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@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_pedestrian_planning.bib -c 'keywords: "pedestrian planning"' ref.bib}}
@inproceedings{Ber04,
author = {Inger Marie Bernhoft},
title = {Risk perception and behavior of elderly pedestrians and
cyclists in cities in {D}enmark},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, streets},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-000897.pdf},
abstract = {
The risk perception and behavior of elderly pedestrians and
cyclists in cities in Denmark have been revealed by means of a
questionnaire administered to both elderly people aged 70 and
above and a control group aged 40--49, and interviews with some
of the elderly respondents. The elderly appreciate pedestrian
crossings, signalized intersections and cycle paths
significantly more than the control group does. To a larger
extent they feel that it is dangerous to cross the road where
these facilities are missing. Furthermore, the elderly
pedestrians find the presence of a sidewalk very important on
their route whereas the control group more often chooses the
fastest route. Differences within the group of elderly
respondents can be related to differences in health and
physical abilities rather that to differences in age.
Generally, the elderly road users state a more cautious
behavior in specific traffic situations than the control group.
Thus, a significantly higher proportion of the elderly than the
control group choose to walk up to a pedestrian crossing if
they can see one and stop the bicycle before turning left, and
a significantly lower proportion of the elderly choose to cross
at a red light, ride on the sidewalk and ride in the opposite
direction on the cycle path.
}
}
@article{CerDun03,
author = {Robert Cervero and Michael Duncan},
title = {Walking, Bicycling and Urban Landscapes: Evidence from the
{S}an {F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
year = 2003,
volume = 93,
number = 9,
pages = {1478--1483},
keywords = {active transportation, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, bicycle modelling},
status = {read},
abstract = {
Some claim that cardependent cities contribute to obesity by
discouraging walking and bicycling. In this article, we use household
activity data from the San Francisco region to study the links between
urban environments and nonmotorized travel.
We used factor analysis to represent the urban design and land-use
diversity dimensions of built environments. Combining factor scores
with control variables, like steep terrain, that gauge impediments to
walking and bicycling, we estimated discrete-choice models.
Builtenvironment factors exerted far weaker, although not
inconsequential, influences on walking and bicycling than control
variables.
Stronger evidence on the importance of urban landscapes in shaping foot
and bicycle travel is needed if the urban planning and public health
professions are to forge an effective alliance against cardependent
sprawl.
},
annote = {
A good study looking at the factors influencing cycling and
walking. The perspective is Cervero's usual framework, the three Ds:
density, diversity and design. All three are found to have significant
influences on bicycle usage, with the residential end being
slightly more important. Of the urban form variables, the presence
of neighbourhood retail is found to be the strongest predictor of
walking.
From an evaluation standpoint, I wish these authors would
standardize/normalize the coefficients of their models! After
limiting to statistically significant variables, normalization
would allow me to compare the relative influence of each
variable on bicycle usage. It would also be extremely useful to
include the mean and standard deviation of all input variables, to
allow some rough comparisons to other study areas. If the input
data has low variance (e.g., a uniformly low-density suburb),
meaningful patterns could be missed.
Finally, the bicycle model seems pretty shoddy---the rho-squared
value is only 0.13! Since it only considers factors at origin and
destination, I imagine it's missing a massive amount of valuable
data, like the topography, safety and quality of the route itself.
},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1447996}
}
@techreport{CV02,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Downtown Transportation Plan},
year = 2002,
institution = {City of Vancouver},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/dtp/final.htm},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, goods movement, transit, canada},
annoteurl = {http://www.davidpritchard.org/vacc/dtp},
annote = {
This was my real introduction to transport planning, and now in
retrospect I can see that this document represents a very
progressive stance on transportation planning. See some of my
detailed comments on cycling at the VACC website; I've been the
lead person on downtown issues for the VACC for the last several
years.
}
}
@techreport{DijLevThoThoVanVanNilJorLunLau98,
author = {Atze Dijkstra and Peter Levelt and Jytte Thomsen and Ole
Thorson and Jan {van Severen} and Peter Vansevenant and Puk
Kristine Nilsson and Else J{\o}rgensen and Belinda {la Cour Lund}
and Jan Grubb Laursen},
title = {Best practices to promote cycling and walking},
year = 1998,
status = {read},
url = { http://www.vejdirektoratet.dk/pdf/adonis/adonis.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, pavement colouring, pavement marking, streets},
institution = {{Danish Road Directorate}},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
abstract = {
The ADONIS project was commissioned by the European Commission to a
Consortium comprising 7 partners as part of the Fourth
Framework Programme. Original title of the project is: Analysis
and Development Of New Insight into Substitution of short car
trips by cycling and walking (ADONIS).
The ADONIS project was partly funded by the EU - DG VII
Transport RTD Programme, Urban Sector and was co-financed by
Danish Transport Council, Danish Ministry of Transport,
Municipality of Barcelona, Catalan Institute of Road safety,
SAINCO TRAFICO S.A., Swedish Transport \& Communications Research
Board and Belgian Institute for Traffic Safety.
},
annote = {
Interesting ideas:
C10 (New types of designs for bus stops) describes
some interesting ways of designing bus stops to reduce conflicts
with cyclists. In one of the options, the bicycle lane is against
the curb, but the bus does not pull into the curb to let passengers off.
Instead, it stops in its lane, and passengers walk across the bicycle
lane. To help them, zebra crossings are marked across the bicycle lane
at the bus doors. I think this design is only needed because buses in
Denmark are not allowed to pull up to the curb when there is a bicycle
lane. C17a-b (Two-way bicycle traffic in one-way streets in Belgium and
the Netherlands) gives some interesting background on the effectiveness
of this desirable tactic in those countries, and includes some useful
signs used there. C18 (two-way traffic on cycle tracks) makes the
interesting point that two-way tracks can be good solutions when there
are many T juntions on one side of the street, but few on the other
(e.g., next to rail tracks or water).
The crossings section is excellent: all of C19--C32 are worth
reading. These ideas are first-rate, and few of them have been
adopted in North America, from what I've seen. These are some of
the biggest issues that I have with current design on this
continent. I liked their use of the term ``cycle crossing''
where the bike lane/path is marked through an intersection.
The parking section (C33--C38) isn't too revolutionary. There are a
few interesting details of free public bicycle programmes, and
company bicycle programmes in C40--C42. The rest of the policy
section (C39--C44) was unexciting, and likewise for the education
section (C45--C52).
The organisation section had some interesting ideas. C53 discusses
bicycles on public transport (mainly commuter rail routes) in
Copenhagen. C56 (``BikeBusters'') describes a programme where committed
car drivers were given a free bike, free bus tickets for a year, and
asked to fill in trip diaries and track their weight and cholesterol.
Others describe bike-to-school programmes, bicycle courier
companies, and priority snow cleaning.
}
}
@article{Fil01,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Suburban Mixed-Use Centres and Urban Dispersion: What
Difference do They Make?},
year = 2001,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 33,
number = 1,
pages = {141--160},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban design, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
Some very good points in a comparison of several Toronto shopping
centres that I know well. Hard data makes for an interesting
comparison exercise. The amazing thing, really, is the allocation
of space in each centre: roughly 2.5:1 ratio of space for cars to
space for buildings (except North York Centre, at 2:1), compared
with 1:2 in downtown Toronto. North York Centre still comes out
almost as bad as the others, since it uses its saved space mostly
for open park space (38\% of total space!)
``If suburban mixed-use centres have been successful in juxtaposing
different land uses, their integration of these uses has been far
less impressive.''
}
}
@article{Gre03,
author = {Michael J.~Greenwald},
title = {The Road Less Travelled: {N}ew {U}rbanist Inducements to
Travel Mode Substitution for Nonwork Trips},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 23,
number = 1,
pages = {39--57},
status = {read},
doi = {10.1177/0739456X03256248},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, transport planning, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
I haven't fully absorbed the meaning of this author's models yet.
}
}
@article{HanCaoMok06,
author = {Susan L.~Handy and Xinyu Cao and Patricia L.~Mokhtarian},
title = {Self-Selection in the Relationship Between the Built
Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from {N}orthern
{C}alifornia},
year = 2006,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 72,
number = 1,
quality = 4,
status = {read},
pages = {55--74},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
An excellent article investigating the role of attitudes in walking
and biking. Most importantly, they attempted a quasi-longitudinal
method. They discussed the feedbacks between the act of walking and
attitudes about walking, although their method is not sophisticated
enough to examine those feedbacks.
Some of the numbers are scary. For the average suburban respondent,
the minimum distance to any establishment was about 550m, versus
250m for an urban respondent. The distance to any household
maintenance establishment (e.g., groceries, drugstore, etc.) was
800m versus 400m for urban. No wonder no one walks!
Their cycling model had a surprisingly high R-squared value,
0.258---most disaggregate cycling models that I've seen are much
lower. Cervero \& Duncan had about 0.13; Krizek had about 0.22. Mind
you, this could just be a result of their model structure, which is
quite unusual.
Regarding their actual models, I'm mildly concerned by the
pro-bike/walk and pro-transit attitude variables in their cycling
model. While the signs are plausible, the variables are fairly
highly correlated; is it possible that the parameters are therefore
misestimated? (Mind you, a correlation of 0.3 isn't that high, at
the end of the day.) More importantly, what is the
``alternatives factor''? I'm guessing that it refers to the ``PA
options'' factor, but it's not clear. Finally, why is a change in
the ``socializing behaviour'' in the new neighbourhood associated
with greater cycling? This isn't explored in the paper, but I could
imagine that it means ``more other people out cycling''---the classic
``safety in numbers'' hypothesis from the cycling literature.
},
url = {http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/xinyu/JAPA_Walking.pdf}
}
@techreport{HesMil06,
author = {Paul Hess and Beth M.~Milroy},
title = {Making {T}oronto's Streets},
year = 2006,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography and Planning},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
quality = 4,
status = {read},
url = { http://www.cuhi.utoronto.ca/research/Toronto%20Streets%20Report%20Sept%202006.pdf },
keywords = { streets, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, canada, street design, urban design, prioritisation }
}
@article{HesMouSnySta99,
author = {Paul Hess and Anne V.~Moudon and Mary C.~Snyder and Kiril
Stanilov},
title = {Neighborhood Site Design and Pedestrian Travel},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
status = {read},
pages = {9--19},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban design, streets},
annote = {
Some interesting notes about site design. It's a refreshingly
concrete comparison of urban and suburban neighbourhood design. I
don't think I'd realised just how sparse some American street
networks are until I saw the maps of Mariner, Seattle... I can't
find any Canadian suburb that empty. Not that it makes Canadian
suburbs any more walkable---our suburban pattern may be dense, but
it's still extremely disconnected.
The scale of suburban blocks was also surprising: 300m-400m per
side, on average, compared to 90m-122m for urban blocks. The rule
of thumb is that people won't walk more than 400m to a bus
stop---one block in the suburbs. Not to mention the perceptual
bleakness of walking forever in these empty spaces...
I found the comments here about pedestrian traffic to different
sized commercial centres interesting. They found that in suburban
neighbourhoods, pedestrians preferred medium-sized centres over
other sizes. I wonder what the reasons are---perhaps the
auto-favouring design features around large suburban centres, or
the barrier caused by their colossal parking lots?
I really liked the discussions on micro design. While
many reports talk about illegal jaywalking, they at least note that
in many suburban areas, the distance between legal crossings is
usually 400-800m---a huge distance for someone on foot. Is it any
wonder that people jaywalk? They also noted the problems of fences
around apartment complexes, schools, and commercial areas---I can't
count the number of times I've walked the most direct path out of
a suburban location only to find a fence, and then being forced to
retrace my steps, walking an extra 500-1000m for no reason
whatsoever.
Finally, I liked the idea of a ``latent'' pedestrian market in
medium-density suburbs, that could be brought out with improved
design.
}
}
@article{Hil01,
author = {Mayer Hillman},
title = {Prioritising Policy \& Practice to Favour Walking},
year = 2001,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {39--43},
status = {read},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, prioritisation},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp07.4.pdf}
}
@techreport{Hun98,
author = {William W.~Hunter},
title = {An Evaluation of Red Shoulders as a Bicycle and Pedestrian
Facility},
year = 1998,
institution = {University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research
Center},
address = {Chapel Hill, NC, USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, pavement colouring, streets},
url = {http://www.dot.state.fl.us/Safety/ped_bike/handbooks_and_research/research/redstudy.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
Somewhat interesting, mostly due to its rarity: there are very few
North American studies of pavement colouring. It's a rural context,
and hence not very applicable in the situations I examine, where a
bike lane might be coloured adjacent to a parking lane. The most
curious aspect of the paper is the author's choice to consider
``motor vehicle encroaches neighboring vehicle lane when passing
bike'' as a major variable---it's an issue, but not a major one in
my view.
}
}
@book{Jac61,
author = {Jane Jacobs},
title = {The Death and Life of Great American Cities},
year = 1961,
publisher = {Vintage},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
rating = 5,
keywords = {urban planning, equity, transport planning, general interest, sociology, streets, pedestrian planning, accessibility, urban design},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Jac61/index.html }
}
@article{KenMilShaMacCol05,
author = {Christopher A.~Kennedy and Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby and
Heather L.~Mac{L}ean and Jesse Coleman},
title = {The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 25,
number = 4,
pages = {393--414},
abstract = {
The unsustainable nature of current urban transportation and land
use is well recognized. What is less clear is the prescription
for how to move towards a more sustainable future, especially
given the many interest groups involved, the complexity of
urban systems and the fragmented nature of
decision-making in most urban regions. It is argued
that the process of achieving more sustainable
transportation requires suitable establishment of four
pillars: effective governance of land use and
transportation; fair, efficient, stable funding;
strategic infrastructure investments; and attention to
neighbourhood design. A review of each pillar identifies key
issues. The characteristics of an ideal body for governance of
land use and transportation are considered. Trade-offs are
identified with: spatial representation; organizational
structure; democracy; and market philosophy. Effective
financing and pricing of urban transportation may be distorted
because responsibility for infrastructure is separated from
service provision. Financing mechanisms are categorized
depending on vehicle use and location. Investment in
infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles and intermediate
semi-rapid transit may be required in many cities. Major
investment in public transit infrastructure will likely not
suffice if macro land use and micro neighbourhood designs are
not supportive of these investments.
},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, governance, finance, transit, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
A useful read, covering a wide swath of topics, and including many
useful pointers to other papers within each topic. I found the
discussion of financing transportation particularly useful, mostly
because I haven't read much about that topic. Discussion of market
vs. non-market approaches, including P3s, was also valuable. I'm
glad to see discussion of neighbourhood design in the article, a
topic which is familiar and close to my heart.
}
}
@article{KriJoh06,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek and Pamela J.~Johnson},
title = {Proximity to trails and retail: Effects on urban cycling and
walking},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 2006,
volume = 72,
number = 1,
pages = {33--42},
status = {read},
quality = 3,
annote = {
A fairly simple study, but with some important discussion and
results. Most importantly, they examined nonlinear reactions to
distance for cycling and walking. While this is not a surprising
result, and would probably emerge from a traditional multinomial
logit mode choice model (with linear disutility for distance), it
is still worth exploring. From a policy perspective, the nonlinear
relationship that emerges can be vital to designing walkable and
bikable neighbourhoods. After controlling for socioeconomic
characteristics, they found that only the presence of retail closer
than 200m was associated with higher odds of walking; the presence
of retail in the 200m-400m range had no significant impact on the
odds of walking. This contradicts the received wisdom that people
are willing to walk up to 400m (1/4 mile) for such trips. It also
suggests that urban intensification should be focused within a very
narrow range of retail establishments to be effective, similar to
the strategy of Toronto's Avenues plan or Vancouver's EcoDensity
initiative.
For cycling, they found that only the presence of a path within
400m of home was associated with higher odds of biking. Again, more
distant paths had no significant effect. This is also a lower limit
than the received wisdom, although not drastically so. I think
Vancouver's long-range bicycle plan aims for bike routes with a
spacing of 500m, although they're nowhere close to that yet. It
does suggest that there could be significant improvements in mode
share when the spacing improves from the current level (roughly
1000m) to 500m, which is a bit surprising; I'd sort of thought that
we'd see diminishing returns with the later routes, but this paper
suggests that routes that are too far away have no impact on most
people.
Finally, Krizek and Johnson mention one important note: the number
of vehicles/bicycles in a household is a potentially endogenous
variable, making it dangerous for use in a model. An interesting
note, and one that's rarely considered in the modelling literature.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{LitEnc,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Online Transportation Demand Management Encylopedia},
year = 2005,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/index.php},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility }
}
@techreport{LitBlaDemEddFriLaiMadFor02,
author = {Todd A.~Litman and Robin Blair and Bill Demopoulos and Nils
Eddy and Anne Fritzel and Danelle Laidlaw and Heath Maddox and
Katherine Forster},
title = {Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning: A Guide to Best Practices},
year = 2002,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/nmtguide.doc},
status = {read}
}
@article{Lun03,
author = {Hollie Lund},
title = {Testing the Claims of {N}ew {U}rbanism: Local Access,
Pedestrian Travel, and Neighboring Behaviors},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 69,
number = 4,
pages = {414--429},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning, new urbanism}
}
@inproceedings{Nas04,
author = {Andrew Nash},
title = {Traffic Calming in Three {E}uropean Cities: Recent
Experience},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001101.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, parking, urban planning, traffic calming},
status = {read},
annote = {
An interesting look at Munich, Vienna and Zurich. Their approaches
to funding are similar to Vancouver's, but they've done some very
innovative projects, including narrowing arterials while
maintaining capacity, and extensive parking management plans.
}
}
@article{Pla04,
author = {Pnina O.~Plaut},
title = {Non-commuters: the people who walk to work or work at home},
year = 2004,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 31,
number = 2,
pages = {229--255},
status = {read},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, transport modelling },
annote = {
So... patronising. From the title (``non-commuters'') onwards, the
author treats walking as an exotic eccentricity: ``While
fascinating, exotic and possibly romantic, little is known about
those who ``refuse'' to use the two main modes of travel.'' The
author does note that Eas99 found that motorized travel models cannot be
easily applied to nonmotorized travel. The analysis is confused by
the antiquated sexist division of the Israeli census into
``heads of household'' and ``spouse of head'' categories. The
author makes little attempt to unify the analysis of these
categories, and falls into rambling about walkers being ``poorer
and less educated'' than commuters, instead of doing a breakdown by
income group and comparing trends within each group, or making a
reasonable effort to guess at causes. Okay, I'm reacting very
negatively to the article, and I'm not giving it a fair shake, but
the tone and language really irritated me.
},
rating = 1
}
@techreport{Rob89,
author = {John Roberts},
title = {Quality Streets: How traditional urban centres benefit from
traffic-calming},
year = 1988,
month = may,
institution = {Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST)},
number = 75,
address = {London, UK},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Rob89/index.html },
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, pedestrian planning, traffic calming, streets}
}
@techreport{RTCAPBC99,
author = {{Rails-to-Trails Conservancy and the Association of
Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals}},
title = {Improving Conditions for Bicycling and Walking: A Best
Practices Report},
year = 1998,
month = jan,
institution = {U.S.~Federal Highway Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/task_orders/to_5/intro.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{SchPorPaySuhMoeWil99,
author = {W.L.~Schwartz and C.D.~Porter and G.C.~Payne and J.H.~Suhrbier
and P.C.~Moe and W.L.~{Wilkinson III}},
title = {Guidebook on Methods to Estimate Non-Motorized Travel:
Overview of Methods},
year = 1999,
number = {FHWA-RD-98-165},
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
status = {read},
abstract = {
This guidebook provides a means for practitioners to better
understand and estimate bicycle and pedestrian travel and to
address transportation planning needs. The guidebook describes
and compares the various methods that can be used to forecast
non-motorized travel demand or that otherwise support the
prioritization and analyses of non-motorized projects. These
methods are categorized according to four major purposes: (1)
demand estimation; (2) relative demand potential; (3) supply
quality analysis; and (4) supporting tools and techniques.
Discrete choice models, regional travel models, sketch plan
methods, facility demand potential, bicycle compatibility
measures, and geographic information systems are among the
methods and tools described.
},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/task_orders/to_12/to12/vol1/title.htm}
}
@article{Zac05,
author = {John Zacharias},
title = {Non-motorized transportation in four {S}hanghai districts},
year = 2005,
journal = {International Planning Studies},
volume = 10,
number = {3/4},
pages = {323--340},
status = {read},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{AulRooBae97,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Matthew Roorda and B.W.~Baetz},
title = {Using {GIS} for evaluation of neighbourhood pedestrian
accessibility},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 19,
pages = {53--66},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, accessibility}
}
@article{Ben95,
author = {Eran Ben-Joseph},
title = {Changing the Residential Street Scene: Adapting the Shared
Street (Woonerf) Concept to the Suburban Environment},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 61,
number = 4,
pages = {504--515},
keywords = {urban planning, streets, street design, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Bot95,
author = {H.~Botma},
title = {Method to determine level of service for bicycle paths and
pedestrian-bicycle paths},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1502,
pages = {38--44},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{CerRad95,
author = {Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch},
title = {Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented
neighborhoods},
year = 1995,
month = jul,
type = {Working Paper},
institution = {University of California Transportation Center},
number = 281,
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?281.pdf}
}
@article{CerRad96,
author = {Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch},
title = {Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented
neighborhoods},
journal = {Transport Policy},
year = 1996,
volume = 3,
pages = {127--141},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link},
annote = { Apparently fairly important - shows benefits of traditional
neighbourhood design. }
}
@book{Cra00b,
author = {J.H.~Crawford},
title = {Carfree Cities},
year = 2000,
publisher = {International Books},
address = {Utrecht, The Netherlands},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{DavChiBucRei03,
author = {D.G.~Davies and L.~Chinn and G.S.~Buckle and Stuart
J.~Reid},
title = {Cycling in vehicle restricted areas},
year = 2003,
number = 583,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Transport Research Laboratory Limited},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://217.118.128.203/store/downloadreport.asp?id=2734},
abstract = {
Vehicle restricted areas (VRAs) or `pedestrian areas' in town centres
are sometimes important routes for cyclists. However, cycling is
prohibited in many VRAs on the grounds of pedestrian comfort and
safety. TRL studied the behaviour of 2,220 cyclists at sites in
Cambridge, Hull and Salisbury where cycling is permitted for part
or all of the day. TRL also interviewed 300 pedestrians and 150
cyclists at these sites to obtain additional details about
behaviour and attitudes. The report presents data on cycling
speeds, dismounting and pedestrian flows and identifies those
factors that significantly influence cyclist behaviour. It also
shows which types of cyclists are most likely to ignore cycling
bans and to cycle fast. The interviews reveal varying levels of
acceptance by pedestrians of cycling in VRAs, and indicate that
some injurious incidents occur. Conclusions are presented about how
the physical layout of the VRA and other factors can affect
pedestrian safety and comfort. The report does not endorse or
reject cycling in VRAs, but presents information that may assist
with appropriate local regulation and design.
}
}
@inproceedings{Dil04,
author = {Jennifer Dill},
title = {Measuring Network Connectivity for Bicycling and Walking},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001550.pdf}
}
@article{Dix96,
author = {Linda B.~Dixon},
title = {Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures
and Standards for Congestion Management Systems},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1538,
pages = {1--9},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1538-001.pdf}
}
@article{Eas99,
author = {R.~Eash},
title = {Destination and mode choice models for nonmotorized travel},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
pages = {1--8},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, transport modelling},
annote = {
Apparently, this talks about the inapplicability of motorized
travel models to peds/bikes.
}
}
@article{Elv00,
author = {Rune Elvik},
title = {Which are the relevant costs and benefits of road safety
measures designed for pedestrians and cyclists?},
year = 2000,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 32,
pages = {37--45},
keywords = {bicycle collisions, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, finance}
}
@article{Elv01b,
author = {Rune Elvik},
title = {Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of
safety effects},
year = 2001,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 33,
pages = {327--336},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, traffic calming, bicycle collisions}
}
@article{EmeCruBor03,
author = {J.~Emery and C.~Crump and P.~Bors},
title = {Reliability and validity of two instruments designed to assess
the walking and bicycling suitability of sidewalks and roads},
year = 2003,
journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion},
volume = 18,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, active transportation}
}
@article{EwiSchGre04,
author = {Reid Ewing and William Schroeer and William Greene},
title = {School Location and Student Travel: Analysis of Factors
Affecting Mode Choice},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1895,
pages = {55--63},
keywords = { pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{FHWA99-2,
author = {{U.S.~Federal Highway Administration}},
title = {Guidebook on Methods to Estimate Non-Motorized Travel:
Supporting Documentation},
year = 1999,
number = {FHWA-RD-98-166},
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.walkinginfo.org/task_orders/to_12/to12/vol2/title.htm}
}
@article{Fra84,
author = {M.~Francis},
title = {Mapping downtown activity},
year = 1984,
journal = {Journal of Architectural and Planning Research},
volume = 1,
pages = {21--35},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@book{FraEngSch03,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke and Thomas L.~Schmid},
title = {Health and Community Design: The Impacts of the Built
Environment on Physical Activity},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2003,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{FruFraJac04,
author = {Howard Frumkin and Lawrence D.~Frank and Richard Jackson},
title = {Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and
building for healthy communities},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2004,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{Gaf03,
author = {Philine Gaffron},
title = {The implementation of walking and cycling policies in {B}ritish
local authorities},
year = 2003,
month = jul,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 10,
number = 3,
pages = {235--244},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Geh80,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {The Residential Street Environment},
year = 1980,
journal = {Built Environment},
volume = 6,
number = 1,
pages = {51--61},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Geh86,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {Soft Edges in Residential Streets},
year = 1986,
month = may,
journal = {Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research},
volume = 3,
number = 2,
pages = {89--102},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@book{Geh87,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space},
year = 1987,
publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{GraTasPog02,
author = {Fanis Grammenos and Julie Tasker-{B}rown and Soxag Pogharian},
title = {Residential Street Pattern Design},
year = 2002,
series = {Socio-economic Series},
number = 75,
institution = {Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
url = {http://kn.fcm.ca/file_download.php?URL_ID=3159&filename=10369596040socio75-e.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1350698&name=socio75-e.pdf&location=user-S/},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@article{Han96,
author = {Susan L.~Handy},
title = {Urban form and pedestrian choices: study of {A}ustin
neighborhoods},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1552,
pages = {135--144},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, pedestrian planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{Has90,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {The theory and practice of traffic calming: can {B}ritain
learn from the {G}erman experience?},
year = 1990,
type = {Discussion Paper},
number = 10,
institution = {Oxford University, Transportation Unit, Rees Jeffreys
Road Fund},
address = {Oxford, UK},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning, traffic calming}
}
@book{Has90b,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {The pedestrian and city traffic},
year = 1990,
publisher = {Belhaven Press},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Has90c,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {An illustrated guide to traffic calming: the future way of
managing traffic},
year = 1990,
institution = {Friends of the Earth},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, traffic calming}
}
@article{Has93,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {Impact of Pedestrianization and Traffic Calming on Retailing:
A Review of of the Evidence from {G}ermany and the {UK}},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 1,
number = 1,
pages = {21--31},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning, traffic calming}
}
@book{HilAdaWhi90,
author = {Mayer Hillman and J.~Adams and J.~Whitelegg},
title = {One False Move... A study of Children's Independent Mobility},
year = 1990,
publisher = {PSI Publishing},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{HinRus96,
author = {J.~Hine and J.~Russell},
title = {The Impact of Traffic on Pedestrian Behaviour: Assessing the
Traffic Barrier on Radial Routes},
year = 1996,
journal = {Traffic Engineering and control},
volume = 37,
number = 2,
pages = {81--85},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, streets}
}
@article{HooRep96,
author = {Walter Hook and Michael Replogle},
title = {Motorization and non-motorized transport in {A}sia},
year = 1996,
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {69--84},
keywords = {transport planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{HunStuPeiCox96,
author = {William W.~Hunter and Jane C.~Stutts and W.~Pein and C.~Cox},
title = {Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990s},
institution = {Federal Highway Administration},
year = 1996,
number = {FHWA-RD-95-163},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pedestrian planning},
address = {McLean, VA}
}
@article{Jac58,
author = {Jane Jacobs},
title = {Downtown is for people},
year = 1958,
journal = {Fortune magazine},
volume = 57,
number = 4,
pages = {133--140,236--242},
keywords = {pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Jac03,
author = {Peter L.~Jacobsen},
title = {Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking
and Bicycling},
year = 2003,
journal = {Injury Prevention},
volume = 9,
pages = {205--209},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/9/3/205.pdf}
}
@techreport{Jen98,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {{DUMAS}: Safety of pedestrians and two-wheelers},
year = 1998,
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, pedestrian planning},
type = {Note},
number = 51,
institution = {Vejdirektoratet},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}
}
@article{Jen99,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {Pedestrian Safety in {D}enmark},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1674,
keywords = {pedestrian planning},
doi = {10.3141/1674-09}
}
@techreport{Jen04,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {{A}rterial {S}treets {T}owards {S}ustainability: Design,
Decision and Prediction Tools},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.tft.lth.se/artists/medlemmar.asp},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, bike box, street design, streets},
institution = {ARTISTS Consortium},
number = {D3.2},
address = {Malm{\"o}, Sweden}
}
@article{Led02,
author = {Lars Leden},
title = {Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow},
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
year = 2002,
volume = 34,
pages = {457--464},
keywords = {pedestrian planning}
}
@article{McC01,
author = {Hugh Mc{C}lintock},
title = {Practioners' take-up of professional guidance and research
findings: Planning for cycling and walking in the {UK}},
year = 2001,
journal = {Planning Practice and Research},
volume = 16,
number = 2,
month = may,
pages = {193--203},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@incollection{Mon97,
author = {Rolf Monheim},
title = {The evolution from pedestrian areas to `car-free' city centres
in {G}ermany},
editor = {Rodney Tolley},
booktitle = {The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and
cycling in {W}estern cities},
year = 1997,
pages = {253--266},
publisher = {Wiley},
edition = {2nd},
address = {Chichester, UK},
keywords = {transport planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{MouHesSnySta97,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Paul M.~Hess and Mary C.~Snyder and Kiril
Stanilov},
title = {Effects of Site Design on Pedestrian Travel in Mixed-Use
Medium-Density Environments},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1578,
pages = {48--55},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban design}
}
@techreport{MTPWWM97,
author = {{Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management}},
title = {Sustainable Road Safety Programme},
year = 1997,
address = {The Hague, The Netherlands},
institution = {{Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management}},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{NCC95,
author = {{Nottinghamshire County Council}},
title = {School Travel: Health and the Environment},
year = 1995,
address = {Nottingham, UK},
institution = {{Nottinghamshire County Council}},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{OECD97,
author = {{O}rganisation for {E}conomic {C}o-operation and {D}evelopment},
title = {Safety of Vulnerable Road Users},
address = {Paris, France},
institution = {{OECD}},
year = 1997,
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@incollection{Pla95,
author = {D.A.~Plane},
title = {Urban transportation: policy alternatives},
year = 1995,
booktitle = {The Geography of Urban Transportation},
editor = {Susan Hanson},
edition = {2nd},
publisher = {Guildford Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
pages = {435--469},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{PucDij00,
author = {John Pucher and Lewis Dijkstra},
title = {Making walking and cycling safer: lessons from {E}urope},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 54,
number = 3,
year = 2000,
month = {Summer},
pages = {25--50},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, bicycle collisions},
url = {http://policy.rutgers.edu/tpi/docs/walkingcyclingsafer.pdf}
}
@book{PusZup75,
author = {Boris S.~Pushkarev and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Urban Space for Pedestrians},
year = 1975,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{RepPar92,
author = {Michael Replogle and H.~Parcells},
title = {Linking Bicycle/Pedestrian Facilities with Transit},
year = 1992,
institution = {Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, intermodal}
}
@article{Rie00b,
author = {Piet Rietveld},
title = {Nonmotorized Modes in Transport Systems: A Multimodal Chain
Perspective for The {N}etherlands},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
pages = {31--36},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transit, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Rob01,
author = {Kent A.~Robertson},
title = {Parking and Pedestrians: Balancing Two Key Elements in
Downtown Development},
year = 2001,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 55,
number = 2,
pages = {29--42},
abstract = {
Two important transportation goals for most American downtowns are
to provide sufficient parking spaces to meet the demand of
motorists and an attractive pedestrian-friendly environment.
Yet, when planned for separately, these two goals frequently
contradict each other. This article discusses the
characteristics, problems, and strategies associated with
downtown pedestrians and parking and advocates an integrated
approach wherein the needs of both pedestrians and motorists
are balanced. The keys to achieving this balance are (1)
finding appropriate locations for off-street parking facilities
that do not impede pedestrian flow, and (2) designing parking
facilities that are sensitive to pedestrians and facilitate
pedestrian connections.
},
keywords = {parking, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{RodJoo04,
author = {Daniel A.~Rodr{\'i}guez and Joonwon Joo},
title = {The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the
local physical environment},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 9,
number = 2,
pages = {151--173},
abstract = {
By estimating multinomial choice models, this paper examines the
relationship between travel mode choice and attributes of the
local physical environment such as topography, sidewalk
availability, residential density, and the presence of walking
and cycling paths. Data for student and staff commuters to the
University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill are used to
illustrate the relationship between mode choice and the
objectively measured environmental attributes, while accounting
for typical modal characteristics such as travel time, access
time, and out-of-pocket cost. Results suggest that jointly
the four attributes of the local physical environment
make significant marginal contributions to explaining
travel mode choice. In particular, the estimates reveal
that local topography and sidewalk availability are
significantly associated with the attractiveness of
non-motorized modes. Point elasticities are provided
and recommendations given regarding the importance of
incorporating non-motorized modes into local
transportation planning and in the study of how the
built environment influences travel behavior.
},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban design, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link}
}
@article{Sae04,
author = {Kjartan S{\ae}lensminde},
title = {Cost-benefit analyses of walking and cycling track networks
taking into account insecurity, health effects and external costs
of motorized traffic},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 38,
pages = {593--606},
url = {http://www.sustrans.org.uk/webfiles/International/Norway\%20cost-benfit\%20analysis.pdf},
keywords = {finance, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, active transportation}
}
@techreport{SaeElv00,
author = {Kjartan S{\ae}lensminde and Rune Elvik},
title = {A method for setting priorities for measures designed for
pedestrians and cyclists: criteria and guidelines},
year = 2000,
institution = {Transport{\o}konomisk institutt (Institute of Transport Economics)},
address = {Oslo, Norway},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, prioritisation}
}
@article{Sik97,
author = {A.~Siksna},
title = {The Effects of Block Size and Form in {N}orth {A}merican and
{A}ustralian City Centres},
year = 1997,
journal = {Urban Morphology},
volume = 1,
pages = {19--33},
keywords = {urban form, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Sou05,
author = {Michael Southworth},
title = {Designing the Walkable City},
year = 2005,
month = dec,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 131,
number = 4,
pages = {246--257},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban form}
}
@article{SteHin04,
author = {Norm Steinman and Keith Hines},
title = {A Methodology to Assess Design Features for Pedestrian and
Bicyclist Crossings at Signalized Intersections},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1878,
doi = {10.3141/1878-06},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-002585.pdf}
}
@techreport{Sve04,
author = {{\AA}se Svensson},
title = {{A}rterial {S}treets for People: Guidance for Planners and
Decision Makers when Reconstructing Arterial Streets},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.tft.lth.se/guide/guidecompleng050921.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban design, street design, streets},
institution = {ARTISTS Consortium},
address = {Malm{\"o}, Sweden}
}
@techreport{T2000T99,
author = {{Transport 2000 Trust}},
title = {A Safer Journey to School: A Guide for School Communities},
year = 1999,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {{Transport 2000 Trust}},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@book{Tol03,
editor = {Rodney Tolley},
title = {The greening of urban transportation: planning for walking and
cycling in {W}estern cities},
year = 2003,
publisher = {Woodhead Publishers},
edition = {3rd},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{TolGoo01,
author = {Rodney Tolley and Rachel Goodman},
title = {Sustainable transport: prospects for walking and cycling in
{G}reat {B}ritain},
year = 2001,
journal = {Geography},
volume = 86,
number = 1,
pages = {84--88},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{TolLumBic01,
author = {Rodney Tolley and Les Lumsdon and Karen Bickerstaff},
title = {The future of walking in {E}urope: a {D}elphi project to identify
expert opinion on future walking scenarios},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 8,
number = 4,
pages = {307--315},
keywords = {pedestrian planning},
doi = {10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00026-9}
}
@article{TopPha94,
author = {H.~Topp and T.~Pharoah},
title = {Car-free City Centers},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 21,
pages = {231--247},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning}
}
@inproceedings{TurSimGre04,
author = {Patricia A.~Turner and Chris Simek and Michael B.~Greenman},
title = {Exploring Collision Exposure for Bicyclists and Pedestrians in
Florida},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-002661.pdf}
}
@book{Unt84,
author = {Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Accommodating the Pedestrian: Adapting towns and neighborhoods
for Walking and Bicycling},
year = 1984,
publisher = {Von Nostrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@incollection{Unt87,
author = {Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Can we pedestrianize the suburb?},
year = 1987,
editor = {Anne V.~Moudon},
booktitle = {Public Streets for Public Use},
publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
chapter = 8,
pages = {123--131},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, streets}
}
@incollection{Unt87b,
author = {Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Changing design standards for streets and roads},
year = 1987,
editor = {Anne V.~Moudon},
booktitle = {Public Streets for Public Use},
publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
chapter = 19,
pages = {255--260},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, streets}
}
@incollection{Unt90,
author = {Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Accomodating the pedestrian: adapting towns and neighborhoods
for walking and bicycling},
year = 1990,
booktitle = {Personal Travel in the {US}, Volume {II}, A Report of the
Findings from 1983--1984 NPTS, Source Control Programs},
publisher = {U.S. Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{VBV93,
author = {Voetgangersvereniging},
title = {Wegwijzer voetgangersvoorzieningen (Manual for pedestrian
facilities)},
year = 1993,
institution = {VBV},
address = {Den Haag (The Hague), The Netherlands},
keywords = {pedestrian planning}
}
@techreport{VCO93,
author = {{Verkehrsclub {\"O}sterreich}},
title = {Vorrang f{\"u}r {F}ussg{\"a}nger},
year = 1993,
institution = {VC{\"O}},
publisher = {Wissenschaft \& Verkehr},
number = 1,
address = {M{\"o}dling, Austria},
keywords = {pedestrian planning}
}
@book{Why80,
author = {William H.~Whyte},
title = {The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces},
year = 1980,
publisher = {The Conservation Foundation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, sociology}
}
@inproceedings{YiZha06,
author = {Chang Yi and Ming Zhang},
title = {Cul-de-sac vs. grid: Comparing street connectivity and
pedestrian accessibility of urban forms in the {H}ouston Metropolitan
Area},
year = 2006,
month = jan,
booktitle = {Presented at the Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{ZloSch05,
author = {A.I.~Zlot and T.L.~Schmidt},
title = {Relationships among community characteristics and walking and
bicycling for transportation or recreation},
year = 2005,
journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion},
volume = 19,
pages = {315--317},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, active transportation}
}
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