
}
@techreport{LitEnc,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Online Transportation Demand Management Encylopedia},
year = 2005,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/index.php},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility }
}
@techreport{LitBlaDemEddFriLaiMadFor02,
author = {Todd A.~Litman and Robin Blair and Bill Demopoulos and Nils
Eddy and Anne Fritzel and Danelle Laidlaw and Heath Maddox and
Katherine Forster},
title = {Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning: A Guide to Best Practices},
year = 2002,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/nmtguide.doc},
status = {read}
}
@article{LiuGua05,
author = {Rongfang (Rachel) Liu and Chang-Qian Guan},
title = {Mode Biases of Urban Transportation Policies in {C}hina and
their Implications},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 131,
number = 2,
pages = {58--70},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, transport modelling},
status = {read},
rating = 3,
annote = {
An interesting article, particularly since I haven't read much on
China before. They describe bike mode share of 40--60\%, which is
quite incredible! Car trips belong in the "other" category, and
other makes up less than 14\% of trips. However, it's on the rise:
they show Beijing rising from 6\% in 1986 to 27\% in 2000 (for
"other"). They complain about patronizing Western attitudes towards
bicycles, but do a little of the same themselves. However, they
close with an appeal for China to emulate the Dutch.
}
}
@incollection{McC02b,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {The mainstreaming of cycle policy},
year = 2002,
chapter = 1,
pages = {1--16},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, transport planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@incollection{McC02c,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {The development of {UK} cycling policy},
year = 2002,
chapter = 2,
pages = {17--35},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@incollection{McC02d,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Promoting cycling through `soft' (non-infrastructural)
measures},
year = 2002,
chapter = 3,
pages = {36--49},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@incollection{McC02e,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Nottingham},
year = 2002,
chapter = 11,
pages = {171--191},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@incollection{Mam02,
author = {Marcello Mamoli},
title = {Padua: a decade to become a cycle city},
year = 2002,
chapter = 16,
pages = {251--262},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annote = { Nothing exceptional in this chapter. }
}
@article{MouLeeCheColJohSchWea05,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Chanam Lee and Allen D.~Cheadle and
Cheza W.~Collier and Donna Johnson and Thomas L.~Schmid and
Robert D.~Weather},
title = { Cycling and the Built Environment, a {US} perspective},
year = 2005,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 10,
number = 3,
status = {read},
pages = {245--261},
abstract = {
This disaggregate cross-sectional study uses primary data on the
cycling behavior of 608 randomly sampled respondents in urbanized King
County, Washington, and objective parcel-level GIS measures of land use
and infrastructure conditions. Binary logit model findings provide new
insights on who bicycles, and on perceived and actual built
environmental conditions associated with the likelihood of cycling in
neighborhoods, controlling for socio-demographic variables. A high
21\% of the respondents report cycling at least once a week in their
neighborhood, more often for recreation or exercise than for
transportation. Cycling is more popular among male, younger adults,
transit users, and those who are physically active and in good health.
Both perceived and objective environmental conditions contribute to the
likelihood of cycling. Proximity to trails and the presence of
agglomerations of offices, clinics/hospitals, and fast food
restaurants, measured objectively, are significant environmental
variables. Previously researched correlates of cycling, such as the
presence of bicycle lanes, traffic speed and volume, slope, block size,
and the presence of parks, are found insignificant when objectively
measured. A non-linear relationship is found between the odds of
cycling and the perception of traffic problems and automobile-oriented
facilities. Overall, cycling is only moderately associated with the
neighborhood environment. It appears to be an individual choice that is
independent from environmental support. This finding likely reflects
the limited bicycle infrastructure in the sample frame---an
unfortunate condition found in most US metropolitan regions. Policy and
intervention programs could increase cycling by improving both actual
and perceived environmental conditions.
},
annote = {
The study is severely limited by its sampling frame
and by casting its net too broadly. If it had focused only on work
trips or shopping trips, the results would probably be more
meaningful. Of course, given the survey method and the miniscule
mode share of cycling, this would be extremely expensive.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{Nas04,
author = {Andrew Nash},
title = {Traffic Calming in Three {E}uropean Cities: Recent
Experience},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001101.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, parking, urban planning, traffic calming},
status = {read},
annote = {
An interesting look at Munich, Vienna and Zurich. Their approaches
to funding are similar to Vancouver's, but they've done some very
innovative projects, including narrowing arterials while
maintaining capacity, and extensive parking management plans.
}
}
@techreport{PBIC02,
author = {{Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center}},
title = {Bike Lane Design Guide},
year = 2002,
month = aug,
institution = {Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center},
address = {Chapel Hill, NC, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement marking},
url = {http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/de/bikelaneguide.htm},
status = {read}
}
@article{Puc01,
author = {John Pucher},
title = {Cycling Safety on Bikeways vs. Roads},
year = 2001,
month = {Fall},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 55,
number = 4,
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle segregation },
url = {http://policy.rutgers.edu/tpi/docs/cyclingsafety.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
Essentially just a rebuttal to John Forester's (ridiculous) claims
about the massive benefits of vehicular cycling.
}
}
@article{PucBue05,
author = {John Pucher and Ralph Buehler},
title = {Cycling Trends and Policies in {C}anadian Cities},
year = 2005,
month = mar,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/pucher_canbike.pdf},
status = {read},
abstract = {
Bicycling accounted for an average of 1.2\% of work trips in Canada
in 2001, but with considerable
variation by province and metropolitan area. In this study, we
chose six Canadian cities for detailed
analysis of their cycling trends and policies: Montreal and
Quebec City in Quebec; Ottawa and
Toronto in Ontario; and Vancouver and Victoria in British
Columbia. All of these cities have made
impressive efforts to encourage more and safer cycling. Most of
the cities report increases in cycling
levels over the past two decades but appear to have reached a
limit due to lack of funding for
crucially needed cycling infrastructure (bike paths and lanes,
parking, intersection modifications, etc.).
In addition, the low-density, car-oriented suburban sprawl
spreading around most Canadian cities has
been increasing trip distances, thus making cycling
decreasingly feasible outside the urban core.
Finally, Canadian cities and provinces have not imposed any
significant restrictions on car use or
imposed increases in taxes, fees, and other charges for car
use, such as most European cities have
implemented to discourage driving and increase transit use,
walking, and cycling. If Canadian cities
really want to further increase cycling levels, they will have
to further expand cycling infrastructure,
curb low-density sprawl, and impose more restrictions and charges
on car use.
}
}
@article{PucBue06,
author = {John Pucher and Ralph Buehler},
title = {Why {C}anadians cycle more than {A}mericans: A comparative
analysis of bicycling trends and policies},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 3,
pages = {265--279},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
abstract = {
In spite of their colder climate, Canadians cycle about three times
more than Americans. The main reasons for this difference are Canada?s
higher urban densities and mixed-use development, shorter trip
distances, lower incomes, higher costs of owning, driving and parking a
car, safer cycling conditions, and more extensive cycling
infrastructure and training programs. Most of these factors result
from differences between Canada and the United States in their
transport and land-use policies, and not from intrinsic differences
in history, culture or resource availability. That is good news,
since it suggests the possibility of significantly increasing
cycling levels in the United States by adopting some of the
Canadian policies that have so effectively promoted cycling and
enhanced its safety.
},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/TransportPolicyArticle.pdf},
annote = {
Very interesting. They perform a regression on some fairly
aggregate data: provincial and state modal share and statistics.
They find that precipitation, gasoline price, cycling fatality
rates and temperature are the major factors determining mode share
when American and Canadian data are combined, with median work trip
distance almost as significant.
Some of the most interesting findings: average length of work trips
in similar-sized cities are twice as high in the US; cars are
really quite a bit more expensive in Canada: 33\% of income,
compared to 18\% in the U.S.
I'm curious to see their sources for Canadian cycling injury stats;
while I can see how they estimate total injuries, I can't imagine
how they convert that to injuries per 100 million kilometres.
I looked at the results a little more closely, and tried to
normalize the input variables prior to doing correlation, to give a
sense of their rank in affecting cycling mode share. (This
effectively just amounts to multiplying the regression parameter by
the standard deviation of the variable.) Using this approach, I
found the parameters to be, from most to least important: 1) gas
price, 0.30; 2) precipitation, -0.19; 3) work trip distance, -0.10;
4) temperature, 0.09; 5) fatality rate, -0.09.
I'd be curious to see a similar analysis done in a purely urban
Canadian context.
}
}
@article{PucBue08,
author = {John Pucher and Ralph Buehler},
title = {Making Cycling Irresistable: Lessons from the {N}etherlands,
{D}enmark and {G}ermany},
year = 2008,
month = jul,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 28,
number = 4,
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle segregation}
}
@article{RieDan04,
author = {Piet Rietveld and Vanessa Daniel},
title = {Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?},
year = 2004,
month = aug,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 38,
number = 7,
pages = {531--550},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport planning},
status = {read},
annote = {
A useful read, featuring a regression analysis of 103 Dutch
cities, their cycling policies, network quality, and geographic
features. The Fietersbond (Dutch Cyclists' Union)
collected a lot of the data here, including a special bicycle that
measures pavement quality via vibrations! Before drawing
conclusions from their results, I'd like to normalize all of their
variables to better understand what the relative contribution of
each parameter was.
}
}
@techreport{RTCAPBC99,
author = {{Rails-to-Trails Conservancy and the Association of
Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals}},
title = {Improving Conditions for Bicycling and Walking: A Best
Practices Report},
year = 1998,
month = jan,
institution = {U.S.~Federal Highway Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/task_orders/to_5/intro.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@inproceedings{Sal00,
author = {Jaana Salo},
title = {Conditions related to cycling and planning parking facilities
for bicycles},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle parking},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/SALO.PDF}
}
@inproceedings{Sch97,
author = {Paul Schimek},
title = {The Dilemmas of Bicycle Planning},
booktitle = {Presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools of
Planning and Association of European Schools of Planning Joint
International Conference},
year = 1996,
month = jul,
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
url = {http://danenet.wicip.org/bcp/dilemma.html},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{SchPorPaySuhMoeWil99,
author = {W.L.~Schwartz and C.D.~Porter and G.C.~Payne and J.H.~Suhrbier
and P.C.~Moe and W.L.~{Wilkinson III}},
title = {Guidebook on Methods to Estimate Non-Motorized Travel:
Overview of Methods},
year = 1999,
number = {FHWA-RD-98-165},
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
status = {read},
abstract = {
This guidebook provides a means for practitioners to better
understand and estimate bicycle and pedestrian travel and to
address transportation planning needs. The guidebook describes
and compares the various methods that can be used to forecast
non-motorized travel demand or that otherwise support the
prioritization and analyses of non-motorized projects. These
methods are categorized according to four major purposes: (1)
demand estimation; (2) relative demand potential; (3) supply
quality analysis; and (4) supporting tools and techniques.
Discrete choice models, regional travel models, sketch plan
methods, facility demand potential, bicycle compatibility
measures, and geographic information systems are among the
methods and tools described.
},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/task_orders/to_12/to12/vol1/title.htm}
}
@incollection{Smi02,
author = {Graham Paul Smith},
title = {Homezones and traffic calming: implications for cyclists},
year = 2002,
chapter = 5,
pages = {72--85},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, traffic calming},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@inproceedings{Sny04,
author = {Ryan Snyder},
title = {Models, Shmodels: Why Can't We Accept the Reality of
Uncertainty?},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Pro Walk/Pro Bike 2004},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.bikewalk.net/sessions/55_Models_shmodels/Models_Shmodels.doc},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling},
status = {read}
}
@article{TilLevKri07,
author = {N.Y.~Tilahun and David M.~Levinson and Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Trails, lanes or traffic: Valuing bicycle facilities with an
adapted stated preference survey},
year = 2007,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 41,
number = 4,
pages = {287--301},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{Tom00,
author = {David Tomlinson},
title = {Conflicts between Cyclists and Motorists in {T}oronto,
{C}anada},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/TOMLINSO.PDF},
annote = {
A good analysis of 2600 collisions over a two-year period. Valuable
insight in a typical Canadian context. See also full report (CT03).
}
}
@techreport{Tra04,
author = {TransLink},
title = {Cycling Performance Scorecard},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.translink.bc.ca/files/polls_surveys/cust_satisfaction/Cycling_PerfRep.pdf},
keywords = {canada, data, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{TLSM04,
author = {{Transport for London Street Management}},
title = {A Business Case for Cycling and Evaluation of the Impacts of
Cycling in {L}ondon},
year = 2004,
month = jan,
institution = {Transport for London},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, finance},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.tfl.gov.uk/streets/pdfdocs/cycling/Business\%20Case\%20for\%20Cycling.pdf},
annote = {
A very ambitious bicycle plan, and with a rare application of
cost/benefit analysis to cycling (instead of highways), showing
reasonable benefits, even with major potential benefits excluded
(health, reduced parking costs).
}
}
@inproceedings{TLSM05b,
author = {{Transport for London Street Management}},
title = {{A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines ({ASLs}): Background and Research
Studies},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 2005},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
address = {Dublin, Ireland},
institution = {Transport for London},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box},
url = {http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cycles/downloads/pdf/asl.pdf},
annote = {
A very useful overview of London-based research on advanced stop
lines (aka bike boxes) to give cyclists priority at intersections.
}
}
@techreport{UNECE68,
author = {{United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}},
title = {Vienna Convention on Road Traffic},
year = 1968,
month = nov,
institution = {United Nations},
url = {http://www.unece.org/trans/conventn/crt1968e.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {law, bicycle planning},
annote = {
A nice document, but sadly not ratified by Canada or the U.S. As
suggested by the fact that it's a European convention, it's
mostly ratified by European countries, plus a few African ones.
Canada did ratify the 1949 convention, though.
}
}
@techreport{VR05,
author = {{Vic Roads}},
title = {Coloured Surface Treatments for Bicycle Lanes},
year = 2005,
month = apr,
institution = {Vic Roads},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
type = {Cycle Notes},
number = 14,
url = {http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/vrpdf/trum/TR2004227.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{WalDavCra03,
author = {G.T.~Wall and D.G.~Davies and M.~Crabtree},
title = {Capacity Implications of {A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines for Cyclists},
year = 2003,
number = {TRL585},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box},
url = {http://217.118.128.203/store/downloadreport.asp?id=2736},
issn = {0968-4107},
status = {read},
abstract = {
An investigation of the capacity implications of installing
Advanced Stop Lines (ASLs) has been carried out by TRL Limited
as part of a project entitled Cycling Facilities and
Engineering, commissioned by the Charging and Local Transport
Division of the Department for Transport. The study included a
review of previous research into ASLs in the UK and in the
Netherlands; an examination of the theoretical capacity
implications of installing ASLs using OSCADY (Optimised Signal
Capacity and Delay) the signal-controlled junction
modelling computer programme and saturation flow formulae;
`before' and `after' video surveys of modified junctions at four
sites in Guildford, Surrey, and questionnaires to examine the
attitudes of cyclists. While cyclists generally thought that
the ASLs were safer and easier to use than unadapted junctions,
concerns were expressed that some drivers did not comply
with the new layout. Changes in the length of time
between green signals or a longer minimum green time
may be required in some circumstances. At the two sites
where the number of traffic lanes remained the same
there was a slight increase in saturation flow, but at
the two sites where a traffic lane was removed large
reductions in saturation flow were observed. This
report of the study concludes with several
recommendations.
},
annote = {
A valuable source, particularly for its review of Dutch literature
on bike boxes. They find that adding a bike box with a 5m deep
reservoir for a bike box has no effect on an intersection's motor
vehicle capacity, unless a lane must be removed to make room for
the bike box.
}
}
@article{WarTigPag07,
author = {Mark Wardman and Miles Tight and Matthew Page},
title = {Factors influencing the propensity to cycle to work},
year = 2007,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 41,
pages = {339--350},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle modelling}
}
@incollection{Wel02,
author = {Ton Welleman},
title = {An efficient means of transport: experiences with cycling
policy in the {N}etherlands},
year = 2002,
chapter = 12,
pages = {192--208},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@techreport{WilWalHarGriLit04,
author = {John Williams and Tom Walsh and David Harkey and Glenn Grigg
and Todd Litman},
title = {Wisconsin Bicycle Facility Design Handbook},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/docs/bike-facility.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement marking, traffic calming, traffic controls},
institution = {Wisconsin Department of Transportation},
address = {Madison, WI, USA},
rating = 4,
status = {read},
annote = {
A very good, modern approach to bicycle facility design, from a
North American perspective. Some really excellent diagrams of
traffic calming designs; a good description of right-turn conflicts
(p.~3-20).
}
}
@article{WinFriKoeTes07,
author = {Meghan Winters and Melissa C.~Friesen and Mieke Koehoorn and
Kay Teschke},
title = {Utilitarian Bicycling: A Multilevel Analysis and Personal
Influences},
year = 2007,
journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
volume = 32,
number = 1,
status = {read},
doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2006.08.027},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle segregation},
url = {http://www.cher.ubc.ca/cyclingincities/pdf/winters2007.pdf}
}
@incollection{Yea02,
author = {Michael Yeates},
title = {Making space for cyclists: a matter of speed?},
year = 2002,
chapter = 4,
pages = {50--71},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
rating = 1,
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{Zac05,
author = {John Zacharias},
title = {Non-motorized transportation in four {S}hanghai districts},
year = 2005,
journal = {International Planning Studies},
volume = 10,
number = {3/4},
pages = {323--340},
status = {read},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@incollection{Zal02,
author = {Andrzej Zalewski},
title = {Traffic calming on the national road network to improve
cycling conditions in small towns in {P}oland: the case of
{K}obylnica {S}lupska on {N}ational {R}oad 21},
year = 2002,
chapter = 15,
pages = {237--250},
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
booktitle = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, traffic calming},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@techreport{AASHTO91,
author = {{American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials}},
title = {Guide for development of new bicycle facilities},
institution = {American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 1991,
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{AbrMcMBroHun02,
author = {John Edward Abraham and Susan Mc{M}illan and Alan T.~Brownlee
and John Douglas Hunt},
title = {Investigation of Cycling Sensitivities},
year = 2002,
month = jan,
booktitle = {Transportation Research Board Annual Conference},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.ucalgary.ca/~jabraham/Papers/calgarybike/CalgaryBike.pdf}
}
@article{AllRouHumMil98,
author = {D.~Patrick Allen and Nagui Rouphail and Joseph E.~Hummer and
Joseph S.~{Milazzo II}},
title = {Operational Analysis of Uninterrupted Bicycle Facilities},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {30--36},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-005.pdf}
}
@article{AllDanDha04,
author = {Cheryl Allen-Munley and Janice Daniel and Sunil Dhar},
title = {Urban Bicycle Route Safety Rating Logistic Model},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1878,
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000375.pdf},
abstract = {
In response to the renewed appreciation of the benefits of
bicycling to the environment and public health, public
officials across the nation are working to establish new
bicycle routes (1). During the past two decades, a number of
methods have been endorsed for the selection of ``suitable''
bicycle routes. These methods are limited in that they do not
explicitly address bicycle safety nor do they reflect urban
conditions. The purpose of this research was to develop an
objective bicycle route safety rating model based on injury
severity. The model development was conducted using a logistic
transformation of Jersey City's bicycle crash data for the
period 1997-2000. The resulting model meets a 90\% confidence
level by using various operational and physical factors
(traffic volume, lane width, population density, highway
classification, the presence of vertical grades, one-way
streets and truck routes) to predict the severity of an injury
that would result from a motor vehicle crash that occurred at a
specific location. The modeled rating of the bicycle route's
safety is defined as the expected value of the predicted injury
severity. This rating is founded on the premise that safe
routes produce less severe accidents than unsafe routes. The
contribution of this research goes beyond the model's
predictive capacity in comparing the safety of alternative
routes. The model provides planners with an understanding,
derived from objective data, of the factors that add to the route's
safety, the factors that reduce safety and the factors that are
irrelevant. The model confirms widely held beliefs, as
evidenced by the findings that highways with steep grades,
truck routes and poor pavement quality, create an unfavorable
environment for bicyclists. On the other hand, the model found
that increased volume and reduced lane width, at least in urban
areas, actually reduce the likelihood of severe injury.
Planners are encouraged to follow the lead of experienced
bicyclists in choosing routes that travel through the urban
centers as opposed to diverting bicyclists to circuitous routes
on wide, low volume roads at the periphery of cities.
}
}
@techreport{AlrEtc00,
author = {D.~Alrutz et al.},
title = {Begleitforschung {F}ahrradfrendliche {S}t{\"a}dte und
{G}emeinden {NRW}: {M}a{\ss}nahmen- und
{W}irksamkeitsuntersuchung},
year = 2000,
address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
institution = {Ministerium f{\"u}r {W}irtschaft und {M}ittelstand,
{E}nergie und {V}erkehr {NRW}},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Ant94,
author = {C.L.~Antonakos},
title = {Environmental and travel preferences of cyclists},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1438,
pages = {25--33},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{ArnRavSch05,
author = {Richard Arnott and Tilmann Rave and Ronnie Schob},
title = {Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion},
year = 2005,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {congestion pricing, transport planning, urban economics, bicycle planning, parking},
annote = {
Apparently contains a fairly positive view of cycling, from a group
of economists.
}
}
@article{AshBan89,
author = {C.A.~Ashley and C.~Banister},
title = {Cycling to work from wards in a metropolitan area: 3 Testing
the Model},
year = 1989,
month = sep,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 30,
number = 9,
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle modelling}
}
@phdthesis{Aul96,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall},
title = {Commuter Bicycle Route Choice: Analysis of Major Determinants
and Safety Implications},
year = 1996,
school = {McMaster University},
address = {Hamilton, ON, Canada},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle safety, route choice}
}
@article{AulAda98,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Michael F.~{Adams~Jr.}},
title = {Sidewalk Bicycling Safety Issues},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {71--76},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-011.pdf}
}
@article{AulHal98,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall},
title = {Research Design Insights from a Survey of Urban Bicycle
Commuters},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {21--28},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-004.pdf}
}
@article{AulHal98b,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall},
title = {{O}ttawa-{C}arleton Commuter Cyclist on and off road
incident rates},
year = 1998,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 30,
pages = {29--43},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada}
}
@article{AulHalBae97,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall and Brian B.~Baetz},
title = {Analysis of Bicycle Commuter Routes Using {G}eographic
{I}nformation {S}ystems: Implications for Bicycle Planning},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {102--110},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-13.pdf}
}
@article{Bal96,
author = {Michael R.~Baltes},
title = {Factors Influencing Nondiscretionary Work Trips by Bicycle
Determined from 1990 {U.S.}~Census Metropolitan Statistical Area
Data},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1538,
pages = {96--101},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1538-013.pdf}
}
@article{BarKri05,
author = {Gary Barnes and Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Estimating Bicycle Demand},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1939,
doi = {10.3141/1939-06},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{BasReiLesThoTol02,
author = {L.~Basford and Stuart J.~Reid and T.~Lester and J.~Thomson
and A.~Tolmie},
title = {Driver's perceptions of cyclists},
year = 2002,
number = 549,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://217.118.128.203/store/downloadreport.asp?id=2700},
abstract = {
This report describes research that examined the attitude and
behaviour of drivers towards cycle users. A range of
qualitative and quantitative research techniques was used,
including the use of virtual reality equipment to simulate
encounters between drivers and cyclists. Variations in driver
attitude and behaviour based on a number of factors, including
physical infrastructure and cyclists behaviour were examined.
The research also examined the effectiveness of two different
approaches to improving drivers' consideration of the needs of
cyclists. The report makes recommendations to improve driver
training, for the layout of roads and for future campaigns to
raise awareness of cyclists among drivers.
}
}
@article{BecImm94,
author = {M.~Beck and L.~Immers},
title = {Bicycle Ownership and Use in {A}msterdam},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1441,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{Ber99,
author = {Inger Marie Bernhoft},
title = {In depth interviews with road users in cyclist accidents},
year = 1999,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Bicycle Planning
Conference},
pages = {63--67},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions},
address = {Graz, Austria and Maribor, Slovenia}
}
@article{BerMag03,
author = {A.~Bergstr\"{o}m and R.~Magnusson},
title = {Potential of transferring car trips to bicycle during winter},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 37,
pages = {649--666},
abstract = {
In this Swedish study, the attitudes towards cycling during winter
in general, and in relation to winter maintenance of cycleways in
particular, is examined. Questionnaires were answered by a thousand
employees at four major companies in two Swedish cities. There was
a clear difference in mode choice between seasons. The number of
car trips increased by 27\% from summer to winter while the number
of bicycle trips decreased by 47\%. The number of car trips
increased with distance while the number of bicycle trips
decreased, and the decrease was even more significant in winter
than in summer. There was a difference in opinion between different
categories of cyclists, on what factors influenced the choice of
transport mode for the journey to work. Temperature, precipitation,
and road condition were the most important factors to those who
cycled to work in summer but not in winter. Exercise was the most
important to those who cycled frequently in winter, and travel time
the most important to those who never cycled to work. By improving
winter maintenance service levels on cycleways, it might be
possible to increase the number of bicycle trips during winter by
18\%, representing a corresponding decrease in the number of car
trips of 6\%. To increase cycling during winter, snow clearance was
found to be the most important maintenance measure. Skid control
was not considered as important for the choice of mode, although
important to attend to for safety reasons.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle safety}
}
@article{Bot95,
author = {H.~Botma},
title = {Method to determine level of service for bicycle paths and
pedestrian-bicycle paths},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1502,
pages = {38--44},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{BovBra85,
author = {Piet H.L.~Bovy and Mark A.~Bradley},
title = {Route Choice Analyzed with Stated-Preference Approaches},
year = 1985,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1037,
keywords = {route choice, transport modelling, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{BraLudThi91,
author = {T.~Bracher and H.~Luda and H.-J.~Thiemann},
title = {Zusammenfassende {A}uswertung von {F}orschungsergebnissen zum
{R}adverkehr in der {S}tadt},
year = 1991,
address = {Band A7, Bergisch Gladbach/Berlin/Bonn, Germany},
institution = {Forschung Stadtverkehr, Bundesministerium f{\"u}r
{V}erkehr (Federal Ministry of Traffic)},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{Bro82,
author = {Werner Br{\"o}g},
title = {The acceptance of policies to encourage cycling},
year = 1982,
publisher = {Transportation Research Board},
booktitle = {Socialdata},
address = {Muenchen, Germany},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{BroErlFunJam99,
author = {Werner Br{\"o}g and E.~Erl and S.~Funke and B.~James},
title = {Behaviour Change and Sustainability from Individualised
Marketing},
year = 1999,
month = sep,
booktitle = {Proceedings of 24th {ATRF} {C}onference},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{BrySav97,
author = {K.~Bryan-{B}rown and T.~Savill},
title = {Cycle theft in {G}reat {B}ritain},
year = 1997,
number = 284,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
abstract = {
This report presents a summary of international literature on pedal
cycle theft, cycle theft statistics for Great Britain and the
results of a survey of victims of bicycle theft in Great Britain.
The 1996 British Crime Survey estimated that there were 660,000
incidences of pedal cycle theft during 1995 in England and Wales,
of which only 28\% were reported to, and recorded by, the Police. The
Scottish Crime Survey estimated that there were 26,000 bicycles
stolen during 1993, representing a rise of 53\% on the 1986 figures.
A survey of bicycle theft victims was conducted in December 1996
and January 1997. Topics covered include attitudes towards bicycle
theft and how theft and the threat of them affect cycling
behaviour. These are compared with response from a control sample
of cyclists who have never experienced theft. Results from the
survey are compared with British Crime Survey findings.
}
}
@article{Cai01,
author = {Sally Cairns},
title = {Going Further with Cycling},
year = 2001,
month = {July/August},
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 70,
number = {7/8},
pages = 197,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Cai03,
author = {Sally Cairns},
title = {Cycle Gains},
year = 2003,
month = sep,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 72,
number = 8,
pages = {230--233},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{CamHarKeh01,
author = {I.C.~Cameron and N.J.~Harris and N.J.~Kehoe},
title = {Tram-related injuries in {S}heffield},
year = 2001,
month = may,
journal = {Injury},
volume = 32,
number = 4,
pages = {275--277},
keywords = {transit, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{CIPGFG04,
author = {{Canadian Institute of Planners} and {Go For Green}},
title = {Community Cycling Manual: A Planning and Design Guide},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
institution = {Go For Green},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
url = {http://www.goforgreen.ca/at/Eng/PDF/CommunityCyclingManual-June2004.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@article{Car04,
author = {Matthew Carmona},
title = {Road to Nowhere: Urban Design, Highway Engineers, and the
Design of Cycle Lanes},
year = 2004,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 73,
number = 1,
month = jan,
pages = 31,
keywords = {bicycle planning, streets, urban design}
}
@techreport{CHA99,
author = {{Cleary Hughes Associates}},
title = {Nottingham {C}ycle {C}hallenge {P}roject: Final Report},
year = 1999,
institution = {Cleary Hughes Associates},
address = {Hucknall, Nottingham, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{CIT01,
author = {{Commission for Integrated Transport}},
title = {European Best Practice in Delivering Integrated Transport},
year = 2001,
month = nov,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {{Commission for Integrated Transport}},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit},
url = {http://www.cfit.gov.uk/docs/2001/ebp/index.htm}
}
@article{ClaPag00,
author = {Stephen D.~Clark and Matthew W.~Page},
title = {Cycling and Urban Traffic Management and Control Systems},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {77--84},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-013.pdf}
}
@techreport{ClaTra95,
author = {Andy Clarke and Linda Tracy},
title = {Bicycle Safety-Related Research Synthesis},
year = 1995,
number = {FHWA-RD-94062},
institution = {U.S.~Federal Highway Administration},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{CleMcC00,
author = {Jo Cleary and Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Evaluation of the {C}ycle {C}hallenge {P}roject: A case study
of the {N}ottingham cycle-friendly employers' project},
year = 2000,
month = apr,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 8,
number = 2,
pages = {117--125},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{CleMcC00b,
author = {Jo Cleary and Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {The {N}ottingham cycle-friendly employers' project: lessons
for encouraging cycle commuting},
year = 2000,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 5,
number = 2,
pages = {217--222},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{Coa97,
author = {Nigel Coates},
title = {Parking Policy and Bicycle Promotion in {O}xford},
year = 1997,
month = sep,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 1997},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
keywords = {bicycle planning, parking}
}
@article{CopCaiFoxLawLocLumRidRos03,
author = {Andy Cope and Sally Cairns and Ken Fox and Debbie A.~Lawlor
and Mary Lockie and Les Lumsdon and Chris Riddoch and Paul Rosen},
title = {The {UK} National Cycle Network: an assessment of the benefits
of a sustainable transport infrastructure},
year = 2003,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 9,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp09.1.pdf}
}
@techreport{CPAG01,
author = {{Cyclists' Public Affairs Group}},
title = {{BikeFrame}: A Model Cycling Policy},
year = 2001,
institution = {Cyclists' Touring Club and the Bicycle Association},
address = {Godalming, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{Cra00b,
author = {J.H.~Crawford},
title = {Carfree Cities},
year = 2000,
publisher = {International Books},
address = {Utrecht, The Netherlands},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{CROW93,
author = {{Centre for Research and Contract Standardisation in Civil
Engineering (CROW)}},
title = {Sign up for the bike: design manual for a cycle-friendly
infrastructure},
year = 1993,
institution = {CROW},
address = {Ede, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{CROW96,
author = {{Centre for Research and Contract Standardisation in Civil
Engineering (CROW)}},
title = {Aanbevelingen voor verkeersvoorzieningen binnen de bebouwde
kom {ASVV} 1996 (Recommendations for traffic and transport
facilities in built-up areas)},
year = 1996,
number = 110,
institution = {CROW},
address = {Ede, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{Dav89,
author = {D.~Davies},
title = {Light rapid transit: implications for cyclists},
year = 1989,
month = {June/July},
institution = {Cycle Touring and Campaigning},
keywords = {transit, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{DavChiBucRei03,
author = {D.G.~Davies and L.~Chinn and G.S.~Buckle and Stuart
J.~Reid},
title = {Cycling in vehicle restricted areas},
year = 2003,
number = 583,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://217.118.128.203/store/downloadreport.asp?id=2734},
abstract = {
Vehicle restricted areas (VRAs) or `pedestrian areas' in town centres
are sometimes important routes for cyclists. However, cycling is
prohibited in many VRAs on the grounds of pedestrian comfort and
safety. TRL studied the behaviour of 2,220 cyclists at sites in
Cambridge, Hull and Salisbury where cycling is permitted for part
or all of the day. TRL also interviewed 300 pedestrians and 150
cyclists at these sites to obtain additional details about
behaviour and attitudes. The report presents data on cycling
speeds, dismounting and pedestrian flows and identifies those
factors that significantly influence cyclist behaviour. It also
shows which types of cyclists are most likely to ignore cycling
bans and to cycle fast. The interviews reveal varying levels of
acceptance by pedestrians of cycling in VRAs, and indicate that
some injurious incidents occur. Conclusions are presented about how
the physical layout of the VRA and other factors can affect
pedestrian safety and comfort. The report does not endorse or
reject cycling in VRAs, but presents information that may assist
with appropriate local regulation and design.
}
}
@techreport{DavGraGarHar01,
author = {D.G.~Davies and S.~Gray and G.~Gardner and G.~Harland},
title = {A quantitative study of attitudes of individuals to cycling},
year = 2001,
number = 481,
address = {Crowthorne, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{DavHalMayPoc97,
author = {D.G.~Davies and M.E.~Halliday and M.~Mayes and R.L.~Pocock},
title = {Attitudes to cycling: a qualitative study and conceptual
framework},
year = 1997,
number = 266,
address = {Crowthorne, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{DavHar99,
author = {D.G.~Davies and E.~Hartley},
title = {New Cycle Owners: Expectations and Experience},
year = 1999,
number = 369,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
abstract = {
Cycle sales have increased substantially but overall cycle use has not.
This project investigated the expectations and experiences of new
cycle owners to see how they might be encouraged to cycle more,
particularly for utility purposes. 76 adults who did not regularly
cycle, who were buying a new cycle for themselves, were interviewed
in cycle shops immediately after their purchase, about their
planned cycle use and expectations. After one month they completed
a four-day travel diary. After another month, they were interviewed
in-depth regarding their cycle use, experiences and attitudes.
Almost all those who completed the survey were pleased with their
purchase. The majority cycled at least once a week, some much more
frequently. Leisure was the main journey purpose but those who
cycled to work tended to cycle more frequently. Physical effort,
practical difficulties, the weather and the danger and unpleasantness
from motor traffic were the main deterrents. One quarter reported
using their cars less. However, most continued to use cars for the
majority of journeys, including many under one mile. The report
concludes that measures are needed to overcome practical barriers
to greater cycle use, and to make cycling more enjoyable, for both
new and existing cyclists.
}
}
@inproceedings{Dil04,
author = {Jennifer Dill},
title = {Measuring Network Connectivity for Bicycling and Walking},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001550.pdf}
}
@article{Dix96,
author = {Linda B.~Dixon},
title = {Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures
and Standards for Congestion Management Systems},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1538,
pages = {1--9},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1538-001.pdf}
}
@article{DohAulSwa00,
author = {Sean T.~Doherty and Lisa Aultman-Hall and Jill Swaynos},
title = {Commuter Cyclist Accident Patterns in {T}oronto and {O}ttawa},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
month = {Jan/Feb},
volume = 126,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
pages = {21--26},
abstract = {
In this study, self-reported cyclist collision and fall information
from a mail-back questionnaire was analyzed for a sample of
2,945 adult cyclists who commute to work/school in Toronto and
Ottawa. Analysis focused on incident frequencies by month, time
of day, location, road surface condition, and injury level.
These results are presented in order to provide a valuable
complement to other sources of bicycle incident data obtained
primarily from emergency room hospital records. Only a small
percentage of collision and fall incidents resulted in a major
injury and would therefore be found in a bicycle accident
database compiled from emergency room hospital records.
Slightly more, 19.2 and 11.7\% of the collisions in Ottawa and
Toronto, respectively, were reported to police. The results of
the study found that collisions were more sensitive to
automobile traffic, whereas falls were more sensitive to the
prevailing roadway surface conditions. There was a higher
proportion of falls than collisions during the winter months in
both cities. However, the severity of injuries from collisions
and falls were fairly consistent across time periods. Even when
the severity of collisions and falls were considered for
different roadway environmental conditions and between roads
and off-road, no difference was found. This analysis suggests
that minor collisions and falls should be considered in
accessing the safety experience of bicyclists.
}
}
@techreport{DooPor94,
author = {J.T.~Doolittle and E.K.~Porter},
title = {Integration of Bicycles and Transit},
year = 1994,
type = {TCRP Synthesis},
number = 4,
institution = {Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, intermodal, transit}
}
@techreport{DSB90,
author = {{DSB (Danish State Railways)}},
title = {Cykelparkering og cykelcentre: et idekatalog ({C}ycle parking
and cycle centres: a catalogue of ideas)},
year = 1990,
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
institution = {DSB Styregruppen vedr. cykelparkering},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{DSB91,
author = {{DSB (Danish State Railways, S-Togsdivision)}},
title = {Handlingsplan for forbedring af cykelparkering ved
{S}-stationer ({P}lan for promotion of cycle parking at {S}-train
stations)},
year = 1991,
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
institution = {DSB Styregruppen vedr. cykelparkering},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{DTLR01,
author = {{Department for {T}ransport, {L}ocal {G}overnment and the
{R}egions}},
title = {A Road Safety Good Practice Guide},
year = 2001,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Department for {T}ransport, {L}ocal {G}overnment and the
Regions},
url = {http://www.roads.dtlr.gov.uk/roadsafety/goodpractice/18.htm},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Eas99,
author = {R.~Eash},
title = {Destination and mode choice models for nonmotorized travel},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
pages = {1--8},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, transport modelling},
annote = {
Apparently, this talks about the inapplicability of motorized
travel models to peds/bikes.
}
}
@article{Elv00,
author = {Rune Elvik},
title = {Which are the relevant costs and benefits of road safety
measures designed for pedestrians and cyclists?},
year = 2000,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 32,
pages = {37--45},
keywords = {bicycle collisions, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, finance}
}
@article{Elv01b,
author = {Rune Elvik},
title = {Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of
safety effects},
year = 2001,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 33,
pages = {327--336},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, traffic calming, bicycle collisions}
}
@article{EmeCruBor03,
author = {J.~Emery and C.~Crump and P.~Bors},
title = {Reliability and validity of two instruments designed to assess
the walking and bicycling suitability of sidewalks and roads},
year = 2003,
journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion},
volume = 18,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, active transportation}
}
@article{Epp94,
author = {Bruce Epperson},
title = {Evaluating suitability of roadways for bicycle use: towards a
cycling level-of-service standard},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1438,
pages = {9--16},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{Ewi96,
author = {Reid Ewing},
title = {Best Development Practices: Doing the Right Thing and Making
Money at the Same Time},
year = 1996,
publisher = {The Planners Press},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{EwiSchGre04,
author = {Reid Ewing and William Schroeer and William Greene},
title = {School Location and Student Travel: Analysis of Factors
Affecting Mode Choice},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1895,
pages = {55--63},
keywords = { pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{FagEgy99,
author = {Ardeshir Faghri and Erika Egyh{\'a}ziov{\'a}},
title = {Development of a Computer Simulation Model of Mixed Motor
Vehicle and Bicycle Traffic on an Urban Road Network},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
year = 1999,
pages = {86--93},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1674-012.pdf}
}
@techreport{FGSV96,
author = {Forschungsgesellschaft f{\"u}r {S}tra{\ss}en- und
{V}erkehrswesen},
title = {Empfehlungen f{\"u}r {R}adverkehrsanlagen {ERA} 95},
year = 1996,
institution = {FGSV},
address = {Cologne, Germany},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{FHWA99-2,
author = {{U.S.~Federal Highway Administration}},
title = {Guidebook on Methods to Estimate Non-Motorized Travel:
Supporting Documentation},
year = 1999,
number = {FHWA-RD-98-166},
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/task_orders/to_12/to12/vol2/title.htm}
}
@techreport{Fie01,
author = {R.~Field},
title = {Are You Being Squeezed at Road Narrowings?},
year = 2001,
institution = {Cyclists' Touring Club},
address = {Godalming, Surrey, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{For83,
author = {John Forester},
title = {Bicycle Transportation},
year = 1983,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{For96,
author = {John Forester},
title = {How to make biking a real alternative},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation and Environment},
volume = 21,
pages = {59--61},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{For01,
author = {John Forester},
title = {The Bicycle Transportation Controversy},
year = 2001,
month = {Spring},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 55,
number = 2,
pages = {7--17},
url = {http://www.johnforester.com/Articles/Facilities/TransQuart01.htm},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{ForColHas97,
author = {Jon F.~Forni and Thorburn Colquhoun and David Hasen},
title = {The Use of Coloured Surfacing in Road Layout},
year = 1997,
month = sep,
booktitle = {European Transport Forum Annual Meeting, Traffic
Management and Road Safety},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annote = {
Quote: Forni, Colquhoun and Hasen reported in 1997 a study of the use of
coloured surfacing in road layouts in Europe. They found that
the colour red is the most commonly used pavement colour for
road safety in Europe. However, colours including yellow and
other combination colours have been successfully used to reduce
speeds and collisions. The study suggested adopting green
coloured surfacing for schemes that aim to identify sections of
road for use by certain vehicles such as buses or bicycles.
}
}
@book{FraEngSch03,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke and Thomas L.~Schmid},
title = {Health and Community Design: The Impacts of the Built
Environment on Physical Activity},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2003,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{Fro90,
author = {T.~Froitzheim},
title = {Fahrradstationen an {B}ahnofen: {M}odelle, {C}hancen,
{R}isiken},
year = 1990,
address = {D{\"u}sseldorf, Germany},
institution = {ADFC-Nordrhein-Westfalen},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{FruFraJac04,
author = {Howard Frumkin and Lawrence D.~Frank and Richard Jackson},
title = {Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and
building for healthy communities},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2004,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{FukMor07,
author = {D.~Fukuda and S.~Morichi},
title = {Incorporating aggregate behavior in an individual's discrete
choice: An application to analyzing illegal bicycle parking behavior},
year = 2007,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 41,
number = 4,
pages = {313--325},
keywords = {parking, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Gaf03,
author = {Philine Gaffron},
title = {The implementation of walking and cycling policies in {B}ritish
local authorities},
year = 2003,
month = jul,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 10,
number = 3,
pages = {235--244},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{GarLedPul98,
author = {Per G{\aa}rder and Lars Leden and Urho Pulkkinen},
title = {Measuring the Safety Effect of Raised Bicycle Crossings Using
a New Research Methodology},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
year = 1998,
pages = {64--70},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-010.pdf}
}
@techreport{Gar98,
author = {G.~Gardner},
title = {Transport implications of leisure cycling},
year = 1998,
number = 347,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
abstract = {
This research considers the links between leisure cycling, purely
for the enjoyment of it, and cycling for more utility purposes,
such as to work. Surveys of more than 500 leisure cyclists,
non-cyclists and those who cycle to work have been
completed along with depth interviews and discussion groups. The
main focus of the work is to understand what are the differences
between the perceptions of leisure cycling and utility cycling and
to determine how this might be overcome in order to increase the
use of cycling for utility journeys. Recommendations are made of
the type of facility and promotional means that might encourage
more people to move from leisure cycling to utility cycling.
}
}
@article{GarRosLo07,
author = {J.~Garrard and G.~Rose and S.~Lo},
title = {Promoting transportation cycling for women: The role of
bicycle infrastructure},
year = 2007,
journal = {Preventive Medicine},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{GatApp07,
author = {Birgitta Gatersleben and Katherine M.~Appleton},
title = {Contemplating cycling to work: attitudes and perceptions in
different stages of change},
year = 2007,
month = may,
volume = 41,
number = 4,
pages = {302--312},
doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2006.09.002},
journal = {Transportation Research A},
abstract = {
In 1996 the UK government introduced the National Cycle Strategy
which aimed to double the number of cycling trips by the end of
2002 and double them again by 2012. So far, however, these targets
have not been met. The House of Commons ascribes this to ``a
fundamental lack of commitment to cycling on an individual,
regional and national level''. This paper addresses the
individual level by examining the views of commuters in different
stages of change as distinguished by Prochaska\u2019s model
[Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., 1984. The Transtheoretical
Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Change. Dow
Jones/Irwin, Homewood IL]. This model views behaviour change as a
process rather than an event. Two studies were conducted amongst
university staff and students: a survey study and an action study.
The studies showed that as people progress from precontemplation to
action their attitudes towards cycling become more positive and
their perceptions of various personal and external barriers change.
This suggests that different strategies are necessary to move
people in different stages of change to action and maintenance. At
the moment, it seems that regular cyclists form a very small
minority of people who will cycle under most circumstances simply
because they like cycling. The majority of people have never
contemplated cycling. There is, however, also a group of people who
would like to cycle and could be persuaded to cycle under the right
circumstances.},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle attitudes}
}
@article{GhaWilDarJon98,
author = {Nasir Gharaibeh and Cynthia Wilson and Michael Darter and George
Jones},
title = {Development of a Bike Path Management System for the
{U}niversity of {I}llinois at {U}rbana-{C}hampaign},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
year = 1998,
pages = {56--63},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-009.pdf}
}
@article{GilMcC94,
author = {K.~Gilbert and M.~Mc{C}arthy},
title = {Deaths of cyclists in {L}ondon 1985--92: the hazards of road
traffic},
year = 1994,
month = jun,
journal = {British Medical Journal},
volume = 308,
pages = {1534--1537},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions}
}
@inproceedings{God00,
author = {Tom Godefrooj},
title = {Segregation or Integration? {T}he {D}utch approach},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle segregation},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/GODEFROO.PDF}
}
@article{GorRic98,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Bicycling in the {U}nited {S}tates: A Fringe Mode?},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
year = 1998,
month = {Winter},
volume = 52,
number = 1,
pages = {9--11},
keywords = { bicycle planning }
}
@techreport{GraTasPog02,
author = {Fanis Grammenos and Julie Tasker-{B}rown and Soxag Pogharian},
title = {Residential Street Pattern Design},
year = 2002,
series = {Socio-economic Series},
number = 75,
institution = {Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
url = {http://kn.fcm.ca/file_download.php?URL_ID=3159&filename=10369596040socio75-e.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1350698&name=socio75-e.pdf&location=user-S/},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{GutDavGar01,
author = {N.~Guthrie and D.G.~Davies and G.~Gardner},
title = {Cyclist's assessments of road and traffic conditions: the
development of a cyclability index},
year = 2001,
number = 490,
address = {Crowthorne, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle modelling},
abstract = {
This project examined the factors that determine how suitable a
road is for cycling (its level of service for cycling, here
termed `cyclability'). Using a specially equipped
instrumented bicycle, 51 cyclists road a 9.2km route and made
subjective assessments of the `cyclability' of its 11 links.
The authors then tried to explain the subjective scores in
terms of objective road and traffic data. These included road
width, surface quality, traffic flow and speed, passing
distance, gradient, `lateral conflict', effort and aesthetics.
This approach has potential applications in the field of cycle
route planning as it can provide engineers with reassurance
that certain types of conditions are likely to be deemed
satisfactory by the majority of cyclists.
}
}
@inproceedings{Han97,
author = {S.~Hanaoka},
title = {Present Bicycle Traffic Situation in {J}apanese Cities},
year = 1997,
month = sep,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 1997},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{HanMcC89,
author = {A.~Hanton and S.~Mc{C}ombie},
title = {Provision for Cycle Parking at Railway Stations in the
{L}ondon Area},
year = 1989,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {London Cycling Campaign},
keywords = {bicycle planning, rail}
}
@article{HarReiKnu98,
author = {David L.~Harkey and Donald W.~Reinfurt and Matthew Knuiman},
title = {Development of the Bicycle Compatability Index},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {13--20},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-003.pdf}
}
@article{HarSte97,
author = {David L.~Harkey and J.~Richard Stewart},
title = {Evaluation of Shared-Use Facilities for Bicycles and Motor
Vehicles},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {111--118},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-14.pdf}
}
@techreport{Has90d,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {Cycle safety: a comparison between {B}ritish and ({W}est) {G}erman
cities},
year = 1990,
institution = {Environmental and Transport Planning},
address = {Brighton, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Hat96,
author = {Tony Hathway},
title = {Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Cycle Networks},
year = 1996,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 2,
number = 3,
pages = {34--41},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp02.3.pdf}
}
@techreport{HerNieAguKroJorJor94,
author = {L.~Herrstedt and M.A.~Nielsen and L.~Ag{\'u}stson and
K.M.L.~Krogsgaard and E.~J{\o}rgensen and N.O.~J{\o}rgensen},
title = {Safety of Cyclists in Urban Areas: Danish Experiences},
institution = {Danish Road Directorate},
year = 1994,
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{HeyVre83,
author = {C.J.J.M.~Heys and G.~Vredeveld},
title = {Legal framework for cycle facility: waiting lane for moped
riders and cyclists},
year = 1983,
journal = {Verkeerskunde},
volume = 34,
number = {4-1983},
note = {Department of Transport translation 14672 PR IV/E17},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annote = {A very early bike box paper, translated from Dutch.}
}
@techreport{Hil92,
author = {Mayer Hillman},
title = {Cycling: Towards Health and Safety},
year = 1992,
address = {Oxford, UK},
institution = {{British Medical Association}},
type = {Report of a {BMA} Working Party},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annote = {
According to McC02, this was a landmark publication in the UK
context.
}
}
@book{HilAdaWhi90,
author = {Mayer Hillman and J.~Adams and J.~Whitelegg},
title = {One False Move... A study of Children's Independent Mobility},
year = 1990,
publisher = {PSI Publishing},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{HooRep96,
author = {Walter Hook and Michael Replogle},
title = {Motorization and non-motorized transport in {A}sia},
year = 1996,
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {69--84},
keywords = {transport planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Hop94,
author = {D.~Hope},
title = {Nonrecreational Cycling in {O}ttawa},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1441,
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@article{HopWar96,
author = {P.~Hopkinson and Mark Wardman},
title = {Evaluating the Demand for New Cycle Facilities},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 3,
number = 4,
pages = {241--249},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{HowBur01,
author = {C.~Howard and E.K.~Burns},
title = {Cycling to work in {P}hoenix: Route Choice, Travel Behavior
and Commuter Characteristics},
year = 2001,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1773,
pages = {39--46},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{Hud82,
author = {M.~Hudson},
title = {Bicycle Planning: Policy and Practice},
year = 1982,
publisher = {The Architectural Press},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Hug00,
author = {T.~Hughes},
title = {Exploring {N}ottinghamshire by bike},
year = 2000,
month = aug,
journal = {Countryside Recreation},
publisher = {University of Wales},
address = {Cardiff, UK},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{HunBro98,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and Alan T.~Brownlee},
title = {Design and Calibration of the {E}dmonton Transport Analysis
Model},
year = 1998,
booktitle = {Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling, canada}
}
@article{Hun00,
author = {William W.~Hunter},
title = {Evaluation of Innovative Bike-Box Application in {E}ugene,
{O}regon},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {99--106},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-016.pdf}
}
@article{HunSteStu99,
author = {William W.~Hunter and J.~Richard Stewart and Jane C.~Stutts},
title = {Study of Bicycle Lanes versus Wide Curb Lanes},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
year = 1999,
pages = {70--77},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1674-010.pdf}
}
@techreport{HunStuPeiCox96,
author = {William W.~Hunter and Jane C.~Stutts and W.~Pein and C.~Cox},
title = {Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990s},
institution = {Federal Highway Administration},
year = 1996,
number = {FHWA-RD-95-163},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pedestrian planning},
address = {McLean, VA}
}
@article{Huw00,
author = {Ulrike Huwer},
title = {Let's Bike: the 10 point pedalling action programme to support
cycling},
year = 2000,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 6,
number = 2,
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp06.2.pdf}
}
@article{HyoSuzTak00,
author = {Tetsuro Hyodo and Norikazu Suzuki and Katsumi Takahashi},
title = {Modeling of Bicycle Route and Destination Choice Behavior for
Bicycle Road Network Plan},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {70--76},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-012.pdf}
}
@techreport{IHT98,
author = {{{I}nstitution of {H}ighways and {T}ransportation}},
title = {Guidelines for Cycle Audit and Review},
year = 1998,
institution = {IHT},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{IHTBACTC96,
author = {{{I}nstitution of {H}ighways and {T}ransportation} and {B}icycle
{A}ssocation and {C}yclists' {T}ouring {C}lub},
title = {Cycle-friendly Infrastructure: Guidelines for Providing and
Design},
year = 1996,
institution = {IHT},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{JacRue98,
author = {Michael E.~Jackson and Erik O.~Ruehr},
title = {Let the People be Heard: {S}an {D}iego County Bicycle Use and
Attitude Survey},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {8--12},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-002.pdf}
}
@article{Jac03,
author = {Peter L.~Jacobsen},
title = {Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking
and Bicycling},
year = 2003,
journal = {Injury Prevention},
volume = 9,
pages = {205--209},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/9/3/205.pdf}
}
@techreport{Jen98,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {{DUMAS}: Safety of pedestrians and two-wheelers},
year = 1998,
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pedestrian planning},
type = {Note},
number = 51,
institution = {Vejdirektoratet},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}
}
@inproceedings{Jen00,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {Cyclist safety at signalised junctions},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/UJENSEN4.PDF}
}
@inproceedings{Jen00b,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {Land use and cycling},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/UJENSEN3.PDF}
}
@techreport{Jen04,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {{A}rterial {S}treets {T}owards {S}ustainability: Design,
Decision and Prediction Tools},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.tft.lth.se/artists/medlemmar.asp},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, bike box, street design, streets},
institution = {ARTISTS Consortium},
number = {D3.2},
address = {Malm{\"o}, Sweden}
}
@techreport{Jen06,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {Effekter af overk{\o}rsler og bl{\aa} cykelfelter},
year = 2006,
institution = {Trafitec},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring, bicycle collisions},
url = {http://www.trafitec.dk/pub/Effekter%20af%20overkoersler%20og%20blaa%20cykelfelter.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{JenAndNie97,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen and Karina Andersen and Erling Nielsen},
title = {Junctions and Cyclists},
year = 1997,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 1997},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring},
annote = {
Quote: A study conducted in Denmark found that blue painted bicycle lanes
at intersections resulted in a 38\% decrease in bicycle crashes
and 71\% reduction in fatalities and serious injuries.
}
}
@techreport{JenRosJen06,
author = {S{\o}ren Underline Jensen and Claus Rosenkilde and Niels
Jensen},
title = {Road safety and perceived risk of cycle facilities in
{C}openhagen},
year = 2006,
institution = {European Cyclists' Federation},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pavement colouring, bike box},
url = {http://www.ecf.com/files/2/12/16/070503_Cycle_Tracks_Copenhagen.pdf},
abstract = {
This before-and-after study covers the construction of one-way cycle
tracks and lanes, blue cycle crossings and raised exits. It is the
biggest study of its kind so far carried out in Denmark. The effects on
road safety of all types of traffic both at junctions and on road
sections for both accidents and injuries are examined. The effects on
the volumes of motor vehicles as well as on bicycle and moped traffic
are examined with regard to the construction of one way cycle tracks
and lanes. Lastly, cycle facilities impact on cyclists? perceived risk
and satisfaction on road sections and at junctions is also examined.
}
}
@inproceedings{Jol00,
author = {Marc Jolicoeur},
title = {A Bicycle Network for a {N}orth {A}merican Metropolis: The Case of
{M}ontreal},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/JOLICOEU.PDF}
}
@techreport{JolThiHuaBruFal01,
author = {Marc Jolicoeur and Guy Thibault and H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Huard and
Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Bruneau and Jean-S{\'e}bastien Fallu},
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
title = {L'état du v{\'e}lo au {Q}u{'e}bec en 2000 (Bicycling in
{Q}uebec in 2000)},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
address = {Montr\'{e}al, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/etat_velo/etateduvelo2001-c.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@article{Jon01,
author = {M.~Jones},
title = {Promoting cycling in the {UK}: Problems experienced by the
practitioners},
year = 2001,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {7--12},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp07.3.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Kat95,
author = {Rod Katz},
title = {Modeling Bicycle Demand as a Mainstream Transportation
Planning Function},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1502,
pages = {22--28},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling}
}
@article{KeiRie01,
author = {M.J.N.~Keijer and Piet Rietveld},
title = {How do people get to the Railway Station? The {D}utch
Experience},
journal = {Transportation Planning and Technology},
volume = 23,
year = 2001,
month = nov,
pages = {215--233},
keywords = {bicycle planning, rail},
url = {ftp://zappa.ubvu.vu.nl/19990009.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Ken96,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Bicycling the world: A global perspective on bicycles in
cities and their role in reducing automobile dependence},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {Keynote paper to Velo Australia, International Bicycle
Conference},
month = oct,
address = {Fremantle, Australia},
keywords = {bicycle planning, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{KerJam99,
author = {I.~Ker and B.~James},
title = {Evaluating Behaviour Change in Transport: Benefit Cost
Analysis of Individualised Marketing},
year = 1999,
address = {Perth, Australia},
institution = {Transport WA},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{KimLi96,
author = {Karl Kim and Lei Li},
title = {Modeling Fault Among Bicyclists and Drivers Involved in
Collisions in Hawaii, 1986--1991},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1538,
pages = {75--80},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1538-010.pdf}
}
@article{KloKha99,
author = {Jeremy R.~Klop and Asad J.~Khattak},
title = {Factors Influencing Bicycle Crash Severity on Two-Lane,
Undivided Roadways in {N}orth {C}arolina},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
year = 1999,
pages = {78--85},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1674-011.pdf}
}
@techreport{KK00,
author = {K{\o}benhavns {K}ommune ({M}unicipality of {C}openhagen)},
title = {Cykelregnskab 2000 ({B}icycle {A}ccount 2000)},
institution = {K{\o}benhavns {K}ommune},
year = 2000,
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.vejpark.kk.dk/publikationer/pdf/156_CykelregnskabDK.pdf}
}
@techreport{KK04,
author = {K{\o}benhavns {K}ommune ({M}unicipality of {C}openhagen)},
title = {Cykelregnskab 2004 ({B}icycle {A}ccount 2004)},
institution = {K{\o}benhavns {K}ommune},
year = 2004,
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.vejpark.kk.dk/publikationer/pdf/410_cykelregnskab2004.pdf}
}
@article{Kni99,
author = {Stephen Knight},
title = {Urban Cycling Options in the Free Market},
year = 1999,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp05.1.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Koo90,
author = {E.~Koop},
title = {On the recent engagement of bicycles and trains in {D}enmark},
year = 1990,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 1989},
editor = {N.~Jensen},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning, rail}
}
@inproceedings{Kri04,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Estimating the Economic Benefits of Bicycling and Bicycle
Facilities: An Interpretive Review and Proposed Methods},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000070.pdf}
}
@article{KriRol05,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek and Rio W.~Roland},
title = {What is at the end of the road? {U}nderstanding discontinuities
of on-street bicycle lanes in urban settings},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 10,
number = 1,
pages = {55--68},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6VH8-4DS96N4-1-1\&_cdi=6060\&_user=10\&_orig=browse\&_coverDate=01\%2F01\%2F2005\&_sk=999899998\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWb\&md5=6fc65ae08c64e7a5f12d50c86cc028e8\&ie=/sdarticle.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
abstract = {
Demarcating on-street bicycle facilities is often mentioned as an
important strategy to encourage increased bicycle safety and
bicycle travel. However, little if any literature has focused
on instances where separate on-street bicycle facilities end.
This paper better understands the severity of such instances
and corresponding physical characteristics. We identify 30
discontinuities of on-street bicycle lanes in Minneapolis,
Minnesota, and collect primary data measuring their physical
attributes and cyclists' perceptions of the level of comfort
while cycling through each. Using multi-variate analysis, the
findings suggest that discontinuities ending on the left
side of the street, with increased distance of crossing
intersections, having parking after the
discontinuities, and wider width of the curb lane are
statistical elements that contribute to higher levels
of discomfort. Such analysis is useful in determining
bicyclists' comfort level where discontinuities exist
and such methods can be an important part of an overall
level of service toolkit for planning on-street bicycle
lanes.
}
}
@article{Kui82,
author = {Ing D.H.~Kuijper},
title = {De {OFOS}: een beschouwing over de opgeblazen
fietsopstelstrook (The {OFOS}: A Description of the `expanded
waiting lane for cyclists')},
year = 1982,
journal = {Verkeerskunde},
volume = 33,
number = {9-1982},
note = {Department of Transport translation 3242},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box},
annote = { The original Dutch study of bike boxes / advance stop lines.
OFOS (Opgeblazen fietsopstelstrook) is the Dutch name for the
device. }
}
@inproceedings{KurBel97,
author = {C.~Kuranani and D.D.~Bel},
title = {Bicycle Parking in {T}okyo: Issues, Policy and Innovation},
year = 1997,
booktitle = {Presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Lan94b,
author = {Bruce W.~Landis},
title = {Bicycle intersection hazard score: a theoretical model},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1438,
pages = {3--8},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Lan96,
author = {Bruce W.~Landis},
title = {Bicycle system performance measures},
year = 1996,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
pages = {18--26},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{LanPetHuaDo04,
author = {Bruce W.~Landis and Theodore A.~Petritsch and Herman F.~Huang
and Ann Do},
title = {Characteristics of Emerging Road and Trail Users and Their
Safety},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1878,
doi = {10.3141/1878-16},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001954.pdf}
}
@article{LanVatBra97,
author = {Bruce W.~Landis and Venkat R.~Vattikuti and Michael T.~Brannick},
title = {Real-time human perceptions: towards a bicycle level of
service},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {119--126},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-15.pdf}
}
@article{LanVatOttPet03,
author = {Bruce W.~Landis and Venkat R.~Vattikuti and Russell M.~Ottenberg and
Theodore A.~Petritsch},
title = {Intersection level of service for the bicycle through movement},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1828,
pages = {101--106},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{LanOttVat00,
author = {Bruce Landis and Russell Ottenberg and Venkat Vatticuti},
title = {The latent demand method},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/LANDIS.PDF}
}
@article{LawMor99,
author = {S.~Lawson and B.~Morris},
title = {Our of cars and onto bikes: what chance?},
year = 1999,
month = may,
volume = 40,
number = 5,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{LecNoeLee01,
author = {C.~Leclerc and N.~No{\"e}l and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Cyclisme et convivialité de la route: développement d'un outil
d'aide à la décision},
year = 2001,
journal = {Routes et transports},
volume = 30,
number = 1,
pages = {9--20},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@inproceedings{Led97,
author = {Lars Leden},
title = {Has the city of {G}othenburg found the concept to encourage
bicycling by improving safety for bicyclists?},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 97},
year = 1997,
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
pages = {271--274},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring}
}
@article{LedGarPul98,
author = {Lars Leden and Per G{\aa}rdner and Urho Pulkkinen},
title = {Measuring the safety effect of raised bicycle crossings using
a new research methodology},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
year = 1998,
volume = 1636,
pages = {64--70},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring}
}
@article{LedGarPul00,
author = {Lars Leden and Per G{\aa}rdner and Urho Pulkkinen},
title = {An expert judgment mode applied to estimating the safety
effect of a bicycle facility},
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
year = 2000,
volume = 32,
number = 4,
pages = {589--599},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pavement colouring}
}
@inproceedings{LeeSchKop04,
author = {Brian Ho-Yin Lee and Joseph L.~Schofer and Frank
S.~Koppelman},
title = {Bicycle Safety Helmet Legislation and Bicycle-Related
Non-Fatal Injuries in {C}alifornia},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000874.pdf}
}
@incollection{Leh03,
author = {Ursula Lehner-Lierz},
title = {The role of Cycling for Women},
chapter = 10,
editor = {Rodney Tolley},
booktitle = {The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and
cycling in {W}estern cities},
year = 1997,
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
edition = {3rd},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
keywords = {transport planning, gender, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Liu95,
author = {X.~Liu and L.~Shen and F.~Ren},
title = {Operational Analysis of Bicycle Accidents and Recommended
Countermeasures in {B}eijing, {C}hina},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1487,
pages = {75--83},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{Luc98,
author = {William J.~Lucas},
title = {A report on cycling fatalities in {T}oronto 1986--1996:
recommendations for reducing cycling injuries and death},
year = 1998,
month = jul,
institution = {Office of the Regional Coroner for Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
url = {http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/cycling/coroner_index.htm}
}
@inproceedings{Lue85,
author = {A.~Luers},
title = {Reiseantrittwiderstande, speziell der {E}influss wohnungsnaher
{A}bstellm{\"o}glichkeiten auf den {V}erkehrsanteil des
{F}ahrrades ({R}esistance factors at the start of journeys, with
particular reference to the availability of cycle parking
facilities near residences)},
booktitle = {Perspektiven des {F}ahrradverkehrs: {I}nternationaler
{P}lanungsseminar auf {S}chloss {L}axenburg bei {W}ien},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
year = 1985,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{McC92,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {The Bicycle and City Traffic: Principles and Practice},
year = 1992,
publisher = {Belhaven Press},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{McC96,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Cycle facilities and cyclists' safety: experience from
{G}reater {N}ottingham and lessons for future cycling provision},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 3,
number = {1/2},
month = jan,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{McC00,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {When in the {UK}, Cycle Like the {D}utch?},
year = 2000,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 69,
number = 12,
month = dec,
pages = {356--357},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{McC01,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Practioners' take-up of professional guidance and research
findings: Planning for cycling and walking in the {UK}},
year = 2001,
journal = {Planning Practice and Research},
volume = 16,
number = 2,
month = may,
pages = {193--203},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@book{McC02,
editor = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Planning for Cycling: Principles, Practice and Solutions for
Urban Planners},
year = 2002,
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/McC02/index.html }
}
@article{McCCle93,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock and Jo Cleary},
title = {English urban cycle route network experiments: the experience
of the {G}reater {N}ottingham network},
year = 1993,
journal = {Town Planning Review},
volume = 64,
number = 2,
pages = {159--192},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{McCCle96,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock and Jo Cleary},
title = {Cycle Facilities and cyclists' safety},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 3,
number = 1,
pages = {67--77},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{McCMor03,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock and Dave Morris},
title = {Bikes and trams: integrating the benefits},
year = 2003,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 72,
number = 10,
month = nov,
pages = {308--309},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit}
}
@inproceedings{McCPhi00,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock and Phil Philippou},
title = {Improving professional training for bicycle planning in the
{UK}},
year = 2000,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/CLINTOCK.PDF}
}
@article{McCSha96,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock and V.~Shacklock},
title = {Alternative transport plans: encouraging the role of employers
in changing staff commuter travel modes},
year = 1996,
month = oct,
journal = {Town Planning Review},
volume = 67,
number = 4,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Mad01,
author = {H.~Maddox},
title = {Another look at {G}ermany's bicycle boom: implications for
local transportation policy and planning strategy in the {USA}},
year = 2001,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {44--48},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp07.3.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Mar04,
author = {Karel Martens},
title = {The bicycle as a feedering mode: experiences from three
{E}uropean countries},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 9,
number = 4,
pages = {281--294},
abstract = {
Bike-and-ride, or the combined use of bicycle and public transport
for one trip, is a multimodal alternative for the car. This
paper discusses the use of bike-and-ride in three countries
with widely differing bicycle cultures and
infrastructures: the Netherlands, Germany and the UK.
The share of the bicycle in access trips is comparable
to general levels of bicycle ridership in each country,
but only for train services and other fast modes of
public transport. Strong similarities are found
in the characteristics of bike-and-ride trips
and users, in terms of travel distances, travel
motives, and the impact of car availability. The
majority of bike-and-ride users travels between
2 and 5 km to a public transport stop, with
longer access distances reported for faster
modes of public transport. Work and education
are the main travel motives, with the first
dominating the faster modes and the second the
slower modes of public transport. Car
availability hardly influences the choice for a
combined use of bicycle and train, but strongly
affects the levels of bike-and-ride for slower
modes of transport.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, intermodal}
}
@article{Mar07,
author = {Karel Martens},
title = {Promoting bike-and-ride: the {D}utch experience},
year = 2007,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 41,
number = 4,
pages = {326--338},
keywords = { bicycle planning, transit, intermodal },
abstract = {
The number of policy initiatives to promote the use of
bike-and-ride, or the combined use of bicycle and public transport
for one trip, has grown considerably over the past decade as part
of the search for more sustainable transport solutions. This paper
discusses the experiences with, and impacts of, such initiatives in
the Netherlands. The Dutch measures to promote bicycle use in
access trips have been generally successful. A country-wide program
to upgrade regular and secure bicycle parking at train stations has
led to an increase in user satisfaction and a growth in bicycles
parked at stations. Smaller programs to stimulate the combined use
of bike-and-bus have resulted in an increase in bicycle use, bus
use, and share of infrequent bus passengers. Bicycle lockers at bus
stops are hardly used by bus passengers, due in part to the
dominance of students among bus users as well as the relatively
high price of lockers in comparison to the value of bicycles used
for access trips. Measures to promote the use of the bicycle in
egress trips have met with more varying results. Projects to
introduce leasing bicycles for egress trips have failed to attract
passengers, for both train and bus services. In contrast, the
introduction of flexible rental bicycles at train stations has
resulted in a small reduction in car use, growth in train trips,
and growth in bicycle use for non-recurrent trips. The Dutch
experiences suggest some lessons for promoting bike-and-ride in
countries and cities with a less well-developed bicycle
infrastructure.
}
}
@article{Mar92b,
author = {Scott Martin},
title = {The world's best cities for cycling},
year = 1992,
journal = {Bicycling Magazine},
month = may,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Mat90,
author = {D.~Mathew},
title = {New way ahead for {O}xford: a balanced transport policy},
year = 1990,
journal = {Surveyor},
volume = 175,
number = 5126,
pages = {16--17},
month = oct,
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport planning}
}
@article{MatMor01,
author = {C.T.~Matwie and J.F.~Morrall},
title = {Guidelines for a safety audit of bikeway systems},
year = 2001,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {28--37},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp07.3.pdf}
}
@article{Moe00,
author = {Richard C.~Moeur},
title = {Analysis of Gap Patterns in Longitudinal Rumble Strips to
Accommodate Bicycle Travel},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {93--98},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-015.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{MorTho92,
author = {E.~Morgan-Thomas},
title = {Why don't you commute by bicycle?},
year = 1992,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Ausbike 92: Cyclist Behaviour and Planning},
volume = 92,
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Mor97,
author = {William E.~Moritz},
title = {Survey of {N}orth {A}merican bicycle commuters: design and
aggregate results},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {91--101},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-12.pdf}
}
@article{Mor98,
author = {William E.~Moritz},
title = {Adult Bicyclists in the {U}nited {S}tates: Characteristics and
Riding Experience in 1996},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
year = 1998,
volume = 1636,
pages = {1--7},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-001.pdf}
}
@article{Mor04,
author = {Hugh Morris},
title = {Commute Rates On Urban Trails: Indicators from the 2000
Census},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1878,
doi = {10.3141/1878-14},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000695.pdf}
}
@techreport{MTPWWM97,
author = {{Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management}},
title = {Sustainable Road Safety Programme},
year = 1997,
address = {The Hague, The Netherlands},
institution = {{Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management}},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{MVW07,
author = {{Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat}},
title = {Cycling in the {N}etherlands},
year = 2007,
institution = {{Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat}},
address = {The Hague, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.fietsberaad.nl/library/repository/bestanden/Cycling\%20in\%20the\%20Netherlands\%20VenW.pdf}
}
@article{Nan99,
author = {Max Nankervis},
title = {The Effect of Weather and Climate on Bicycle Commuting},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 33,
number = 6,
pages = {417--431},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Nav94,
author = {F.~Navin},
title = {Bicycle traffic flow characteristics: experimental results
and comparisons},
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
year = 1994,
volume = 64,
number = 3,
pages = {31--36},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling}
}
@techreport{NCC95,
author = {{Nottinghamshire County Council}},
title = {School Travel: Health and the Environment},
year = 1995,
address = {Nottingham, UK},
institution = {{Nottinghamshire County Council}},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{NCF98,
author = {{National Cycling Forum}},
title = {Cycling in urban areas: issues in retailing},
year = 1998,
institution = {Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{NCF01,
author = {{National Cycling Forum}},
title = {Model Conditions of Carriage: Accommodating the Bicycle on Bus
and Coach},
year = 2001,
institution = {Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, rail}
}
@techreport{Nel06,
author = {Alyse Nelson},
title = {Livable {C}openhagen: The Design of a Bicycle City},
year = 2006,
institution = {Center for Public Space Research / University of Washington},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark / Seattle, WA, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.sightline.org/research/sprawl/res_pubs/Livable_Copenhagen_reduced.pdf}
}
@article{NelAll97,
author = {Arthur C.~Nelson and David Allen},
title = {If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them: Cross-Sectional
Analysis of Commuters and Bicycle Facilities},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {79--83},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-10.pdf}
}
@article{Nie96,
author = {D.A.~Niemeier},
title = {Longitudinal Analysis of Bicycle Count Variability: Results
and Modelling Implications},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
month = {May/June},
pages = {200--206},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling}
}
@inproceedings{NoeLee00,
author = {N.~No{\"e}l and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Urban form, road network design and bicycle use: the case of
{Q}uebec {C}ity's metropolitan area.},
year = 2000,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/NOEL.PDF}
}
@article{NoeLee02,
author = {N.~No{\"e}l and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Mieux comprendre la pratique de la bicyclette: Enquête sur les
déplacements et les activités de cyclistes de la Région
métropolitaine de {Q}uébec.},
year = 2002,
journal = {Recherche - Transports - S{\'e}curit{\'e}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = 74,
pages = {26--49},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@article{NoeVilLee01,
author = {N.~No{\"e}l and P.~Villeneuve and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Aménagement du territoire et espaces d'action: identification
des déterminants des stratégies de déplacements de cyclistes de la
région de {Q}uébec à l'aide d'un {SIG}},
year = 2001,
journal = {Revue internationale de g{\'e}omatique},
volume = 11,
number = {3--4},
pages = {79--101},
keywords = {bicycle planning, geographic information systems, canada}
}
@article{NolKun95,
author = {R.B.~Noland and H.~Kunreuther},
title = {Short-run and long-run policies for increasing bicycle
transportation for daily commuter trips},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 2,
number = 1,
pages = {67--79},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{OECD97,
author = {{O}rganisation for {E}conomic {C}o-operation and {D}evelopment},
title = {Safety of Vulnerable Road Users},
address = {Paris, France},
institution = {{OECD}},
year = 1997,
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Oke00,
author = {Timothy George Oketch},
title = {New Modeling Approach for Mixed-Traffic Streams with
Nonmotorized Vehicles},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {61--69},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-011.pdf}
}
@article{OrtIacVal00,
author = {Juan~de~Dios Ort\'{u}zar and Andr\'{e}s Iacobelli and Claudio
Valeze},
title = {Estimating Demand for a Cycleway Network},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 34,
number = 5,
pages = {353--374},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle modelling}
}
@article{OsbSti98,
author = {J.~Scott Osberg and Sarah C.~Stiles},
title = {Bicycle Use and Safety in {P}aris, {B}oston and {A}msterdam},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
month = {Fall},
volume = 52,
number = 4,
pages = {61--76},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{OsbStiOhe98,
author = {J.~Scott Osberg and Sarah C.~Stiles and Kwaku Ohene},
title = {Bicycle Safety Behavior in {P}aris and {B}oston},
year = 1998,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 30,
number = 5,
pages = {679--687},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Par03,
author = {J.~Parkin},
title = {Comparisons of cycle use for the journey to work from the '81,
'91 and 2001 censuses},
year = 2003,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 44,
number = 8,
pages = {299--302},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{PedDav00,
author = {A.~Pedler and D.G.~Davies},
title = {Cycle track crossings of minor roads},
year = 2000,
number = 462,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://217.118.128.203/store/downloadreport.asp?id=2618},
abstract = {
Cycle tracks can help cyclists to avoid sharing busy roads with
motor vehicles. One of the main problems with providing them,
however, is the design of crossings of minor roads. This introduces
a hazard and cyclists are usually required to give way. Highway
authorities have been reluctant to give priority to cyclists in
case drivers fail to observe the priorities and casualties
occur. This project investigates the safety and effectiveness
of a variety of cycle track crossing arrangements at minor road
T-junctions, including crossings with priority for cyclists.
Five cycle track crossings were monitored using video cameras
and 223 cyclists using the crossings were interviewed. The
report draws conclusions about the safety of various designs
and makes recommendations about cycle track crossing design.
}
}
@article{Pei97,
author = {Wayne Pein},
title = {Bicyclist Performance on a Multiuse Trail},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {127--131},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-16.pdf}
}
@incollection{Pla95,
author = {D.A.~Plane},
title = {Urban transportation: policy alternatives},
year = 1995,
booktitle = {The Geography of Urban Transportation},
editor = {Susan Hanson},
edition = {2nd},
publisher = {Guildford Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
pages = {435--469},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{PorSuhSch99,
author = {Christopher Porter and John Suhrbier and William
L.~Schwartz},
title = {Forecasting Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel: State of the
Practice and Research Needs},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
year = 1999,
pages = {94--101},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1674-013.pdf}
}
@techreport{Pra92,
author = {Jim Pravetz},
title = {A Review of Bicycle Policy and Planning Developments in
{W}estern {E}urope and {N}orth {A}merica: A Literature Search},
year = 1992,
institution = {Government of South Australia, Director-General of
Transport},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.architect.org/livablecities/Bicycle.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{ProPan00,
author = {Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Pronovost and Marc Panneton},
title = {La {R}oute {V}erte: A cycling challenge, a planning
challenge},
year = 2000,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/PRONOVOS.PDF}
}
@article{Puc97,
author = {John Pucher},
title = {Bicycling Boom in {G}ermany: A Revival Engineered by Public
Policy},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 51,
number = 4,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Puc02,
author = {John Pucher},
title = {The role of public policies in promoting the safety,
convenience and popularity of bicycling},
year = 2002,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {75--79},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp07.4.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{PucDij00,
author = {John Pucher and Lewis Dijkstra},
title = {Making walking and cycling safer: lessons from {E}urope},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 54,
number = 3,
year = 2000,
month = {Summer},
pages = {25--50},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, bicycle collisions},
url = {http://policy.rutgers.edu/tpi/docs/walkingcyclingsafer.pdf}
}
@article{PucKomSch99,
author = {John Pucher and Charles Komanoff and Paul Schimek},
title = {Bicycling renaissance in {N}orth {A}merica?},
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 33,
number = {7/8},
year = 1999,
pages = {625--654},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://policy.rutgers.edu/tpi/docs/bicyclingrenaissance.pdf}
}
@article{RasKoiSum99,
author = {Mikko R{\"a}s{\"a}nen and Ilkka Koivisto and Heikki Summala},
title = {Car Drivers and Bicyclist Behavior at Bicycle Crossings Under
Different Priority Regulations},
year = 1999,
journal = {Journal of Safety Research},
volume = 30,
pages = {67--77},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{RasSum98,
author = {Mikko R{\"a}s{\"a}nen and Heikki Summala},
title = {Attention and Expectation Problems in Bicycle-Car Collisions:
An In-Depth Study},
year = 1998,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 30,
number = 5,
pages = {657--666},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{RasSum98b,
author = {Mikko R{\"a}s{\"a}nen and Heikki Summala},
title = {The safety effects of sight obstacles and road-markings at
bicycle crossings},
year = 1998,
month = feb,
volume = 39,
number = 2,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Rei01,
author = {Stuart J.~Reid},
title = {Pushing bikes},
year = 2001,
journal = {Surveyor magazine},
month = jun,
pages = {18--20},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{Rei01b,
author = {Stuart J.~Reid},
title = {Bicycles in Bus Lanes: Should they really be there?},
year = 2001,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 2001},
address = {Edinburgh, UK},
month = sep,
publisher = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@book{Rep83,
author = {Michael Replogle},
title = {Bicycles and Public Transportation},
publisher = {Bicycle Federation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 1983,
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit}
}
@article{Rep87,
author = {Michael Replogle},
title = {Bicycles on Transit: A Review of the International
Experience},
year = 1987,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1141,
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit}
}
@techreport{RepPar92,
author = {Michael Replogle and H.~Parcells},
title = {Linking Bicycle/Pedestrian Facilities with Transit},
year = 1992,
institution = {Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, intermodal}
}
@article{Rie00,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {The accessibility of railway stations: the role of the bicycle
in The {N}etherlands},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
pages = {71--75},
abstract = {
The market potential of railway services depends on the quality of the
total chain from residence to place of activity. In The Netherlands
where natural conditions and infrastructure are conducive, the
bicycle is a potentially attractive access mode for railways since
it allows travellers to avoid waiting at bus, metro or tram stops.
Especially at the home end the bicycle appears to play a large role
as an access mode with a share of 35\%. At the activity end the
share is much shorter. Implications are discussed for policies
aiming at increasing the share of multimodal trips. Also physical
planning implications are considered.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, intermodal }
}
@article{Rie00b,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {Nonmotorized Modes in Transport Systems: A Multimodal Chain
Perspective for The {N}etherlands},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
pages = {31--36},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, pedestrian planning}
}
@incollection{Rie01,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {Biking and Walking: The position of non-motorized transport
modes in transport systems},
year = 2001,
booktitle = {Handbooks in Transport},
editor = {K.J.~Button and D.A.~Hensher},
volume = 3,
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Oxford, UK},
pages = {299--320},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport planning}
}
@article{RisCamAshJac02,
author = {Chris Rissell and Fiona Campbell and Bruce Ashley and Lisa
Jackson},
title = {Driver road rule knowledge and attitudes towards cyclists},
year = 2002,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 8,
number = 4,
pages = {26--30},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp08.4.pdf}
}
@article{RodJoo04,
author = {Daniel A.~Rodr{\'i}guez and Joonwon Joo},
title = {The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the
local physical environment},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 9,
number = 2,
pages = {151--173},
abstract = {
By estimating multinomial choice models, this paper examines the
relationship between travel mode choice and attributes of the
local physical environment such as topography, sidewalk
availability, residential density, and the presence of walking
and cycling paths. Data for student and staff commuters to the
University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill are used to
illustrate the relationship between mode choice and the
objectively measured environmental attributes, while accounting
for typical modal characteristics such as travel time, access
time, and out-of-pocket cost. Results suggest that jointly
the four attributes of the local physical environment
make significant marginal contributions to explaining
travel mode choice. In particular, the estimates reveal
that local topography and sidewalk availability are
significantly associated with the attractiveness of
non-motorized modes. Point elasticities are provided
and recommendations given regarding the importance of
incorporating non-motorized modes into local
transportation planning and in the study of how the
built environment influences travel behavior.
},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban design, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link}
}
@inproceedings{RosMarHar04,
author = {Geoff Rose and Heidi Marfutt and Phil Harbutt},
title = {Using a ``Ride to Work'' Day Event as a Travel Behaviour Change
initiative},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001285.pdf}
}
@techreport{RosLaw93,
author = {T.~Rossi and T.K.~Lawton et al.},
title = {Revision of Travel Demand Models to Enable Analysis of
Atypical Land Use Patterns},
year = 1993,
institution = {Cambridge Systematics Inc. and Metropolitan Service
District},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Rus00,
author = {A.~Russell},
title = {Selling the cycle habit},
year = 2000,
month = oct,
journal = {Surveyor magazine},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{Ryl96,
author = {T.J.~Ryley},
title = {{A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines for cyclists: The role of central cycle
lane approaches and signal timings},
year = 1996,
number = {TRL181},
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box}
}
@techreport{RylDav98,
author = {T.J.~Ryley and D.G.~Davies},
title = {Further developments in the design of contra-flow cycling
schemes},
year = 1998,
number = 358,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
abstract = {
This research investigates the safety implications and practical
methods of allowing contra-flow cycling in one-way streets in
the UK. Five `alternative' contra-flow cycle schemes (ie
schemes not including a mandatory cycle lane or
physical segregation) were examined. Video filming and
interviews with cyclists were used to collect data from the
sites. The results were supplemented by data supplied by the
local authority responsible for the schemes; this data included
vehicle speeds and reported accidents. The schemes appeared to
operate safely, supporting the wider use of alternative
contra-flow cycle schemes in the UK. Design advice is proposed
on how this can be best achieved. Important factors to consider
when designing contra-flow schemes are motor vehicle flows,
motor vehicle speeds, delivery vehicles, parking and side roads.
}
}
@article{Sae04,
author = {Kjartan S{\ae}lensminde},
title = {Cost-benefit analyses of walking and cycling track networks
taking into account insecurity, health effects and external costs
of motorized traffic},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 38,
pages = {593--606},
url = {http://www.sustrans.org.uk/webfiles/International/Norway\%20cost-benfit\%20analysis.pdf},
keywords = {finance, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, active transportation}
}
@techreport{SaeElv00,
author = {Kjartan S{\ae}lensminde and Rune Elvik},
title = {A method for setting priorities for measures designed for
pedestrians and cyclists: criteria and guidelines},
year = 2000,
institution = {Transport{\o}konomisk institutt (Institute of Transport Economics)},
address = {Oslo, Norway},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, prioritisation}
}
@article{Sal85,
author = {W.~Salomons},
title = {Evaluatie {CPVC-OFOS} in {E}nschede (Evaluation of
{CPVC}-model {OFOS} in {E}nschede)},
year = 1985,
journal = {Verkeerskunde},
volume = 36,
number = {7-1985},
note = {Department of Transport translation 3269},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box}
}
@article{ShaNie97,
author = {Kevan Shafizadeh and Debbie Niemeier},
title = {Bicycle Journey-to-Work: Travel Behavior Characteristics and
Spatial Attributes},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {84--90},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1578-11.pdf}
}
@article{Sha93,
author = {R.~Sharples},
title = {Modelling cyclists in {SATURN}},
year = 1993,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 34,
pages = {472--475},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling}
}
@article{She97,
author = {Q.~Shen},
title = {Urban Transportation in {S}hanghai, {C}hina: Problems and
Planning Implications},
year = 1997,
journal = {International Journal of Urban and Regional Research},
volume = 21,
number = 4,
pages = {589--606},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning},
annote = {According to Cer98, this paper says that bicycles are the
most efficient mode for trips under 14km in Shanghai}
}
@article{SorWal94,
author = {A.~Sorton and T.W.~Walsh},
title = {Bicycle stress level as a tool to evaluate urban and suburban
bicycle compatability},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1438,
pages = {17--24},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{SteHin04,
author = {Norm Steinman and Keith Hines},
title = {A Methodology to Assess Design Features for Pedestrian and
Bicyclist Crossings at Signalized Intersections},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1878,
doi = {10.3141/1878-06},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-002585.pdf}
}
@article{StiBha03,
author = {Monique A.~Stinson and Chandra R.~Bhat},
title = {Commuter Bicyclist Route Choice: Analysis Using a Stated
Preference Survey},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1828,
pages = {107--115},
abstract = {
The importance of factors affecting commuter bicyclists' route
choices was evaluated. Both route-level (e.g., travel time) and
link-level (e.g., pavement quality) factors are examined.
Empirical models are estimated using data from a stated
preference survey conducted via the Internet. The models
indicate that, for commuter bicyclists, travel time is the most
important factor in choosing a route. Presence of a bicycle
facility ( especially a bike lane or separate path), the level
of automobile traffic, pavement or riding surface quality, and
presence of a bicycle facility on a bridge are also very
important determinants. Furthermore, there are policy
implications of these results for bicycle facility planning.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{StiBha04,
author = {Monique A.~Stinson and Chandra R.~Bhat},
title = {Frequency of Bicycle Commuting: {I}nternet-Based Survey
Analysis},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1878,
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001493.pdf}
}
@article{SumPasRasSie96,
author = {Heikki Summala and Eerao Pasanen and Mikki R{\"a}s{\"a}nen
and Jukka Siev{\"a}nen},
title = {Bicycle accidents and drivers' visual search at left and right
turns},
year = 1996,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 28,
number = 2,
pages = {147--153},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions}
}
@techreport{Sve04,
author = {{\AA}se Svensson},
title = {{A}rterial {S}treets for People: Guidance for Planners and
Decision Makers when Reconstructing Arterial Streets},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.tft.lth.se/guide/guidecompleng050921.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban design, street design, streets},
institution = {ARTISTS Consortium},
address = {Malm{\"o}, Sweden}
}
@techreport{T2000T99,
author = {{Transport 2000 Trust}},
title = {A Safer Journey to School: A Guide for School Communities},
year = 1999,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {{Transport 2000 Trust}},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{TayDav99,
author = {Dean B.~Taylor and W.~Jeffrey Davis},
title = {Review of Basic Research in Bicycle Traffic Science, Traffic
Operations, and Facility Design},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
year = 1999,
pages = {102--110},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1674-014.pdf}
}
@techreport{TayMah96,
author = {Dean B.~Taylor and Hani S.~Mahmassani},
title = {Intermodal bicycle/transit mode choice: survey and nested
logit choice model},
year = 1996,
institution = {Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas
at Austin},
type = {Project},
number = {60056/465570},
address = {Austin, TX, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, intermodal, transit}
}
@article{TayMah97,
author = {Dean B.~Taylor and Hani S.~Mahmassani},
title = {Analysis of stated preferences for intermodal bicycle-transit
interfaces},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1556,
pages = {86--95},
keywords = {bicycle planning, intermodal }
}
@article{TayMah00,
author = {Dean B.~Taylor and Hani S.~Mahmassani},
title = {Coordinating Traffic Signals for Bicycle Progression},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1705,
year = 2000,
pages = {85--92},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1705-014.pdf}
}
@article{ThoCla92,
author = {R.G.~Thom and A.M.~Clayton},
title = {Low-Cost Opportunities for Making Cities Bicycle-friendly
based on a Case Study analysis of cyclists' Behaviour and
Accidents},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1372,
year = 1992,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{Tho97,
author = {M.~Thomas},
title = {Copenhagen City of Cyclists},
year = 1997,
institution = {Municipality of Copenhagen},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{TLSM05,
author = {{Transport for London Street Management}},
title = {London Cycling Design Standards},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
institution = {Transport for London},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cycles/company/standards.shtml}
}
@book{Tol03,
editor = {Rodney Tolley},
title = {The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and
cycling in {W}estern cities},
year = 2003,
publisher = {Woodhead Publishers},
edition = {3rd},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{TolGoo01,
author = {Rodney Tolley and Rachel Goodman},
title = {Sustainable transport: prospects for walking and cycling in
{G}reat {B}ritain},
year = 2001,
journal = {Geography},
volume = 86,
number = 1,
pages = {84--88},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{TolLum01,
author = {Rodney Tolley and Les Lumsdon},
title = {The {N}ational {C}ycle {S}trategy in the {UK}: to what extent have
local authorities adopted its model strategy approach?},
year = 2001,
journal = {Journal of Transport Geography},
volume = 9,
pages = {293--301},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{Tsc88,
author = {J.~Tschopp},
title = {Bike and ride and the introduction of the green reduction
card: {B}asle, a success story in stimulating use of public
transport and the bike},
year = 1988,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 1987},
address = {Groningen, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{Tsc91,
author = {J.~Tschopp},
title = {Massnahmen f{\"u}r den {V}eloverkehr, {H}erzogenbuchsee},
year = 1991,
address = {Basel, Switzerland},
institution = {Verkehrs-{C}lub der {S}chweiz (VCS)},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{TurGriKwa96,
author = {Jeff Turner and Margaret Grieco and E.A.~Kwakye},
title = {Subverting Sustainability? Infrastructural and cultural
barriers to cycle use in {A}ccra},
year = 1996,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 2,
number = 3,
keywords = {bicycle planning, sociology},
pages = {18--23},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp02.3.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{TurSimGre04,
author = {Patricia A.~Turner and Chris Simek and Michael B.~Greenman},
title = {Exploring Collision Exposure for Bicyclists and Pedestrians in
Florida},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-002661.pdf}
}
@techreport{UNECE68b,
author = {{United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}},
title = {Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals},
year = 1968,
month = nov,
institution = {United Nations},
url = {http://www.unece.org/trans/conventn/signalse.pdf},
keywords = {law, bicycle planning}
}
@book{Unt84,
author = {Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Accommodating the Pedestrian: Adapting towns and neighborhoods
for Walking and Bicycling},
year = 1984,
publisher = {Von Nostrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@incollection{Unt90,
author = {Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Accomodating the pedestrian: adapting towns and neighborhoods
for walking and bicycling},
year = 1990,
booktitle = {Personal Travel in the {US}, Volume {II}, A Report of the
Findings from 1983--1984 NPTS, Source Control Programs},
publisher = {U.S. Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{vanWaeBorTim04,
author = {van der Waerden, Peter and Aloys Borgers and Harry J.P.~Timmermans},
title = {Cyclists' Perception and Evaluation of Street
Characteristics},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000164.pdf}
}
@techreport{VQ01,
author = {{V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec}},
title = {L'état du v{\'e}lo au {Q}u{'e}bec en 2000 ({B}icycling in
{Q}uebec in 2000)},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/etat_velo/Etat-velo-2000.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@techreport{VQ01b,
author = {{V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec}},
title = {Bicycling in {Q}uebec in 2000},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/etat_velo/bicycling-quebec-2000.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@techreport{VQ04,
author = {{V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec}},
title = {Le v{\'e}lo au centre-ville: le cas de dix villes in {E}urope
et en {A}m{\'e}rique},
year = 2004,
month = mar,
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/exp_etrangeres.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@article{Wac98,
author = {Martin Wachs},
title = {Creating political pressure for cycling},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 52,
number = 1,
pages = {6--8},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{WacLew94,
author = {Alan Wachtel and D.~Lewiston},
title = {Risk Factors for Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Collisions at
Intersections},
year = 1994,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
volume = 64,
number = 9,
pages = {30--35},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions}
}
@article{WacForPel95,
author = {Alan Wachtel and John Forester and D.~Pelz},
title = {Signal clearance timing for bicyclists},
year = 1995,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
volume = 65,
number = 3,
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{WadFai02,
author = {Lal C.~Wadhwa and Matthew Faichney},
title = {Enhancing safety for cyclists through infrastructure design},
year = 2002,
month = oct,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Australasian Transport Research
Forum},
address = {Canberra, Australia},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.atrf.info/papers/2002/47Wadhwa.pdf}
}
@techreport{Wal77,
author = {J.A.~Waldman},
title = {Cycling in Towns: A Quantitative Investigation},
year = 1977,
type = {LTR 1 Working Paper},
number = 3,
institution = {Department of Transport},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Wal07,
author = {Ian Walker},
title = {Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects
of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender},
year = 2007,
month = mar,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 39,
number = 2,
pages = {417--425},
keywords = {bicycle collisions, bicycle planning},
doi = {10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.010},
abstract = {
A naturalistic experiment used an instrumented bicycle to gather
proximity data from overtaking motorists. The relationship between
rider position and overtaking proximity was the opposite to that
generally believed, such that the further the rider was from the
edge of the road, the closer vehicles passed. Additionally, wearing
a bicycle helmet led to traffic getting significantly closer when
overtaking. Professional drivers of large vehicles were
particularly likely to leave narrow safety margins. Finally, when
the (male) experimenter wore a long wig, so that he appeared female
from behind, drivers left more space when passing. Overall, the
results demonstrate that motorists exhibit behavioural sensitivity
to aspects of a bicyclist's appearance during an encounter. In the
light of previous research on drivers\u2019 attitudes to
bicyclists, we suggest drivers approaching a bicyclist use physical
appearance to judge the specific likelihood of the rider behaving
predictably and alter their overtaking accordingly. However, the
extent to which a bicyclist's moment-to-moment behaviour can be
inferred from their appearance is questionable, and so the tendency
for drivers to alter their passing proximity based on this
appearance probably has implications for accident probability.
}
}
@article{WanWei93,
author = {J.~Wang and H.~Wei},
title = {Traffic Segregation on Spatial and Temporal Bases: The
Experience of Bicycle Traffic Operations in {C}hina},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1396,
pages = {11--17},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle segregation}
}
@article{WarHatPag97,
author = {Mark Wardman and R.~Hatfield and Matthew Page},
title = {The {UK} National Cycling Strategy: Can Improved Facilities
Meet the Targets?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 4,
number = 2,
pages = {123--133},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@inproceedings{WarPagTig01,
author = {Mark Wardman and Matthew Page and Miles Tight},
title = {Cycling and Urban Mode Choice},
year = 2001,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Transport
Research},
address = {Seoul, Korea},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{Wel91,
author = {A.G.~Welleman},
title = {The {N}etherlands National Cycling Policy and Facilities for
Cyclists at Signalled Junctions},
year = 1991,
month = may,
type = {paper given to meeting},
institution = {The Local Authorities Cycle Planning Group},
address = {York, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{Wes96,
author = {Ralph L.~Wessels},
title = {Bicycling Collisions in {W}ashington State: A six-year
perspective, 1988--1993},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1538,
pages = {81--90},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1538-011.pdf}
}
@techreport{Whe92,
author = {A.H.~Wheeler},
title = {{A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines for cyclists at {O}xford, {N}ewark
and {B}ristol},
year = 1992,
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
address = {Crawthorne, UK},
type = {Research Report},
number = {RR336},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box}
}
@article{Whe95,
author = {A.H.~Wheeler},
title = {{A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines for cyclists: A simplified layout},
year = 1995,
month = may,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 36,
number = 5,
pages = {283--289},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box}
}
@article{WheLeiUnd93,
author = {A.H.~Wheeler and M.A.A.~Leicester and G.~Underwood},
title = {{A}dvanced {S}top {L}ines for cyclists at {O}xford, {N}ewark and
{B}ristol},
year = 1993,
month = feb,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and Control},
volume = 34,
number = 2,
pages = {54--60},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bike box}
}
@article{WilLar96,
author = {James Williams and Jan Larson},
title = {Promoting Bicycle Commuting: Understanding the Customer},
year = 1996,
month = {Summer},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 50,
number = 3,
pages = {67--78},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{WitTin04,
author = {Frank Witlox and Hans Tindemans},
title = {Evaluating bicycle-car transport mode competitiveness in an
urban environment: An activity-based approach},
year = 2004,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 8,
number = 4,
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp08.4.pdf}
}
@article{Wom96,
author = {Katie N.~Womack},
title = {Bicycle-Helmet Use Evaluation Using Comparison-Site
Observation},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1538,
pages = {91--95},
keywords = {bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1538-012.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{Wra99,
author = {P.~Wramborg},
title = {On a new approach to urban planning, traffic network and
street design with a special focus on bicycling},
year = 1999,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo-City 99},
address = {Graz, Austria},
url = {ftp://kamen.uni-mb.si/velo-city99/proceedings.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{ZeeCynFegGilLagTanWor94,
author = {C.V.~Zeeger and M.~Cynecki and J.~Fegan and B.~Gilleran and
P.~Lagerway and C.~Tan and B.~Works},
title = {{FHWA} Study Tour for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in
{E}ngland, {G}ermany, and the {N}etherlands},
year = 1994,
number = {FHWA-PL-95-006},
institution = {U.S.~Federal Highway Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning}
}
@article{ZloSch05,
author = {A.I.~Zlot and T.L.~Schmidt},
title = {Relationships among community characteristics and walking and
bicycling for transportation or recreation},
year = 2005,
journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion},
volume = 19,
pages = {315--317},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, active transportation}
}
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