@comment{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.91}}
@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_urban_planning.bib -c 'keywords: "urban planning"' ref.bib}}
@article{AleTom02,
author = {Don Alexander and Ray Tomalty},
title = {{S}mart {G}rowth and Sustainable Development: challenges,
solutions and policy directions},
year = 2002,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {397--409},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, smart growth}
}
@book{Alv01,
author = {Katie Alvord},
title = {Divorce Your Car! Ending the love affair with the automobile},
year = 2001,
publisher = {New Society Publishers},
keywords = {general interest, history, transport planning, urban planning},
status = {read}
}
@article{Ant04,
author = {Jerry Anthony},
title = {Do State Growth Management Regulations Reduce Sprawl?},
year = 2004,
journal = {Urban Affairs Review},
volume = 39,
number = 3,
pages = {376--397},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth},
annote = {
Interesting data, but hard to draw many conclusions. The regression
model's pooling of data is very dodgy... the 1982--1992 data points
and 1992--1997 likely have correlated error terms. I imagine the
data has issues, too---I'm wary of urban density figures,
particularly when they don't define them carefully and had to
analyse every area in the United States.
There are interesting insights, though, particularly regarding Hawaii,
Washington, and Florida. Florida limits development to areas with
adequate infrastructure... but includes ``high level-of-service
roads'' as part of the definition, excluding inner-city and dense
areas with congested roads!
}
}
@article{Arn69,
author = {Shelley R.~Arnstein},
title = {A Ladder of Citizen Participation},
year = 1969,
month = jul,
journal = {Journal of the American Institute of Planners},
volume = 35,
number = 4,
pages = {216--224},
status = {read},
keywords = {public participation, urban planning}
}
@article{AudSheSmi90,
author = {Ivonne Audirac and Anne H.~Shermylen and Marc T.~Smith},
title = {Ideal Urban Form and Visions of the good life: {F}lorida's
Growth Management Dilemma},
year = 1990,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 56,
number = 4,
pages = {471--483},
status = {read},
quality = 1,
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{BerleC03,
author = {Luca Bertolini and Frank {le Clercq}},
title = {Urban development without more mobility by car? Lessons from
{A}msterdam, a multimodal urban region},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
year = 2003,
month = apr,
volume = 35,
number = 4,
pages = {575--589},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, accessibility},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The fundamental dilemma in attempts to make urban development less
dependent upon mobility by car is the inability of alternatives
to match the quality of accessibility provided by private
motorized transport. Failure to recognize this means that
bringing about environmentally more sustainable urban mobility
patterns is only possible at economic, social, and political
costs that are unacceptable in most societies. In this paper we
identify and discuss ways out of this dilemma, in the form of
solutions that pursue the goal of increasing both
sustainability and accessibility. We start by contending that
what people ask is not a generic mobility, but rather
opportunities to participate in spatially disjointed
activities. Accordingly, accessibility should be defined as the
amount and the diversity of 'spatial opportunities' that can be
reached within a certain amount of time. Solutions to the
accessibility - sustainability dilemma building upon this
perspective (that is, planning concepts, policy measures) have
been the object of recent research at the Universiteit van
Amsterdam and are discussed and we look for, and find, evidence
of the feasibility of these solutions in the actual trends in
the Amsterdam urban region. Some policy implications of the
findings are discussed.
},
annote = {
They define accessibility as the ``amount of `spatial opportunities'
that can be reached within a certain amount of time,'' an idea that
matches my intuition. They base this on three assumptions about
human behaviour: (a) For the most part people travel not just for
the sake of it, but in order to participate in spatially disjointed
activities (for example, living, working, shopping, visiting in
different places); (b) People want to have a choice among as large
a number and as diverse a range of activities as possible; (c)
Travel costs, and particularly travel time rather than travel
distance, set a limit to these possibilities (in the form of total
daily travel-time budgets, travel-to-work time budgets, etc.). They
also aim for a synergy with sustainability, and express their goal
as ``Developing conditions for as large as possible a share of the
more environmentally friendly modes in urban mobility, while at the
same time maintaining, and possible increasing, the amount and the
diversity of activity places that can be reached within an
acceptable travel time.'' They note that ``only activities with
middle to high spatial reach and low intensity of use (for example,
living, working, or recreating in low densities) are best served by
the car system''... which would include hiking, I suppose. ``[T]he
most significant policy dealing with car environments has been the
regulation of parking allowance, which has proved an invaluable
tool in managing the accessibility of locations, most notably
within the municipality of Amsterdam.'' They close with an
interesting note: they call the transport system the supply of
mobility, and land-use patterns are the origin of the demand for
mobility. It's an interesting and relevant labelling.
}
}
@article{Blu04,
author = {Evelyn Blumenberg},
title = {En-gendering effective planning: spatial mismatch, low-income
women, and transportation policy},
year = 2004,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 70,
number = 3,
pages = {269--281},
status = {read},
keywords = {equity, gender, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{BoaHau00,
author = {Marlon G.~Boarnet and Andrew F.~Haughwout},
title = {Do Highways Matter? {E}vidence and Policy Implications of
Metropolitan Development},
year = 2000,
month = aug,
institution = {Brookings Institution},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
type = {Discussion Paper},
url = {http://www.brook.edu/es/urban/boarnet.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
I didn't get much new from this paper... but there were some good
references, like Moh93 and a range of land use impact studies.
It is interesting to see two authors with economics backgrounds
write on this subject, and state that highway systems redistribute
growth rather than create it---not the view that's taken by many
provincial transportation agencies. That said, American cities are
generally starting from a higher level of highway provision than
Canadian cities.
I remain annoyed by the tendency (everywhere in the literature)
to discount highways' effect on
decentralisation. Yes, they are not a sufficient condition for
decentralising---but they are still a necessary condition! If you
don't build the highway, the ability to decentralise is extremely
limited.
},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning},
abstract = {
Growing concerns about traffic congestion and rapid
suburban expansion (also known as sprawl) have reignited interest in
the ways in which highway spending affects metropolitan growth
patterns. This discussion paper extracts the best evidence to date on
how highway investments distribute growth and economic activity across
metropolitan areas. The paper also offers ideas on how transportation
financing and policies can better respond to the various costs and
benefits of highway projects in a region.
}
}
@article{Bou96,
author = {Larry S.~Bourne},
title = {Reurbanization, Uneven Urban Development, and the Debate on
New Urban Forms},
year = 1996,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 17,
number = 8,
pages = {690--713},
status = {read},
keywords = {geography, urban form, urban planning},
annote = {
Some interesting discussions on infill development. I found his
description of centre-city abandonment interesting: ``premature
write-down of the existing built environment.'' That particular
economic spin on downtown decay summarizes my intuitive dislike for
rundown centre city buildings. Consider a Victorian or Edwardian
storefront in downtown Toronto: these are considered too expensive to
build today in new neighbourhoods, and yet we let the existing
stock of (valuable!) buildings decay in many parts of the city.
Bourne discusses an interesting model from Klaassen and van den
Burg (over many papers). They characterize urban evolution in four
stages: 1) urbanization; 2) outmigration; 3) disurbanization; and
4) reurbanization. It's an interesting breakdown for recent urban
history, particularly in Canadian cities that are generally in
phase four now.
Bourne also discusses the poor information/data available on
single-lot infill sites in cities, and some strange strategies to
combat urban decay, like Detroit's empowerment/enterprise zone in
its centre.
}
}
@article{Bri03,
author = {Ray E.~Brindle},
title = {Kicking the habit (part 1): some musings on the meaning of
`car dependence'},
year = 2003,
month = sep,
journal = {Road and Transport Research},
volume = 12,
number = 3,
pages = {61--73},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link},
status = {read},
annote = {
The article argues that the role of urban form has been
over-emphasized in the debate about changing travel habits.
Personal preferences may need to be changed instead. There are some
interesting quotes regarding access and housing preferences in the
1960s and 1970s, quite useful for understanding how little has
changed.
}
}
@article{Cal02b,
author = {Peter G.~Calthorpe},
title = {The Urban Network: A Radical Proposal},
year = 2002,
journal = {Planning},
volume = 68,
number = 5,
pages = {10--15},
status = {read},
abstract = {
There is a critical need for a new paradigm of growth on undeveloped
sites - one that complements urban infill and revitalization. The
alternative transportation network proposed here calls for a new
hierarchy of arterials and boulevards that allow for through traffic
without always by-passing commercial centers - a road network that
reinforces access to walkable neighborhoods and urban town centers
without cutting them off from local pedestrian movement. A plan for new
growth areas around Chicago proposes 3 types of major roads to replace
the standard arterial grid: transit boulevards, throughways, and
arterials. The transit boulevards combine the capacity of a major
arterial with the intimacy of local frontage roads and the pedestrian
orientation that comes with the transit system. Local arterials are
multi-lane facilities that transition into a couplet of main streets at
the village centers.
},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, streets, street design, new urbanism}
}
@techreport{Cal02c,
author = {Peter G.~Calthorpe},
title = {The Urban Network: A New Framework for Growth},
year = 2002,
institution = {Calthorpe Associates},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
url = {http://calthorpe.com/clippings/UrbanNet1216.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, streets, street design, new urbanism}
}
@article{Cam96,
author = {Scott Campbell},
title = {Planning: Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities? {U}rban
Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 62,
number = 3,
status = {read},
quality = 4,
pages = {296--312},
keywords = {sustainability, urban planning},
annote = {
An interesting dissection of the tensions within sustainability.
Campbell discusses the types of conflicts that arise between
economic, social and environmental interests, and generally argues
that the Achilles heel of suistainability remains its fuzzy
vagueness. I liked his analogy of the planner as translator,
and the need to make full translations of other camps' arguments
into the language of each discipline, to ensure that no one camp
dominates the other.
}
}
@article{Cer96b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Jobs-housing balance revisited: Trends and impacts in the
{S}an {F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 62,
number = 4,
pages = {492--511},
keywords = {urban planning, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
This paper is the best I've read on the jobs-housing issue, with
a careful distinction between balance and containment, an
examination of balance-with-mismatch, and a more careful analysis
of the impacts on VMT and mode split.
One finding that interested me: balance was not correlated
with a substantial change in VMT, but containment was (and was also
correlated with higher levels of walking). Another interesting
conclusion: imbalance is a planning failure, not a market failure,
since it usually happens in jobs-surplus areas where residents
apply political pressure (read: NIMBYism) to fight any
market-driven changes to the residential stock.
I liked the description of jobs-housing balance as the potential for
self-containment. I see the actual level of self-containment to be
a function of two variables: jobs-housing balance, and travel
times. Jobs-housing balance allows a city to easily respond to
congestion or degraded travel times, by giving workers the option
of moving closer to their jobs.
}
}
@book{Cer98,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry},
year = 1998,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Cer98/index.html},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{CerKoc97,
author = {Robert Cervero and Kara Maria Kockelman},
title = {Travel Demand and the 3 {D}s: Density, Diversity and Design},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 2,
number = 3,
pages = {199--219},
status = {read},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link },
abstract = {
The built environment is thought to influence travel demand along
three principal dimensions -- density, diversity, and design.
This paper tests this proposition by examining how the ``3Ds''
affect trip rates and mode choice of residents in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Using 1990 travel diary data and land-use
records obtained from the U.S. census, regional inventories,
and field surveys, models are estimated that relate features of the
built environment to variations in vehicle miles traveled per
household and mode choice, mainly for non-work trips. Factor
analysis is used to linearly combine variables in the density
and design dimensions of the built environment. The research
finds that density, land-use diversity, and pedestrian-oriented
designs generally reduce trip rates and encourage non-auto
travel in statistically significant ways, though their
influences appear to be fairly marginal. Elasticities between
variables and factors that capture the 3Ds and various measures
of travel demand are generally in the .06 to .18 range,
expressed in absolute terms. Compact development was found to exert
the strongest influence on personal business trips.
Within-neighborhood retail shops, on the other hand, was most
strongly associated with mode choice for work trips. And while
a factor capturing ``walking quality'' was only moderately
related to mode choice for non-work trips, those living in
neighborhoods with grid-iron street designs and restricted
commercial parking were nonetheless found to average
significantly less vehicle miles of travel and rely less on
single-occupant vehicles for non-work trips. Overall, this
research shows that the elasticities between each dimension of
the built environment and travel demand are modest to moderate,
though certainly not inconsequential. Thus is supports the
contention of new urbanists and others that creating more
compact, diverse, and pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods, in
combination, can meaningfully influence how Americans travel.
},
annote = {
A solid study, and a useful decomposition of urban form. By the
time I got around to reading it, I'd seen several similar papers
(like Cervero and Duncan's later followup), so the conclusion was
not surprising.
}
}
@article{CerLan97,
author = {Robert Cervero and John Landis},
title = {Twenty Years of the {B}ay {A}rea {R}apid {T}ransit system:
Land Use and Development Impacts},
year = 1997,
month = jul,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 31,
number = 4,
pages = {309--333},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
A good, balanced paper.
A few comments on the models: the first model does not account for
spatial autocorrelation, which may be an issue. The finding that
station location within a highway median, incentive zoning, and
restrictive zoning were not statistically correlated with building
activity around stations is quite interesting.
}
}
@article{ClaKui94,
author = {William A.V.~Clark and Marianne Kuijpers-Linde},
title = {Commuting in Restructuring Urban Regions},
year = 1994,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 31,
number = 3,
pages = {465--483},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning},
annote = {
A comparison of trends 1980--1990 in Southern California and the
Netherlands. The authors seemed determined to push a particular
thesis about increasing automobility and rising polycentricity, but
the data from the Netherlands didn't really bear out their thesis:
trips were generally getting quicker and both cycling and transit
mode share were rising, despite growing auto ownership. They did
make an interesting distinction between different forms of
polycentric development: an ``archipelago'' with nodes in an urban
sea (Los Angeles) versus ``spheres of interest'' where primary
nodes have secondary nodes in their sphere (or orbit), and
essentially partition the region (Netherlands).
}
}
@article{DavNelDue94,
author = {Judy S.~Davis and Arthur C.~Nelson and Kenneth J.~Dueker},
title = {The New 'Burbs: The Exurbs and Their Implications for Planning
Policy},
year = 1994,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 60,
number = 1,
pages = {45--59},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{Dav02,
author = {Mike Davis},
title = {Dead Cities and other tales},
year = 2002,
publisher = {The New Press},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
keywords = {general interest, history, sociology, urban planning, urban politics},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Dav02/index.html },
status = {read}
}
@unpublished{Dua00,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany},
title = {The pseudoscience of planning},
year = 2000,
note = {Internet},
url = { http://www.dpz.com/Andres-Pseudoscience.htm},
keywords = {urban planning},
status = {read}
}
@article{Dua02,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany},
title = {Introduction to the special issue dedicated to the {T}ransect},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {251--260},
doi = {10.1080/1357480022000039321},
url = {http://www.dpz.com/pdf/03_Journal_of_Urban_Design.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {new urbanism, urban planning, urban design}
}
@incollection{Dua03,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany},
title = {Neighbourhood design in practice},
year = 2003,
editor = {Peter Neal},
booktitle = {Urban Villages and the Making of Communities},
chapter = 4,
pages = {85--102},
publisher = {Spon Press},
address = {London, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {new urbanism, urban planning}
}
@incollection{DuaPla94,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk},
title = {The neighbourhood, the district, and the corridor},
year = 1994,
editor = {Peter Katz},
booktitle = {{N}ew {U}rbanism: Towards an architecture of community},
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
pages = {xvii--xx},
status = {read},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, architecture, new urbanism, urban design}
}
@article{DuaTal02,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany and Emily Talen},
title = {Transect Planning},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 3,
pages = {254--266},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, new urbanism}
}
@article{Dun04,
author = {Robert T.~Dunphy},
title = {Housing and Traffic},
year = 2004,
month = feb,
journal = {Urban Land},
volume = 63,
number = 2,
pages = {76--80},
publisher = {Urban Land Institute},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
status = {read},
annote = {
Interesting, with some good statistics. The author shows that if
transportation and housing costs are combined, total spending
amounts to 47--57\% of income across almost all of the United States.
The split between transport and housing varies dramatically, of course,
but the point is that you aren't really saving people any money by
building an auto-dependent region; you're just choosing a different
urban form. Top 10 most expensive: San Diego, Tampa, Los Angeles,
Miami, Denver, Atlanta, Phoenix, Cleveland and San Francisco.
Bottom 11: Portland, Baltimore, Houston, Milwaukee, Kansas City,
Anchorage, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis/St. Paul, St. Louis and
Honolulu. New York, surprisingly, is right in the middle of the
pack.
}
}
@article{Dun04b,
author = {Robert T.~Dunphy},
title = {Conflicted Over Congestion},
year = 2004,
month = may,
journal = {Urban Land},
volume = 63,
number = 5,
pages = {81--86},
publisher = {Urban Land Institute},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{ECO04,
author = {{ECONorthwest}},
title = {Metro Corridors Project: Analysis of Land Use and
Transportation Issues},
year = 2004,
month = aug,
institution = {Metro and the Transportation Growth Management Program,
Oregon Department of Transportation/Department of Land Conservation and
Development},
address = {Portland, OR, USA},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.metro-region.org/library_docs/land_use/analysis_land_use_cov_and_text.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, streets}
}
@techreport{ECO05,
author = {{ECONorthwest}},
title = {Metro Corridors Project: Case Study Report},
year = 2005,
month = jun,
institution = {Metro and the Transportation Growth Management Program,
Oregon Department of Transportation/Department of Land Conservation and
Development},
address = {Portland, OR, USA},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.metro-region.org/library_docs/land_use/case_study_land_use_cov_and_text.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, streets}
}
@techreport{EidOvePugTur06,
author = {Jean Eid and Henry G.~Overman and Diego Puga and Matthew
A.~Turner},
title = {Fat {C}ity: Questioning the Relationship between Urban Sprawl
and Obesity},
year = 2006,
type = {Manuscript Paper},
institution = {University of Toronto},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.upf.edu/grec/en/0607/docs/fatcity.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, active transportation, land use transport link},
annote = {
After a quick read, my main criticism regards their choice of
neighbourhood variables. I am not convinced that they are capturing
``walkability'' in their coarse residential sprawl index or
``mixed-use'' index. While these two variables are intended to
capture density and diversity (ignoring design), they ignore the
work environment and probably do a poor job of measuring the
residential environment. They also tried using the Smart Growth America
sprawl index, but this index is not local enough to capture
the necessary neighbourhood-scale effects.
Additionally, I have to wonder about their sample---how many
walkable environments were actually sampled? In the US, an
unstratified sampling strategy would not include many walkable
locations.
Finally, I have to wonder about time lags: their model only
captures a change in BMI in the year following a move (when a
change in sprawl/mixed use is observed). What about subsequent years?
That said, these weaknesses are present in many other papers in the
literature, and they do bring some interesting perspectives and
methodology to the table. The inclusion of occupation variables
associated with strength and strenuousness was a valuable addition
to modelling in this area. I'd need to read the paper more closely
before I'd be prepared to defend my complaints, really.
}
}
@article{Ell02,
author = {Cliff Ellis},
title = {The {N}ew {U}rbanism: Critiques and Rebuttals},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {261--291},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
doi = {10.1080/1357480022000039330},
annote = {
An excellent summary and rebuttal of the critiques of New Urbanism,
with a very solid bibliography thrown in for good measure.
Good quotes:
``Neoclassical economics is presented as a neutral methodology,
when it actually prescribes a political theory favouring individual
self-interest and consumerism over public-spirited behaviour and
deliberative political choices.''
``[...] New Urbanism will not abolish traffic congestion. But all
congestion is not equal. San Francisco and Paris have congestion,
but the streets are alive, the quality of life is high, and
alternatives to driving are plentiful. As many New Urbanists have
pointed out, the worst-case scenario is really congestion in the
suburbs, where the landscape is openly hostile to pedestrians and
transit service is minimal.''
``Andr\'{e}s Duany has trenchantly argued that it makes no sense to
throw away all of our town-planning traditions in the vain hope
that a few architectural masterpieces will result. This has
produced `an appalling win-loss ratio', with hundreds of disasters
littering the landscape for every masterpiece produced.''
},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@article{Ewi97,
author = {Reid Ewing},
title = {Counterpoint: Is {L}os-{A}ngeles-style sprawl desirable?},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 1997,
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {107--126},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, land use transport link},
annote = {
A good counterpoint to Gordon \& Richardson's article. My one
regret with this article: because the author tries to stick to
a clearly defensible urban form, and because he tries to avoid seeming
``hopelessly European or Canadian,'' his definition of a
``compact'' urban form is actually quite low-density and sprawling
by any other nation's standards. He advocates a density of about 4
units per acre, which is below the level required to support even
one bus every half hour.
}
}
@article{Fil96,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = { Metropolitan planning objectives and implementation constraints:
planning in a post-{F}ordist and postmodern age },
year = 1996,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 28,
number = 9,
pages = {1637--1660},
keywords = { geography, urban planning, politics, canada, urban form },
status = {read},
abstract = {
Planning faces the predicament that as recommendations become
bolder possibilities for implementation deteriorate. This is
imputed to society's transition from a Fordist and modern to a
post-Fordist and postmodern era. On the one hand, postmodern
values account for more public participation and heightened
environmental sensitivity, which translate into proposals for
alternative forms of urban development. On the other hand, the
implementation of these proposals is impaired by reduced public
sector resources as a result of the economic instability
associated with post-Fordism. Another impediment is the
difficulty to achieve sufficient support for planning
objectives in the postmodern context. This context is marked by
a fragmentation of values, attachment to the existing built
environment, and suspicion between social groups. The empirical
focus is on Toronto's bold metropolitan planning proposals.
Most recent planning documents call for reurbanization efforts,
a compact urban form, and reduced reliance on the car. In this
paper I cast doubts, however, on the eventual actualization of
these proposals by highlighting weaknesses in the present
and anticipated implementation context. These are tied to
factors that are specific to Toronto, but also to a greater
extent to the post-Fordist and postmodern environment.
},
annote = {
A few interesting ideas. He argues that the postmodern attachment of
value to public participation and plural views could undermine
processes aimed at changing suburban form to better accommodate
plurality. He suggests that NIMBYism arises from suspicion
between factions in a fractured society, and this will in turn
hinder changes to existing urban form (infill, etc.) and favour
greenfield development where such arguments can be avoided. In the
light of his arguments, I find policies such as urban growth
boundaries more appealing: they prevent greenfield alternatives and
force NIMBYism to be confronted directly. Toronto already seems to
be headed in this direction, as social housing projects are
increasingly recognised as necessary and located in all wards, instead
of being fought off by all wards.
}
}
@article{Fil00,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Balancing Concentration and Dispersion? Public Policy and
Urban Structure in {T}oronto},
year = 2000,
journal = {Environment and Planning C},
volume = 18,
pages = {163--189},
status = {read},
quality = 5,
keywords = { canada, urban planning, geography, urban politics, toronto },
annote = {
An excellent, detached and comprehensive overview of postwar trends
in the Toronto region. The hypothesis that Toronto may have ``the
best of both worlds'' by having both dispersed and concentrated
environments is an interesting one, although the retention of that
status would require both realms to grow at similar rates, which
has not been the trend in recent decades.
}
}
@article{Fil01,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Suburban Mixed-Use Centres and Urban Dispersion: What
Difference do They Make?},
year = 2001,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 33,
number = 1,
pages = {141--160},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban design, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
Some very good points in a comparison of several Toronto shopping
centres that I know well. Hard data makes for an interesting
comparison exercise. The amazing thing, really, is the allocation
of space in each centre: roughly 2.5:1 ratio of space for cars to
space for buildings (except North York Centre, at 2:1), compared
with 1:2 in downtown Toronto. North York Centre still comes out
almost as bad as the others, since it uses its saved space mostly
for open park space (38\% of total space!)
``If suburban mixed-use centres have been successful in juxtaposing
different land uses, their integration of these uses has been far
less impressive.''
}
}
@article{Fil03,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = { Towards Smart Growth? {T}he Difficult Implementation of
Alternatives to Urban Dispersion},
year = 2003,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {48--70},
keywords = { urban planning, urban politics, canada, urban form, smart growth},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The smart growth concept has recently achieved prominence within
the planning profession. It represents a reaction to mounting
resentment towards the adverse consequences of prevailing forms of
urbanization: air pollution, high development costs and
deteriorating quality of life. The article examines the possibility
of implementing smart growth proposals within the prevailing
political, economic and value environment. After drawing lessons
from the lack of success of attempts at altering urban development
over the last thirty years, the article proposes two smart growth
strategies. To maintain their implementation potential and capacity
to modify urbanization trends, the strategies avoid clashes with
entrenched preference patterns and powerful interest groups. The
first strategy consists in an expansion of the high-density
transit-oriented compact urban realm into the ambient low-density
car-dependent dispersed realm. The second strategy involves the
creation of mixed-use high-density corridors, hospitable to transit
use and walking, within newly urbanized areas.
},
annote = {
An excellent article, aimed at realistic incremental policies to
change urban densities, the main obstacle to mode share changes.
The solutions he presents are not new at all, but the political
context and discussion of suburban values are worth thinking about.
}
}
@article{FilBunMcSTse04,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and Kathleen Mc{S}purren and
Alan Tse},
title = {Canada-{U.S.} Metropolitan Density Patterns: Zonal Convergence
and Divergence},
year = 2004,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 25,
number = 1,
pages = {42--65},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, canada},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The paper compares density patterns of the three largest Canadian
metropolitan regions with those of a sample of 12 U.S. urban areas
with comparable populations. It verifies if such patterns support
claims of Canadian urban distinctiveness prevalent within this
country's research literature. Findings indicate that regional
differences among U.S. cities are as important as cross-national
distinctions. Measures of centrality and overall density place
observed Canadian metrpolitan areas within the same category as
older U.S. East Coast metropolitan areas. Inter-city comparisons of
historically and geographically defined zones suggest a period of
cross-national convergence before World War II, when the inner city
was developed, followed by a period of divergence from the 1940s to
the 1970s, when the inner suburb was built. The development of the
outer suburb, which began in the early 1970s, marks a return to
cross-national convergence. These results question the continued
relevance of the literature on the distinctiveness of Canadian
urbanization.
},
annote = {
Very interesting. They find that Canadian cities, as a group, do
stand out from American cities---they are denser overall (than
American cities of comparable size), and denser in their cores and
inner suburbs. In the outer suburbs, however, densities are
indistinguishable from American cities. Beyond that, however,
Canadian cities have much smaller exurban regions than their
American counterparts. They fit a cubic polynomial
to the density/distance-from-CBD graph, and don't find Canadian
cities to be as distinctive in that measure; I'm not sure how solid
their analysis there is, though (haven't read it closely enough).
Generally, the Canadian cities are distinctive as a group, since
all of the major Canadian cities are dense, but are generally
similar to northeastern American cities. The U.S. just has a wider
variety of cities. ``Our work does not so much refute the
perspective espoused by the Canadian urban specificity literature
as situate it historically and geographically. According to zonal
findings and events that have marked the evolution of cities in the
two countries, most of the noted cross-national differences can be
linked to the period that ran from the end of World War II to the
1970s.'' Overall, I don't think their results justify the final
sentence of their abstract (repeated in their introduction); I
think Canadian cities are quite distinctive. In particular, they
don't discuss exurban trends very much, although these are a very
significant part of American city development today: the Canadian
cities have only 18 percent of their population in exurban areas,
while the American cities are clustered closer to 30 percent, with
some as high as 50 percent (Atlanta, Boston).
}
}
@article{FraAndSch04,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Martin A.~Andresen and Thomas L.~ Schmid},
title = {Obesity Relationships with community design, physical
activity, and time spent in cars},
year = 2004,
month = aug,
volume = 27,
number = 2,
pages = {87--96},
journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/ajpm-aug04.pdf},
abstract = {
Obesity is a major health problem in the United States and
around the world. To date, relationships between obesity and
aspects of the built environment have not been evaluated
empirically at the individual level.
Objective
To evaluate the relationship between the built environment
around each participant's place of residence and self-reported
travel patterns (walking and time in a car), body mass index
(BMI), and obesity for specific gender and ethnicity
classifications.
Body Mass Index, minutes spent in a car, kilometers walked,
age, income, educational attainment, and gender were derived
through a travel survey of 10,878 participants in the Atlanta,
Georgia region. Objective measures of land use mix, net residential
density, and street connectivity were developed within a
1-kilometer network distance of each participant's place of
residence. A cross-sectional design was used to associate urban
form measures with obesity, BMI, and transportation-related
activity when adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.
Discrete analyses were conducted across gender and ethnicity.
The data were collected between 2000 and 2002 and analysis was
conducted in 2004.
Land-use mix had the strongest association with obesity (BMI>=30
kg/m^2), with each quartile increase being associated
with a 12.2\% reduction in the likelihood of obesity across
gender and ethnicity. Each additional hour spent in a car per
day was associated with a 6\% increase in the likelihood of
obesity. Conversely, each additional kilometer walked per day
was associated with a 4.8\% reduction in the likelihood of
obesity. As a continuous measure, BMI was significantly
associated with urban form for white cohorts. Relationships
among urban form, walk distance, and time in a car were
stronger among white than black cohorts.
Measures of the built environment and travel patterns are
important predictors of obesity across gender and ethnicity,
yet relationships among the built environment, travel patterns, and
weight may vary across gender and ethnicity. Strategies to
increase land-use mix and distance walked while reducing time
in a car can be effective as health interventions.
},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very useful addition to the debates on urban form. I'm a fan of
anything bring active transportation into the debate, rather than
just trying to reduce SOV trips. I'm curious about why they
found land-use mix and walking distance to be statistically
independent influences on obesity. Their speculation that it may
be related to nutrition (and so-called ``food deserts'') is an
interesting idea.
}
}
@article{FraPiv94,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Gary Pivo},
title = {Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes
of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {44--52},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, transit, active transportation, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Findings from an empirical analysis to test the impacts of land-use
mix, population density, and employment density on the use of the
single-occupant vehicle (SOV), transit and walking for both work
trips and shopping trips are presented. The hypothetical
relationships tested focused on whether there is a relationship
between urban form and modal choice, whether this relationship
exists when controlling for non-urban form factors, whether this
relationship is linear or nonlinear, and whether a stronger
relationship exists between modal choice and urban form when they
are measured at both trip ends as opposed to either the origin or
the destination. A review of the literature and experiences
suggested that a fair amount of information is known about the
impacts of density on mode choice. However, considerable debate
exists over whether density itself is actually the causal stimulus
or a surrogate for other factors. To address this issue a data base
was developed with a comprehensive set of variables for which
density may be a proxy, for example, demographics and level of
service. This analysis employed a correlational research design in
which mode choice was compared among census tracts with differing
levels of density and mix. Findings from this research indicate
that density and mix are both related to mode choice, even when
controlling for non-urban form factors for both work trips and
shopping trips. Furthermore, the relationship between population
and employment density and mode choice for SOV, transit and walking
is nonlinear for both work and shopping trips. Transit usage and
walking increase as density and land-use mix increase, whereas SOV
usage declines. The findings from this research suggest that
measuring urban form at both trip ends provides a greater ability
to predict travel choices than looking at trip ends separately. The
findings also suggest that increasing the level of land-use mix at
the trip origins and destinations is also related to a reduction in
SOV travel and an increase in transit and walking.
},
annote = {
Solid research, with more convincing methodology than Sch96 (which
I read at about the same time).
Overall, the most interesting result of the paper is the
demonstration of nonlinearity. Figures 2 and 3 of their paper show
a graph of modal share vs. employment density, and vs. population
density. These graphs show that major increases in bus/walk modes
only happen at employment densities greater than 125
employees/acre (work trips), or 13 residents/acre (shopping trips).
The implications for policy are obvious: if you aren't going to
reach those thresholds, you're wasting your time. Also, the
employment graph shows substantial nonlinearity: between 75 and 125
employees/acre, there is essentially no change in mode share.
They also had some predictable results: walking trips were the most
sensitive to increases in population density; it's worth
considering densities at both trip ends (i.e., both residential
population density and employment population density); etc.
}
}
@article{Giu92b,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano},
title = {Is Jobs-Housing Balance a Transportation Issue?},
year = 1992,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1305,
pages = {305--312},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning},
status = {read},
annote = {
A good discussion of this issue, although it's admittedly not a
topic I find particularly important.
One possible reason why suburb-to-suburb commutes may wind up being
relatively short: ``the relative homogeneity of suburban areas
(making it easy to locate near one's job, or conversely negating any
advantage of living far from one's job).''
In general, I agree with most of the author's conclusions. I don't
see jobs-housing balance as a central issue in transportation
planning. I would aim more for diversity: providing a mixture of
types of jobs and types of housing in every community. Aiming for
an exact or near-exact balance is futile, as the author argues, but
I believe that there is nonetheless a need to give people the
option of locating near their jobs, which may not be provided
automatically by the market. (See, for example, the absence of
family-oriented condominiums in downtown Toronto, despite clear
evidence of a demand after they were built in downtown Vancouver.)
},
url = { http://www.uctc.net/papers/133.pdf }
}
@incollection{Giu04,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano},
title = {Land Use Impacts of Transportation Investments: Highways and
Transit},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {The Geography of Urban Transportation},
editor = {Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano},
edition = {3rd},
chapter = 9,
publisher = {Guildford Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
pages = {237--273},
quality = 4,
keywords = {transport planning, land use transport link, urban planning},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very good article, covering the theory, the empirical tests, and
the methodology involved in measuring land use impacts. Overall, I
agree with most of the analysis, with the exception of the closing
tirade against planners who support transit and oppose highway
expansion.
I found the discussion of the 1980 beltway study (PayBla80) quite
interesting---54 U.S. cities, with and without beltway highways, to
see what the impacts were on central cities. It's a good question
about regional structure and urban form.
There is one key difference between the highway studies and the
transit studies cited: since the studies are American, the highways
are in areas with no competing modes. As a result, presence/absence
of a highway is an indication of the presence/absence of access,
really, since the transit service is almost universally poorer than
the road access. The transit facilities, by contrast, each
represent fairly incremental improvements to access to areas that
are already well-served by highways; furthermore, they are
competing with highways, while the highway projects listed aren't
really competing with transit. Finally, many of the transit
facilities studied sound like examples of poor planning overall.
Boarnet \& Chalermpong's 2001 study of toll roads in Orange County
shows an example of a simple highway project providing access to an
otherwise inaccessible region. If there was a comparable example of
rail providing access to an empty hinterland (like streetcars at
the turn of the century), it might make a fair comparison.
For this reason, I'd like to look closer at Haider \& Miller's study
in Toronto. It's a context where both modes are quite viable: rail
and highways both attract significant customers. Absence of
highways does not mean absence of access, since transit can fill that
void; and vice versa.
That said, the conclusions the author draws about highway impacts
and transit impacts are somewhat fair. I would perhaps expand the
field of impact of rail beyond the narrow corridor she ascribes
to it---with feeder bus systems, a rail line can have impacts well
beyond its immediate corridor.
The one argument I would like to pursue further is the author's
claim that transit systems should have a decentralising effect
similar to highways, since they provide access and allow people to
access the centre quickly from a distance. From a theoretical
perspective considering a single rail line, I agree with this;
however, it ignores two important points: the focussing effect of
transit, and the accessibility peaks at intersecting facilities.
Mutually supportive transit+land use involves a concentration of
activities along the transit corridor, focusing
origins/destinations within a linear region. Highways do also have
some focusing effects---hence the higher land values near
interchanges. However, since the transit feeder mode is usually foot
rather than car, a transit facility will tend to have a stronger
focusing effect. This is not a direct argument against
decentralisation, but it is a partial argument: the transit
facility may allow radial decentralisation, but it will
simultaneously encourage circumferential centralisation.
Finally, when multiple transportation facilities intersect, there
is a peaking of accessibility, providing a single focal point. This
can be seen at the intersection of freeways, or the intersection of
transit lines. It is here that transit can encourage radial
centralisation: if multiple transit facilities intersect at the
city centre, the accessibility peak created at that location could
potentially counter the decentralising effects of the individual
transit lines. Transit probably has more potential for centralising
than highways do, since more than two transit facilities can
intersect in close geographic proximity---or, as in many North
American city centres, multiple transit facilities and a highway
could converge on the downtown.
}
}
@article{GorVip05,
author = {D.~Gordon and S.~Vipond},
title = {Gross density and {N}ew {U}rbanism: comparing conventional and
{N}ew {U}rbanist suburbs in {M}arkham, {O}ntario},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 71,
number = 1,
pages = {41--54},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban design, urban form, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism },
annote = {
Very interesting. Markham looks like it may be a good control case
for future investigations. Having lived away from the GTA for many
years, I was surprised to hear of consistent support for such
policies from Markham, which was quite car-dependent in my time.
}
}
@article{GorKumRic89,
author = {Peter Gordon and Ajay Kumar and Harry Richardson},
title = {The Influence of Metropolitan Spatial Structure on Commuting
Time},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 26,
pages = {138--151},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link},
status = {read},
annote = {
A reasonable paper, but I'm skeptical of the data. The authors used
highly aggregated metropolitan-level data to draw inferences about
travel behaviour, which seems a bit dubious. They did at least
include a variable summarizing how ``monocentric'' each area was,
but did not otherwise disaggregate the data at all. I'm not
convinced that behaviour can be analysed meaningfully at that scale.
}
}
@article{GorRic97,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {95--106},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
quality = 2,
status = {read},
url = {http://astro.temple.edu/~jmennis/Courses/GUS_0150/readings/Gordon97.htm},
annote = {
While initially convincing, this article relies on some very
dubious rhetorical methods to attack compact urban form. It's
worthwhile if only to help develop the critical skills to dissect
invalid argumentation. Be sure to read Ewing (1997) as well.
}
}
@article{Gra02,
author = {Jill Grant},
title = {Mixed Use in Theory and Practice: {C}anadian Experience with
Implementing a Planning Principle},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 1,
pages = {71--84},
quality = 1,
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban form, zoning}
}
@article{Gre03,
author = {Michael J.~Greenwald},
title = {The Road Less Travelled: {N}ew {U}rbanist Inducements to
Travel Mode Substitution for Nonwork Trips},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 23,
number = 1,
pages = {39--57},
status = {read},
doi = {10.1177/0739456X03256248},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, transport planning, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
I haven't fully absorbed the meaning of this author's models yet.
}
}
@techreport{GVRD96,
author = {{Greater Vancouver Regional District}},
title = {Livable Region Strategic Plan},
year = 1996,
institution = {Greater Vancouver Regional District},
address = {Burnaby, BC, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/growth/lrsp/LRSP.pdf}
}
@techreport{GVRD04,
author = {{Greater Vancouver Regional District}},
title = {2003 Sustainability Report},
year = 2004,
institution = {Greater Vancouver Regional District},
address = {Burnaby, BC, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/sustainability/SRIReport03/SR2003.pdf}
}
@incollection{Hal01,
author = {Peter Hall},
title = {Sustainable cities or town cramming?},
year = 2001,
booktitle = {Planning for a sustainable future},
editor = {Antonia Layard and Simin Davoudi and Susan Batty},
pages = {101--114},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
chapter = 7,
status = {read},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning},
annote = {
I found this article interesting, and it spanned a wide range of
the debates on ``desirable density.'' I liked the effort to discuss
net vs. gross density, comparisons of many different measures, the
relation to declining household size (and hence lower person
densities), and the relation to transit service. However, I found
some of the arguments unpersuasive, particularly the argument in
favour of a density of 30--40 units/net hectare---but perhaps I need
to read the source study. I quite liked the historical aside of
``London vs. the continent'' (Rasmussen 1937) and even the bleeding
edge of American debate (Jacobs and Appleyard 1987).
Useful refs on density: DETR 1998 report (BSPUCLLD98), Rudlin and
Falk (1999); also, Susan Owens (1984).
}
}
@article{Hal04,
author = {Peter Hall},
title = {The {B}uchanan Report: 40 years on},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transport},
volume = 157,
number = 1,
pages = {7--14},
doi = {10.1680/tran.157.1.7.36462},
keywords = {history, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{HanBoaEwiKil02,
author = {Susan L.~Handy and Marlon G.~Boarnet and Reid Ewing and
Richard E.~Killingsworth},
title = {How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from
urban planning},
year = 2002,
journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
volume = 23,
number = {2S},
pages = {64--73},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, active transportation}
}
@book{Har96,
author = {Richard Harris},
title = {Unplanned Suburbs: {T}oronto's {A}merican Tragedy, 1900 to
1950},
year = 1996,
publisher = {John Hopkins University Press},
address = {Baltimore, MD, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban form, canada},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Har96/index.html }
}
@article{Hua96,
author = {Herman Huang},
title = {The Land-Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
pages = {17--30},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
A brief survey of literature on Toronto, San Francisco, Washington,
Boston, Cleveland, Atlanta, Calgary, Edmonton, Portland and San Diego.
Many, many good references.
},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, canada}
}
@book{Jac61,
author = {Jane Jacobs},
title = {The Death and Life of Great American Cities},
year = 1961,
publisher = {Vintage},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
rating = 5,
keywords = {urban planning, equity, transport planning, general interest, sociology, streets, pedestrian planning, accessibility, urban design},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Jac61/index.html }
}
@article{JonDou03,
author = {Kenneth G.~Jones and Michael J.~Doucet},
title = {The big box, the flagship and beyond: impacts and trends in
the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
year = 2003,
journal = {Canadian Geographer},
volume = 45,
number = 4,
pages = {494--512},
status = {read},
keywords = { urban planning, toronto },
annote = {
Interesting, but frustrating from a travel perspective. The
analysis focuses mainly on retail format (large scale) rather than
transportation bias---i.e., auto-dependent stores. So, flagship
stores in the Eaton Centre are treated similarly to outer-suburban
big boxes, although they induce quite different travel behaviour.
Additionally, hard data on the impacts to small independent retail
is not presented.
Nonetheless, the description of the strategy and rationale for
large format stores is interesting, given their importance to
travel demand.
}
}
@incollection{KeiGra98,
author = {Roger Keil and John Graham},
title = {Reasserting Nature: Constructing urban environments after
{F}ordism},
year = {1998},
booktitle = {Remaking Reality: Nature at the Amillenium},
editor = {B.~Braun and N.~Casttree},
publisher = {Routledge},
address = {London, UK},
status = {read},
annote = {
Some interesting criticisms of New (Sub)urbanism as a rebranding of
older modes of subdivision building, in the context of Vaughan.
I didn't read the article very closely, and I'm not sure what the
overall thrust is. My sense is that it builds on a quote from Lef91
to explore the urbanisation of the rural and the ruralisation of
the urban.
},
keywords = {geography, canada, urban planning, new urbanism }
}
@article{KenMilShaMacCol05,
author = {Christopher A.~Kennedy and Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby and
Heather L.~Mac{L}ean and Jesse Coleman},
title = {The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 25,
number = 4,
pages = {393--414},
abstract = {
The unsustainable nature of current urban transportation and land
use is well recognized. What is less clear is the prescription
for how to move towards a more sustainable future, especially
given the many interest groups involved, the complexity of
urban systems and the fragmented nature of
decision-making in most urban regions. It is argued
that the process of achieving more sustainable
transportation requires suitable establishment of four
pillars: effective governance of land use and
transportation; fair, efficient, stable funding;
strategic infrastructure investments; and attention to
neighbourhood design. A review of each pillar identifies key
issues. The characteristics of an ideal body for governance of
land use and transportation are considered. Trade-offs are
identified with: spatial representation; organizational
structure; democracy; and market philosophy. Effective
financing and pricing of urban transportation may be distorted
because responsibility for infrastructure is separated from
service provision. Financing mechanisms are categorized
depending on vehicle use and location. Investment in
infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles and intermediate
semi-rapid transit may be required in many cities. Major
investment in public transit infrastructure will likely not
suffice if macro land use and micro neighbourhood designs are
not supportive of these investments.
},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, governance, finance, transit, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
A useful read, covering a wide swath of topics, and including many
useful pointers to other papers within each topic. I found the
discussion of financing transportation particularly useful, mostly
because I haven't read much about that topic. Discussion of market
vs. non-market approaches, including P3s, was also valuable. I'm
glad to see discussion of neighbourhood design in the article, a
topic which is familiar and close to my heart.
}
}
@article{KenLau99,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube},
title = {Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international
overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications
for urban policy},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 33,
pages = {691--723},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
quality = 5,
annote = {
An excellent summary of the dataset collected in their 1999 book,
with useful analysis. It's presented in a much more neutral,
distanced light than some of their earlier work. The methodology
still undoubtedly has problems, such as the use of Metro Toronto
instead of the Greater Toronto Area for the city definition. That
introduces some massive bias into all references to Toronto, since
it excludes all of the sprawling suburbs, including Mississauga
(which now has a population over 600,000 and was already quite large in
1990).
While it might not suit their agenda, I would like to see
housing costs included in the analysis. There is a clear
relationship between density and greater competition for limited
land and housing, and any analysis of regional economic
competitiveness really has to take housing costs into account.
Newman and Kenworthy's core argument that land use influences
transport has a clear converse, but they seem to have chosen to
ignore it here.
}
}
@article{Kle07,
author = {Christopher Klemek},
title = {Placing {J}ane {J}acobs within the Transatlantic Urban
Conversation},
year = 2007,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 73,
number = 1,
pages = {49--67},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, history},
annote = {
An interesting slice of history regarding a writer who was an early
influence on my thinking. Mumford's relation to her is intriguing---
first encouraging her to publish, then writing a patronizing review,
but later coming around somewhat. Also intriguing: her Toronto
connections with Marshall McLuhan, Hans Blumenfeld.
}
}
@incollection{Kri05,
author = {Alex Krieger},
title = {The Costs---and Benefits?---of Sprawl},
year = 2005,
booktitle = {Sprawl and Suburbia: A {H}arvard {D}esign {M}agazine
Reader},
editor = {William S.~Saunders},
pages = {44--56},
chapter = 5,
publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA},
status = {read},
keywords = {smart growth, urban planning}
}
@article{Kri03,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Residential relocation and changes in urban travel: does
neighborhood-scale urban form matter?},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 69,
number = 3,
pages = {265--281},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, travel behaviour},
annote = {
An interesting study. He makes the useful note that a panel survey
where some people choose to move is not strictly a random sample;
there was some underlying reason why those people chose to move, so
you have a self-selected samples (p. 271). I don't fully buy his
assumption that movers were in equilibrium with neighbourhood prior
to moving; it's a major assumption, which he acknowledges and tests
towards the end of the paper. However, it's still a useful
experiment: even if the movers were trying to self-select, if the
move allows them to reduce/increase VMT, it suggests that urban
form is an enabler for desired travel behaviour, a necessary
condition for behaviour change.
All told, a very methodologically cautious paper, with some good
insights.
}
}
@article{KriLev05,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek and David M.~Levinson},
title = {Teaching Integrated Land Use-Transportation Planning: Topics,
Readings and Strategies},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 24,
number = 3,
pages = {304--316},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, urban form, urban planning},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very useful article regarding the land use-transport link. They
examined courses taught on the subject, and their syllabi. The key
books were MooTho94 and Dow92/Dow04, and Cer96b was a key article,
as was the debate between Ewi97 and GorRic97. Other publications
included Giu95, Cra98, and Lev99.
}
}
@article{leCBer03,
author = {Frank {le Clercq} and Luca Bertolini},
title = {Achieving sustainable accessibility: an evaluation of policy
measures in the {A}msterdam area},
journal = {Built Environment},
year = 2003,
volume = 29,
number = 1,
pages = {36--47},
status = {read},
url = {https://www.extenza-eps.com/extenza/loadPDF?objectIDValue=53949},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, parking, accessibility},
annote = {
Some interesting thoughts. 1) Their ``compact city'' policy seems to
have led to a polycentric region, with the edge regions (at the
boundary of the dense inner city and the car-oriented outer world)
developing into subcentres. Most of this is due to earlier policies
of motorway expansion and subcentre promotion. However, public
transport patronage has risen. 2) Public transport expansion
has been less effective than changes in urban form. Expansion to
new developments has not proven feasible, due to chicken-and-egg
issues. 3) The a,b,c location policy aimed to force employers with
large numbers of employees/visitors to take class A sites, defined
as having good public transport facilities running in several
directions, and with very strict parking place supply. Class B and
C sites have softer parking regimes and siting requirements. It's a
national policy. While it has been evaluated as a failure (mostly
due to application to only 15\% of all locations, since it only
applies to new developments), it is continuing.
}
}
@article{LevIna04,
author = {Jonathan Levine and Aseem Inam},
title = {The market for transportation-land use integration: do
developers want smarter growth than regulations allow?},
year = 2004,
month = nov,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 31,
number = 4,
pages = {409--427},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, land use transport link, equity, zoning},
abstract = {
Transportation and land use research of the past decade has focused
in large part on the question of whether manipulating land uses in
the direction of ``smart growth'' alternatives can reduce vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) or otherwise improve travel behavior. Yet the
notion of ``manipulating'' land uses implies that the alternative
is somehow self-organized or market-based. This view appears to
underestimate the extent to which current planning interventions in
the United States---largely focused on lowering development
densities, mandating ample road and parking designs, and separating
land uses---impose an auto-oriented template on most new
development. Rather than a market failure, the paucity of ``smart
growth'' alternatives may be a planning failure---the result of
municipal regulatory exclusion. This problem definition would shift
the burden of proof for policy reform, as uncertainty in
travel-behavior benefits would hardly justify the continuation of
exclusionary regulations. If municipal regulations in fact
constrain alternatives to low-density auto-oriented development,
one would expect developers to perceive unsatisfied market interest
in such development. This article studies, through a national
survey (676 respondents), US developers' perceptions of the market
for pedestrian- and transit-oriented development forms. Overall,
respondents perceive considerable market interest in alternative
development forms, but believe that there is inadequate supply of
such alternatives relative to market demand. Developer-respondents
attribute this gap between supply and demand principally to local
government regulation. When asked how the relaxation of these
regulations would affect their product, majorities of developers
indicated that such liberalization woud lead them to develop in a
denser and more mixed-use fashion, particularly in close-in
suburban locales. Results are interpreted in favor of land-policy
reform based on the expansion of choice in transportation and land
use. This view contrasts with a more prevalent approach which
conditions policy interventions on scientific evidence of
travel-behavior modification.
},
annote = {
An excellent article, rebutting the claims of many others in the
research community. The abstract is an excellent summary of the
points made in this article. References BoaCra01, EwiCer01, Cra99
and Dow92. The latter is quoted: ``[T]he belief that sprawl is
caused primarily by market failures is based on the false
assumption that there is a freely operating land use market in US
metropolitan areas. No metropolitan area has anything remotely
approaching a free land use market because of local regulations
adopted for parochial political, social and fiscal purposes.''
}
}
@techreport{Lit04b,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Parking Requirements Impacts on Housing Affordability},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
keywords = {parking, urban planning, transportation demand management, equity},
url = {http://vtpi.org/park-hou.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very interesting read. Litman raises a number of issues
associated with housing that I hadn't considered---my first
reaction is to question Vancouver's downtown development patterns.
Are parking requirements responsible for the tower fad, by making
townhouse and four-story apartment development uneconomic for
developers? On interesting bit of trivia: curb cuts reduce
onstreet parking capacity. His parking management solutions
are quite valuable and innovative ideas, and the studies he cites
in Victoria and Mississauga are useful; I should follow up on all
of his references. Of the management solutions, the two ideas I
found novel were: shared parking, where apartments and businesses
share spaces due to opposite peak demand times - very practical for
residential downtowns; transportation management associations, where a
neighbourhood organisation is formed to trade parking in a
neighbourhood.
I was initially convinced by his
arguments about reducing developer incentive to create low-income
housing, but I'm now a little skeptical; figure 12, in particular,
says to me that in a scenario where 0 parking spaces are required,
developers will have a huge incentive to produce high income
housing, since the relative profit difference will be so much
greater. Of course, this ignores the entire demand side of the
equation. Overall, I think more analysis is needed to determine the
real effect on developers.
}
}
@article{LouBan96,
author = {Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee},
title = {There's no There there: or why neighborhoods don't readily
develop around light rail stations},
year = 1996,
month = {Fall},
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 9,
pages = {2--6},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transit-oriented development},
annote = {
A short but interesting look at the failures around the Blue Line
in Los Angeles. When transportation planners choose a transit
alignment through an industrial/abandoned area with cheap land, I
think the ridership estimates need to be informed by the miserable
urban realm around transit stations... but I imagine they
completely ignore such micro features.
}
}
@article{Lun03,
author = {Hollie Lund},
title = {Testing the Claims of {N}ew {U}rbanism: Local Access,
Pedestrian Travel, and Neighboring Behaviors},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 69,
number = 4,
pages = {414--429},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning, new urbanism}
}
@mastersthesis{McM04,
author = {Sarah Mc{M}illan},
title = {Toward a {L}ivable {R}egion? {A}n Evaluation of Business Parks
in {G}reater {V}ancouver},
year = 2004,
school = {University of British Columbia, School of Community and
Regional Planning},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.urbanstudio.sala.ubc.ca/2005/3_resources/Toward_A_Livable_Region_SMcMillan.pdf},
keywords = { canada, firm behaviour, location choice, urban planning }
}
@book{Mar05,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Streets \& Patterns: The Structure of Urban Geometry},
year = 2005,
publisher = {Spon Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
quality = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {streets, urban planning, urban form, transport planning, street design, urban design}
}
@incollection{Mil00,
author = {Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Transportation and Communication},
editor = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
booktitle = {{C}anadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century},
edition = {2nd},
year = 2000,
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, transport planning},
status = {read}
}
@article{MilSha03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby},
title = {Evolution of Person Travel in the {T}oronto {A}rea and Policy
Implications},
year = 2003,
month = mar,
journal = {ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 129,
number = 1,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit, urban form},
abstract = {
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the historical evolution
of personal travel behavior in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) over
the past 35 years. The analysis indicates that in many respects the
GTA taken as a whole is similar to other cities within North
America in terms of increasing auto ownership; increasing
individual auto-drive trip rates; increasing suburbanization of
population and employment into areas poorly served by transit;
increasingly complex travel patterns; and transit, at best, maintaining
a constant number of trips per capita but losing modal share. The
analysis also highlights ways in which the GTA, particularly the
city of Toronto, deviates from the North American ``norm.'' These
include transit per capita ridership, overall mode splits,
revenue-cost operating ratios are still extremely high by
North American standards; the regional commuter rail
system has been very successful in attracting
increasing numbers of commuters from outside Toronto
into the Toronto central area; the continuing strength
of the Toronto central area has provided a strong,
viable transit service; and more generally, the relatively
high density and transit orientation of development
throughout the city of Toronto is highly supportive of
transit.
},
annote = {
Some very useful background on the transportation context of
Toronto. While I grew up in that city, I actually knew fairly
little about the evolution of its transportation system, so this
was quite useful to me. Not very revolutionary in content (it's
just a basic historical review), but worthwhile; a few good
references (Mee02, Shi97, PucLef96, WriLov02).
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{MilSob03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {Travel Demand and Urban Form},
year = 2003,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
type = {Issue Paper},
number = 9,
url = { http://www.neptis.org/library/cf_download.cfm?file=travel_demand_nip9.pdf\&path=\\ },
keywords = {transport planning, canada, urban planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
annote = {
A good report, with a realistic and progressive vision for the
future. I found the maps comparing Toronto, Square One and Pearson
trip ends extremely interesting (figures II.7 - II.9).
}
}
@techreport{MooTho94,
author = {Terry Moore and Paul Thorsnes},
title = {The Transportation/Land Use Connection},
year = 1994,
month = jan,
institution = {American Planning Association},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
edition = {1st},
number = {448/449},
keywords = {urban economics, transport planning, urban planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, zoning },
rating = 5,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/MooTho94/index.html }
}
@incollection{MouUnt87,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Richard K.~Untermann},
title = {Grids Revisited},
year = 1987,
editor = {Anne V.~Moudon},
booktitle = {Public Streets for Public Use},
chapter = 9,
pages = {132--148},
publisher = {Van Nonstrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
status = {read},
keywords = {streets, urban planning}
}
@book{Mum61,
author = {Lewis Mumford},
title = {The City in History: Its origins, its transformations and its
prospects},
year = 1961,
publisher = {Harcourt, Brace},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
status = {read},
keywords = {history, urban planning, urban design, urban politics}
}
@inproceedings{Nas04,
author = {Andrew Nash},
title = {Traffic Calming in Three {E}uropean Cities: Recent
Experience},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001101.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, parking, urban planning, traffic calming},
status = {read},
annote = {
An interesting look at Munich, Vienna and Zurich. Their approaches
to funding are similar to Vancouver's, but they've done some very
innovative projects, including narrowing arterials while
maintaining capacity, and extensive parking management plans.
}
}
@article{NewKen89b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Comparison of {U.S.}~Cities
with a Global Survey},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 1,
pages = {24--37},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning, canada, energy, land use transport link, urban form, transit },
rating = 4,
annote = {
This was the first I read by these authors; this article and their
1989 book are classic texts in the field.
It's an ambitious and impressive effort, although I doubt that
anyone will ever completely believe either their data or their
results. Nevertheless, the data collection effort is laudable,
especially when they include information on parking and relative
speeds. Since reading this, I've improved my stats quite a bit, and
I'd like to revisit it (or their 1999 followup) and see if I buy
their results and conclusions. I'd also like to look into the
econometric models they criticised.
One choice quote: ``Toronto has a much stronger transit system
(50?? vehicle miles of service per capita) than do U.S. or
Australian cities, a feature with its dense land use; its provision
for automobiles is also much less than that in U.S. and Australian
cities. The diversity of its transit systems, which include
commuter rail, subway, modern trams on-street and new LRT on
separated tracks, electric trolleys, and diesel buses (as well as
comprehensive cycle ways), provides a powerful comparison to nearby
Detroit, which has an almost complete commitment to the automobile.
The per capita gasoline consmuption in Detroit is double that in
Toronto; transit use is 0.8 percent of total passenger miles in
Detroit, compared with 16.7 percent in Toronto. However, the
difference in gasoline consumption in Detroit and Toronto cannot be
explained simply by the difference in transit use. For example, if
all of Toronto's transit users transferred to car the per capita
use of gasoline would increase by 53 gallons, making Toronto's
usage still 184 gallons per capita lower than that of Detroit. The
Toronto transit system is part of an overall more energy-efficient
city, despite Toronto having lower gasoline prices in 1980 and less
fuel-efficient vehicles than the U.S. Indeed, Toronto is one of the
few cities in the world with well-developed policies for
transportation energy conservation based on land use strategies.''
}
}
@article{NewKen96,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use-transportation connection: an overview},
year = 1996,
month = jan,
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {1--22},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form},
abstract = {
There is a growing international movement, ``The New Urbanism'',
which seeks to reconnect transport with land use and in particular
to establish transit-oriented development where higher-density,
mixed-use areas built around high-quality transit systems provide a
focused urban structure that can help to loosen the grasp of
automobile dependence. There are many case studies around the
world of cities which demonstrate this process of reconnecting
land use and transport. The cases of Singapore, Hong Kong,
Zurich (Switzerland), Copenhagen (Denmark), Freiburg (Germany),
Toronto and Vancouver (Canada), Portland, Oregon (USA) and Perth
(Australia) are briefly described here to show the various
levels of achievement in very different environments around the
world.
},
rating = 4,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/NewKen96/index.html }
}
@book{NewKen99,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence},
year = 1999,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
rating = 5,
keywords = {general interest, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, energy, sustainability},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/NewKen99/index.html }
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96c,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: A Guidebook for Practitioners},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 2 Part III},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-3.pdf}
}
@techreport{Per1929,
author = {Clarence A.~Perry},
title = {The neighborhood unit: a scheme of arrangement for the
family-life community},
year = 1929,
booktitle = {The Regional Plan of {N}ew {Y}ork and its Environs},
institution = {Russell Sage Foundation},
type = {Monograph},
volume = 1,
quality = 3,
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, streets},
annote = {
Some interesting discussion. This design served as the prototype
for suburban layouts for quite a while, although the results have
not met the optimistic expectations laid out here. Many of his
goals are laudable (walking distance to all amenities, avoid
forcing children to cross arterials, etc.) while others are not
(promoting segregation).
``It is plain that arterial highways must necessarily run in every
direction and turn the street system into a network, and that
residential life must occupy the interstitial spaces.'' This marked
one of the first times that a neighbourhood was planned inside the
bounds of a square of ``arterials,'' and that framing proved
popular, although Jane Jacobs has made strong arguments against it.
Perry represents Jacobs' antithesis, I think: patriarchal and
paternalist, aiming to plan and provide for whatever needs he
considers valid. He calls the regular grid of equal-sized streets
``leading nowhere in particular'' while his meandering
discontinuous street plan is ``leading to places where people
go.'' It's a deceptively persuasive argument---who would be against
good design?---but it's ultimately patronising and controlling.
}
}
@book{Pun03,
author = {John V.~Punter},
title = {The {V}ancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and Design},
year = 2003,
publisher = {University of British Columbia Press},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
keywords = {history, canada, urban planning, urban politics, architecture, streets, urban design },
abstract = {
This book examines the development of Vancouver's unique approach
to zoning, planning, and urban design from the early 1970s to
the beginning of the twenty-first century. By the late 1990s,
Vancouver had established a reputation in North America for its
planning achievement, especially for its creation of a
participative, responsive, and design-led approach to urban
regeneration and redevelopment. This system has other important
features: an innovative approach to megaproject planning, a
system of cost and amenity levies on major schemes, a
participative process to underpin active neighbourhood
planning, and a sophisticated panoply of design guidelines.
These systems, processes, and their achievements place
Vancouver at the forefront of international planning practice.
The Vancouver Achievement explains the keys to its success, and
evaluates its approach to planning and design against
internationally accepted criteria. Generously illustrated with
over 160 photos and figures, this book - the first
comprehensive account of contemporary planning and urban design
practice in any Canadian city - will appeal to academic and
professional audiences, as well as the general public.
},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://www.davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Pun03/index.html }
}
@book{PusZup77,
author = {Boris S.~Pushkarev and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Public Transportation and Land Use Policy},
year = 1977,
publisher = {Indiana University Press},
address = { Bloomington, IN, USA },
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link},
status = {read},
rating = 5,
annoteurl = { http://www.davidpritchard.org/sustrans/PusZup77/index.html }
}
@techreport{Rob89,
author = {John Roberts},
title = {Quality Streets: How traditional urban centres benefit from
traffic-calming},
year = 1988,
month = may,
institution = {Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST)},
number = 75,
address = {London, UK},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Rob89/index.html },
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, pedestrian planning, traffic calming, streets}
}
@article{Ska06,
author = {Andrejs Skaburskis},
title = {New {U}rbanism and Sprawl},
year = 2006,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 25,
pages = {233--248},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@article{SonKna04,
author = {Yan Song and Gerrit-Jan Knaap},
title = {Measuring Urban Form: Is {P}ortland Winning the War on
Sprawl?},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 2004,
volume = 70,
number = 2,
url = {http://www.planning.org/japa/pdf/JAPAsong.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
status = {read}
}
@article{Sou97,
author = {Michael Southworth},
title = {Walkable Suburbs: an evaluation of neotraditional communities
at the urban edge},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {28--44},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@incollection{Tay03,
author = {David Taylor},
title = {Connectivity and Movement},
year = 2003,
editor = {Peter Neal},
booktitle = {Urban Villages and the Making of Communities},
chapter = 5,
pages = {103--118},
publisher = {Spon Press},
address = {London, UK},
status = {read},
keywords = {new urbanism, urban planning}
}
@article{Tiw03,
author = {Geetam Tiwari},
title = {Transport and land-use policies in {D}elhi},
year = 2003,
journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization},
volume = 81,
pages = {444--450},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, equity}
}
@article{Tom02,
author = {Ray Tomalty},
title = {Growth Management in the {V}ancouver Region},
year = 2002,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {431--445},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, smart growth, urban growth boundary},
annote = {
A good article summarizing the history of the GVRD and the
effectiveness of its growth management. Invaluable for anyone new
to the Vancouver planning scene, or for those who just want to step
back momentarily and look at the big picture.
}
}
@article{TomSka03,
author = {Ray Tomalty and Andrejs Skaburskis},
title = {Development Charges and City Planning Objectives: the
{O}ntario Disconnect},
year = 2003,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {142--161},
abstract = {
In many provinces in Canada, development charges are collected by
municipal governments to help pay for the capital costs associated
with urban growth. Hardly anywhere, however, is there an attempt to
structure development charges so as to achieve planning goals. This
article examines the disconnect between fiscal and planning goals
by tracking the evolution of development charge regimes in a
particular urban region, namely the Greater Toronto Area in
Ontario, Canada. The authors pose the question: why do so many
municipalities adopt average cost approaches to calculating
development charges when it is widely assumed that a marginal cost
approach is superior from an infrastructure and land-use efficiency
(i.e., planning) perspective?
The typical explanations put forward to account for this preference
are examined and found wanting. A fuller explanation requires an
understanding of developer-municipal conflict over the principles
involved in the design of development charges. This leads us to an
account of the emergence of development charges in Ontario and the
evolving debate between municipalities and developers over who
should pay for the infrastructure needed to support growth. This
story reveals that there has been a gradual shift in municipal
infrastructure financing practices from a marginal cost or
``site-specific'' approach, favoured by developers, to an average
cost or ``municipal-wide'' approach, favoured by municipalities. In
the conclusions, a number of factors underlying this evolution are
identified.
},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban politics, finance}
}
@article{Wac89,
author = {Martin Wachs},
title = {When Planners Lie with Numbers},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 4,
pages = {476--479},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, transport modelling},
annote = {
``You're the expert,'' says the client. ``If you can't produce an
estimate, nobody can.'' ``I'm not paying you for guesses,'' says
the supervisor. ``Where are the facts to back up your position?'' I
once told a client that I could not in good conscience produce a
forecast of the daily use of a proposed facility because there had
never been a facility of that type in the region, and there was no
experience on which to base a forecast. I was told, without even a
pretense of politeness, ``If you won't forecast, I'll get another
consultant.'' Another consultant was hired, and a forecast was made
and paid for. Should the forecast be considered a good technical
estimate, or a fiction produced to garner a fee by pleasing the
client?
}
}
@article{Wad02,
author = {Paul Waddell},
title = {Urban{S}im: Modeling Urban Development for Land Use, Transportation
and Environmental Planning},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 3,
pages = {297--314},
annote = {
Interesting. Waddell gives a nod to Miller's 98 TRCP paper, generally
agreeing that it's a good description of an ``ideal model.'' Waddell's
model definitely tries to do a better job than earlier models, but the
simulation may still be too coarse to achieve its goals. There is no
modelling of the household, or much modelling of decision-making
procedures within the household. They use the same one-year timestep as
Miller, but only a five-year timestep for calculation of the
transportation network. Their ability to deal with other modes is
seriously limited - while disaggregation brings the scale down to a
reasonable level, they don't model automobile ownership, one of the key
decisions. They note the difficulty of validation against historical
data; even with a relatively stable period (1980-1994, little job
or pop changes), there's a fair bit of difference between their model
and others' models. And of course they can't hope to predict big changes -
like Weyerhaueser closing a plant. They're also still fairly cellular
automata based - transition rules instead of behavioural modelling.
},
keywords = {transport modelling, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link},
status = {read}
}
@article{Whe00,
author = {Stephen M.~Wheeler},
title = {Planning for Metropolitan Sustainability},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 20,
pages = {133--145},
status = {read},
quality = 3,
keywords = {sustainability, urban planning, governance, canada, public participation},
annote = {
Some interesting historical notes on regional government: the
abandonment of regional government in London, Barcelona and Copenhagen
in the 1980s, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul tax sharing arrangement.
He argues in favour of direct election of regional governments
(e.g., Portland) rather than selection from local government
officials (e.g., Vancouver, San Francisco) or appointment by state
(e.g., Minneapolis-St. Paul). The article also has a more realistic view
of governance and planning in the Greater Toronto Area than most
articles I've read.
}
}
@article{Whe03,
author = {Stephen M.~Wheeler},
title = {The Evolution of Urban Form in {P}ortland and {T}oronto:
implications for sustainability planning},
year = 2003,
month = jun,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {317--336},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/1083947350-55615933/ftinterface~content=a713685047~fulltext=713240930},
keywords = {urban form, canada, streets, history, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism},
abstract = {
This paper analyses the evolution of urban form in two North American
metropolitan regions (Portland and Toronto) and asks how more
sustainable regional form might come about in the future in these and
other urban areas. In the past, dominant patterns of urban form have
emerged in such regions at different historical periods. These
morphological phases include mid 19th-century grids, streetcar suburb
grids, garden suburbs, automobile suburbs and New Urbanist
neighbourhoods (which have only recently made an appearance and may or
may not become widespread). Judging by the performance of past types of
urban morphology, five design values appear particularly important for
more sustainable urban form in the future: compactness, contiguity,
connectivity, diversity and ecological integration. Although these
principles were not well supported by 20th-century development,
contemporary movements such as the New Urbanism and Smart Growth
re-emphasise them. The example of these two regions indicates that, in
the absence of new technological, economic or geographical forces,
public sector institutions and urban social movements represent the
most likely means to bring about new, more sustainable types of urban
form.
}
}
@article{AbrWeiGliWilHun05,
author = {John Edward Abraham and T.~Weidner and J.~Gliebe and
C.~Willison and John Douglas Hunt},
title = {Three Methods for Synthesizing Base-Year Built Form for Use in
Integrated Land Use-Transport Models},
year = 2005,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1902,
pages = {114--123},
keywords = {transport modelling, urban planning}
}
@techreport{ACRBAH91,
author = {{Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable
Housing}},
title = {``Not {I}n {M}y {B}ack {Y}ard'': Removing Barriers to Affordable
Housing},
year = 1991,
month = jul,
institution = {U.S.~Department of Housing and Urban Development},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {equity, urban planning}
}
@book{Alt80,
author = {Alan Altshuler},
title = {The Urban Transportation System},
year = 1980,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@book{AppLynMye64,
author = {Donald Appleyard and Kevin Lynch and John Myer},
title = {The View from the Road},
year = 1964,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {streets, urban planning, street design}
}
@article{Aug1948,
author = {Tracy B.~Augur},
title = {The Dispersal of Cities as a Defensive Measure},
year = 1948,
month = {Summer},
journal = {Journal of the American Institute of Planners},
pages = {29--35},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, history}
}
@article{Axh00,
author = {Kay W.~Axhausen},
title = {Geographies of Somewhere: A Review of Urban Literature},
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 37,
number = 16,
pages = {1849--1864},
year = 2000,
abstract = { The past 10 years have seen the publication of a whole range of
books from the US dealing with the loss of place in one way or the
other. The books under review were, in general, written for broad
audiences and are, in many cases, campaign documents. Their success
and substantial number indicate an unease, which many academic
texts cannot formulate. They are in this way evidence, in just the
same way as were The Death and Life of Great American Cities or
Edge City. This European-based review will critically review these
recent books in an attempt to highlight their common threads. While
the books show particular concern for the poverty of current urban
and suburban environments, they lack any substantial discussion of
the economic mechanisms which are reproducing the undesired
results. They are also unaware of the recent developments in
communications and transport technologies, which have considerable
potential to influence future trends, which will be discussed in
the review. Also included in the review are a number of
transport-oriented books, as they formulate a different aspect of
the same concern about the built environment.
},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, general interest }
}
@article{Ban96,
author = {Reza Banai},
title = {`Neotraditional' settlements and dimensions of performance},
year = 1996,
journal = {Environment and Planning B},
volume = 23,
pages = {177--190},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{BanWatWoo97,
author = {David Banister and S.~Watson and C.~Wood},
title = {Sustainable cities: transport, energy and urban form},
year = 1997,
journal = {Environment and Planning B},
volume = 24,
number = 2,
pages = {125--143},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@book{Bar03,
author = {Jonathan Barnett},
title = {Redesigning Cities: Principles, Practice, Implementation},
year = 2003,
publisher = {APA Planners Press},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@techreport{BSPUCLLD98,
author = {{Bartlett School of Planning} and {University College London}
and {Llewelyn-Davies Consultants}},
title = {The Use of Density in Urban Planning},
year = 1998,
month = jun,
type = {Research Report},
number = {RES71},
isbn = {1-85112-071-8},
institution = {Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{BCT89,
author = {{BC~Transit}},
title = {Sky{T}rain: A Catalyst for Development},
year = 1989,
month = apr,
address = {Vancouver, BC, USA},
institution = {BC~Transit},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada}
}
@article{Ben95,
author = {Eran Ben-Joseph},
title = {Changing the Residential Street Scene: Adapting the Shared
Street (Woonerf) Concept to the Suburban Environment},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 61,
number = 4,
pages = {504--515},
keywords = {urban planning, streets, street design, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Ber96,
author = {M.A.~Berman},
title = {The transportation effects of neo-traditional development},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 10,
number = 4,
pages = {347--363},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning}
}
@article{BerWil90,
author = {J.~Bergdall and R.~Williams},
title = {Perception of Density},
year = 1990,
journal = {Berkeley Planning Journal},
volume = 5,
pages = {15--38},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, urban design}
}
@article{BerCon00,
author = {P.R.~Berke and M.M.~Conroy},
title = {Are we planning for sustainable development? {A}n evaluation
of 30 comprehensive plans},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Assocation},
volume = 66,
pages = {21--33},
keywords = {smart growth, urban planning}
}
@book{BerCer97,
author = {M.~Bernick and Robert Cervero},
title = {Transit villages in the 21st century},
year = 1997,
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{BerSal03,
author = {Luca Bertolini and Willem Salet},
title = {Planning Concepts for Cities in Transition: Regionalization of
Urbanity in the {A}msterdam Structure Plan},
journal = {Journal of Planning Theory and Practice},
year = 2003,
month = jun,
volume = 4,
number = 2,
pages = {131--146},
abstract = {
'Opting for urbanity' is the main thread running through the Amsterdam
structure plan currently under preparation. But what is 'urbanity'? How
is it emerging in a multi-centred region? What spatial planning
implications does it entail? These questions were at the outset of a
research study commissioned by the municipality of Amsterdam to the
Amsterdam study centre for the Metropolitan Environment (AME) and
summarized in this article. There are two main conclusions. The first
is that traditional inside out development strategies--accommodating
the expansion of a single core and its periphery--must be substituted
by outside in development strategies, seeking to achieve a new synergy
among different sub-centres and places at the urban-regional level. The
second is that new sub-centres will have to be developed as real
centres of urbanity instead of as mono-functional islands, as currently
still the case. In order to implement these strategies the municipality
needs to enter coalitions with a variety of public and private actors,
spanning different spatial scales and policy sectors.
},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Blu67,
author = {Hans Blumenfeld},
title = {The modern metropolis: its origins, growth, characteristics
and planning},
year = 1967,
publisher = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {history, urban planning}
}
@article{Blu83,
author = {Hans Blumenfeld},
title = {Metropolis extended},
year = 1983,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 52,
number = 3,
pages = {346--348},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Boa98,
author = {Marlon G.~Boarnet},
title = {Spillovers and locational effect of public infrastructure},
year = 1998,
journal = {Journal of Regional Science},
volume = 38,
number = 3,
pages = {381--400},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{BoaCha01,
author = {Marlon G.~Boarnet and S.~Chalermpong},
title = {New highways, house prices, and urban development: a case
study of toll roads in {O}range {C}ounty, {CA}},
year = 2001,
journal = {Housing Policy Debate},
volume = 12,
number = 3,
pages = {575--605},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{BoaCra01,
author = {Marlon G.~Boarnet and Randall Crane},
title = {Travel by design: the influence of urban form on travel},
year = 2001,
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, transport modelling, urban planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
The chapter I've read (2) was a fairly technical look at modelling
the impacts of land use changes on travel demand.
}
}
@article{BoaSar98,
author = {Marlon G.~Boarnet and S.~Sarmiento},
title = {Can land-use policy really affect travel behavior: a study of
the link between non-work travel and land-use characteristics},
year = 1998,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 35,
pages = {1155--1169},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning }
}
@article{BooWen88,
author = {L.~Bookout and J.~Wentling},
title = {Density by Design},
journal = {Urban Land},
volume = 47,
year = 1988,
pages = {10--15},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, urban design}
}
@article{Bou91,
author = {Larry S.~Bourne},
title = {Recycling urban systems and metropolitan areas: a geographical
agenda for the 1990s and beyond},
year = 1991,
journal = {Economic Geography},
volume = 67,
pages = {185--209},
keywords = {geography, urban planning}
}
@article{Bou92,
author = {Larry S.~Bourne},
title = {Self-fulfilling prophecies? Decentralization, inner city
decline, and the quality of urban life},
year = 1992,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 58,
number = 4,
pages = {509--513},
keywords = {urban planning, geography}
}
@incollection{Boy76,
author = {D.~Boyce},
title = {Impact of Rapid Transit on Residential Property Sales Prices},
year = 1976,
booktitle = {Space Location and Regional Development},
editor = {M.~Chatterjee},
pages = {145--153},
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, transit, urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{BraDowSma82,
author = {Katherine L.~Bradbury and Anthony Downs and Kenneth
A.~Small},
title = {Urban Decline and the Future of {A}merican Cities},
year = 1982,
publisher = {The Brookings Institution},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Bra99,
author = {Stefan Bratzel},
title = {Conditions of success in sustainable urban transport policy:
policy change in `relatively successful' {E}uropean cities},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 19,
number = 2,
pages = {177--190},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Bre91,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Contradictions of the Compact City},
year = 1991,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 60,
pages = 21,
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{Bre92,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Sustainable Development and Urban Form},
year = 1992,
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@incollection{Bre96,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Counterurbanisation and sustainable urban forms},
booktitle = {Cities in Competition: The Emergence of Productive and
Sustainable Cities for the 21st Century},
editor = {J.~Brotchie and M.~Batty and P.~Hall and P.~Newton},
publisher = {Longman Cheshire},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
year = 1996,
pages = {402--429},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@incollection{Bre96b,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Centrists, Decentrists and Compromisers: Views on the Future
of Urban Form},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?},
editor = {Mike Jenks and Elizabeth Burton and Katie Williams},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {London, UK},
pages = {13--35},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Bri92,
author = {Ray E.~Brindle},
title = {{T}oronto---paradigm lost?},
year = 1992,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 30,
number = 3,
pages = {123--130},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada}
}
@article{Bri03b,
author = {Ray E.~Brindle},
title = {Kicking the habit (part 2): what are the real options for
reducing `car dependence'?},
year = 2003,
month = dec,
journal = {Road and Transport Research},
volume = 12,
number = 4,
pages = {34--40},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@incollection{BunFil96,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
title = {The dispersed city: its spatial and temporal dynamics},
pages = {9--54},
editor = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and K.~Curtis},
booktitle = {The Dynamics of the Dispersed City: Geographic and Planning
Perspective on {W}aterloo {R}egion},
year = 1996,
series = {Department of Geography Publication Series},
volume = 47,
publisher = {University of Waterloo},
address = {Waterloo, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{BunFil99,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
title = {Dispersed City Form in {C}anada: A {K}itchener {CMA} Case
Study},
year = 1999,
journal = {The Canadian Geographer},
volume = 43,
pages = {268--287},
keywords = {canada, urban planning}
}
@book{BunFil00,
editor = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
title = {{C}anadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century},
edition = {2nd},
year = 2000,
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, geography, transport planning, history, urban economics}
}
@article{BunFilPri02,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion and H.~Priston},
title = {Density Gradients in {C}anadian Metropolititan Regions,
1971--96: Differential Patterns of Central Area and Suburban Growth and
Change},
year = 2002,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 39,
number = 13,
pages = {2531--2552},
abstract = {
This paper demonstrates that over the 25-year period, 1971-96, the
majority of Canadian cities have undergone transition towards an
increasingly decentralised urban form. The trends, however, are quite
diverse, pointing to fundamental differences in the respective
importance of growth in central and outer parts of the metropolitan
area. On the whole, the relatively high densities observed in Canadian
central cities, in comparison with US ones, appear to reflect residual
centralisation rather than continued growth in metropolitan regions'
innermost parts. Only Vancouver, and to a lesser extent Toronto and
Victoria, exhibit indisputable evidence of post-1971 central-area
growth. The predominant trend has been towards suburban-style,
low-density expansion, albeit with considerable intercity variation
regarding changes in central-area and suburban density. Findings
presented here point to previously unidentified trends towards
recentralisation in a few CMAs and, in about half of the surveyed
metropolitan areas, densification of suburban tracts.
},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban form }
}
@book{BurDowMuk05,
author = {Robert Burchell and Anthony Downs and Sahan Mukherji},
title = {Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development},
year = 2005,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@techreport{BurLowDolGalDowSesStiMoo02,
author = {Robert Burchell and George Lowenstein and William R.~Dolphin
and Catherine C.~Galley and Anthony Downs and Samuel Seskin and
Katherine Gray Still and Terry Moore},
title = {Costs of Sprawl 2000},
type = {Report},
number = 74,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 2002,
publisher = {National Academy Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_74-a.pdf}
}
@techreport{BurShaLisPhiDowSesDavMooHelGal98,
author = {Robert Burchell and Naveed A.~Shad and David Listokin
and Hilary Phillips and Anthony Downs and Samuel Seskin and
Judy S.~Davis and Terry Moore and David Helton and Michelle Gall},
title = {Costs of Sprawl Revisited},
type = {Report},
number = 39,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1998,
publisher = {National Academy Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_39-a.pdf}
}
@book{Cal93,
author = {Peter G.~Calthorpe},
title = {The Next {A}merican Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the
{A}merican Dream},
year = 1993,
publisher = {Harper \& Row},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
priority = 5,
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism, transit-oriented development}
}
@book{CalFul01,
author = {Peter G.~Calthorpe and William B.~Fulton},
title = {The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl},
year = 2001,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@article{Cer84,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Light Rail Transit and Urban Development},
year = 1984,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 50,
number = 2,
pages = {133--147},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, transport planning, rail, land use transport link}
}
@article{Cer86,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Urban Transit in {C}anada: Integration and Innovation at its
Best},
year = 1986,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 40,
number = 3,
pages = {293--316},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit}
}
@techreport{Cer86b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Suburban Gridlock},
institution = {Center for Urban Policy Research},
address = {New Brunswick, NJ, USA},
year = 1986,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Cer88,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Land Use Mixing and Suburban Mobility},
year = 1988,
month = jul,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
pages = {429--446},
volume = 42,
number = 3,
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?003.pdf}
}
@article{Cer89,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Jobs-Housing Balance and Regional Mobility},
year = 1989,
journal = {American Planning Association Journal},
volume = 55,
number = 2,
pages = {136--150},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?050.pdf}
}
@article{Cer89b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Suburban Employment Centers: Probing the Influence of Site
Features on the Journey-to-Work},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
pages = {75--85},
keywords = { urban planning, urban form, urban design },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?049.pdf}
}
@book{Cer89c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use-Transportation Link},
year = 1989,
publisher = {Unwin-Hyman},
address = {Boston, MA, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link }
}
@article{Cer91,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Land uses and travel at suburban activity centers},
year = 1991,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 45,
pages = {479--491},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link }
}
@article{Cer91b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Congestion, Growth, and Public Choices},
year = 1991,
month = mar,
journal = {Berkeley Planning Journal},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?051.pdf}
}
@article{Cer91c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Congestion relief: the land use alternative},
year = 1991,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 10,
pages = {119--129},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{Cer93,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Ridership Impacts of Transit-Focused Development in
{C}alifornia},
year = 1993,
type = {Monograph},
number = 45,
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
institution = {Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University
of California},
keywords = {transit, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Cer93b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Transit Supportive Development in the {U}nited {S}tates:
Experiences and Prospects},
year = 1993,
institution = {Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transit}
}
@article{Cer93c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Assessing the impacts of urban rail transit on local real
estate markets using quasi-experimental comparisons},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 27,
number = 1,
pages = {13--22},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{Cer94b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Rail transit and joint development: Land market impacts in
{W}ashington, {D.C.} and {A}tlanta},
year = 1994,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 60,
number = 1,
pages = {83--94},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Cer94c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Rail-oriented office development in {C}alifornia: how successful?},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 48,
number = 1,
pages = {33--44},
keywords = {urban planning, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{Cer95,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Sustainable New Towns: {S}tockholm's rail-served satellites},
year = 1995,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {41--51},
keywords = { transit, urban planning, rail, urban form }
}
@techreport{Cer95b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {{BART @ 20}: Land Use and Development Impacts},
year = 1995,
type = {Monograph},
number = 49,
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
institution = {Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University
of California},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, land use transport link, transport planning}
}
@article{Cer96,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Mixed Land-Uses and Commuting: Evidence from the {A}merican
Housing Survey},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 30,
number = 5,
pages = {361--377},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form },
abstract = {
Past research suggests that mixed land-uses encourage non-auto
commuting; however, the evidence remains sketchy. This paper
explores this question by investigating how the presence of
retail activities in neighborhoods influences the commuting
choices of residents using data from the 1985 American Housing
Survey. Having grocery stores and other consumer services
within 300 feet of one's residence is found to encourage
commuting by mass transit, walking and bicycling, controlling
for such factors as residential densities and vehicle ownership
levels. When retail shops are beyond 300 feet yet within 1
mile of residences, however, they tend to encourage
auto-commuting, ostensibly because of the ability to
efficiently link work and shop trips by car. The
presence of nearby commercial land-uses is also
associated with relatively low vehicle ownership rates
and short commuting distances among residents of a
mixed-use neighborhood. Overall, residential densities
exerted a stronger influence on commuting mode choices
than levels of land-use mixture, except for walking and
bicycle commutes. For non-motorized commuting, the
presence or absence of neighborhood shops is a better
predictor of mode choice than residential densities.
}
}
@article{Cer96c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Traditional Neighborhoods and Commuting in the {S}an
{F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 23,
pages = {373--394},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning, urban design}
}
@incollection{Cer01,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Integration of Urban Transport and Urban Planning},
editor = {M.~Freire and R.~Stren},
booktitle = {The Challenge of Urban Government: Policies and
Practices},
year = 2001,
pages = {407--427},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
publisher = {The World Bank Institute},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{CerGor95,
author = {Robert Cervero and R.~Gorham},
title = {Commuting in transit versus automobile neighborhoods},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 1995,
volume = 61,
number = 2,
pages = {210--225},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, land use transport link }
}
@techreport{CerRad95,
author = {Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch},
title = {Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented
neighborhoods},
year = 1995,
month = jul,
type = {Working Paper},
institution = {University of California Transportation Center},
number = 281,
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?281.pdf}
}
@article{CerRad96,
author = {Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch},
title = {Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented
neighborhoods},
journal = {Transport Policy},
year = 1996,
volume = 3,
pages = {127--141},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link},
annote = { Apparently fairly important - shows benefits of traditional
neighbourhood design. }
}
@techreport{CerSes95,
author = {Robert Cervero and Samuel Seskin},
title = {The Relationship Between Transit and Urban Form},
year = 1995,
type = {Research Results Digest},
number = 7,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{CerTsa03,
author = {Robert Cervero and Yu-Hsin Tsai},
title = {Job Access and Reverse Commuting Initiatives in {C}alifornia:
Review \& Assessment},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1859,
pages = {79--86},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{CerWu97,
author = {Robert Cervero and K.L.~Wu},
title = {Polycentrism, Commuting, and Residential Location in the {S}an
{F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
year = 1997,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 29,
pages = {865--886},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@incollection{Cie02,
author = {D.J.~Cieslewicz},
title = {The Environmental Impacts of Sprawl},
year = 2002,
booktitle = {Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses},
editor = {G.D.~Squires},
publisher = {The Urban Institute Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
pages = {23--38},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Cod83,
author = {W.R.~Code},
title = {The strength of the centre: downtown offices and metropolitan
decentralization policy in {T}oronto},
year = 1983,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 15,
pages = {1361--1380},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@unpublished{Cop85,
author = {P.M.~Coppack},
title = {An exploration of amenity and its role in the development of
the urban field},
year = 1985,
note = {Unpublished Ph.D. thesis},
institution = {University of Waterloo},
address = {Waterloo, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, geography, canada}
}
@book{Cow97,
author = {Robert Cowan},
title = {The Connected City},
year = 1997,
publisher = {Urban Initiatives},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Cra96b,
author = {Randall Crane},
title = {Cars and drivers in the new suburbs: linking access to travel
in neotraditional planning},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 62,
number = 1,
pages = {51--65},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Cra96c,
author = {Randall Crane},
title = {On form versus function: will the {N}ew {U}rbanism reduce
traffic, or increase it?},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 15,
number = 2,
pages = {117--126},
keywords = {urban planning, land use transport link, new urbanism}
}
@article{Cra99b,
author = {Randall Crane},
title = {The influence of urban form on travel: an interpretive
review},
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
year = 1999,
volume = 15,
pages = {3--23},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Cra00,
author = {Randall Crane},
title = {The impacts of urban form on travel: an interpretive review},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 15,
pages = {3--23},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{CraCre98,
author = {Randall Crane and R.~Crepeau},
title = {Does neighbourhood design influence travel? A behavioral
analysis of travel diary and GIS data},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 3,
number = 4,
pages = {225--238},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@book{Cra00b,
author = {J.H.~Crawford},
title = {Carfree Cities},
year = 2000,
publisher = {International Books},
address = {Utrecht, The Netherlands},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{CT04,
author = {{City of Toronto}},
title = {Toronto Official Plan},
year = 2004,
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {{City of Toronto}},
url = {http://toronto.ca/torontoplan/official_plan.htm},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@techreport{CV05,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Zoning and Development By-law},
number = {3575},
type = {By-law},
year = 2005,
institution = {{City of Vancouver}},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/BYLAWS/zoning/zon&dev.htm},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@techreport{DalWil77,
author = {E.~Dalby and A.E.~Williamson},
title = {Pedestrian and traffic management. Techniques in {D}elft:
report of a visit made in {D}ecember 1975},
year = 1977,
institution = {Crowthorne Transport \& Road Research Laboratory},
number = {SR257},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{DamLer80,
author = {D.~Damm and A.~Lerman},
title = {Response of Urban Real Estate Values in Anticipation of the
{W}ashington {M}etro},
year = 1980,
journal = {Journal of Transport Economics and Policy},
volume = 1,
number = 3,
pages = {315--335},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{DanWar80,
author = {P.W.~Daniels and A.M.~Warnes},
title = {Movement in Cities: Spatial Perspectives in Urban Transport
and Travel},
year = 1980,
publisher = {Methuen},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{DasWeb92,
author = {M.~Dasgupta and F.~Webster},
title = {Land Use/Transport Interaction: Policy Relevance of the
{ISGLUTI} Study},
year = 1992,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth World Conference on Transport
Research},
address = {Lyon, France},
publisher = {World Congress on Transport Research},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@incollection{Dav05,
author = {Mike Davis},
title = {{O}zzie and {H}arriet in Hell: On the Decline of the Inner
Suburbs},
year = 2005,
booktitle = {Sprawl and Suburbia: A {H}arvard {D}esign {M}agazine
Reader},
editor = {William S.~Saunders},
publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
address = {Minneapolis, MN, USA},
chapter = 3,
pages = {27--33},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@inproceedings{DeaLat98,
author = {Elizabeth Deakin and T.~Lathrop},
year = 1998,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Research Needs in Land
Use Modeling and Analysis},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
month = jun,
keywords = {transport modelling, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Dea75,
author = {M.~Dear},
title = {Rapid Transit and Suburban Residential Land Uses},
year = 1975,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 29,
number = 2,
pages = {223--242},
keywords = {land use transport link, transit, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@incollection{DijSch02,
author = {M.~Dijst and W.~Schenkel},
title = {Urban Performance in Perspective},
editor = {M.~Dijst and W.~Schenkel and I.~Thomas},
booktitle = {Governing Cities on the Move: Functional and Management
Perspectives on Transformations of European Urban Infrastructures},
year = 2002,
pages = {1--18},
publisher = {Ashgate},
address = {Aldershot, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, governance}
}
@inproceedings{Dil04,
author = {Jennifer Dill},
title = {Measuring Network Connectivity for Bicycling and Walking},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 84th meeting of the Transportation
Research Board},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb/trb2004/TRB2004-001550.pdf}
}
@article{Din78,
author = {D.~Dingemans},
title = {Rapid Transit and Suburban Residential Land Use},
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
year = 1978,
volume = 32,
number = 2,
pages = {289--306},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, transit}
}
@techreport{DivNewKen96,
author = {G.~Diver and Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {An evaluation of Better Cities: Environmental Component},
year = 1996,
institution = {Government of Australia, Department of Environment,
Sport and Territories},
address = {Canberra, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Don82,
author = {P.~Donnelly},
title = {Rail Transit Impact Studies: {A}tlanta, {W}ashington, and
{S}an {D}iego},
year = 1982,
institution = {Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S.
Department of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{DonMarZeg06,
author = {Perdo Donoso and Francisco Mart{\'i}nez and Christopher
Zegras},
title = {Potential Use of Clean-Development Mechanism in Structuring
Cities for Carbon-Efficient Transportation},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1983,
pages = {158--166},
keywords = {climate mitigation, land use transport link, urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{Dor75,
author = {D.~Dornbush},
title = {{BART}-Induced Changes in Property Values and Rents: Land Use
and Urban Development Projects, Phase I, {BART} Impact Study},
year = 1975,
institution = {U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@book{Dow94,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {New Visions for Metropolitan {A}merica},
year = 1994,
publisher = {The Brookings Institution},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, equity, zoning, urban politics, smart growth},
annote = {
In the first three chapters (the only part I've read), there were
some very interesting discussion of growth management policies,
equity and racial segregation in the USA.
One point I found interesting was the discussion of preferences. In
general, Americans want single-family detached houses, auto-based
travel, free parking and short travel times. The planning system
in many ways guarantees the first two: suburbs have extremely high
minimum standards for housing (low density single-family homes), and
generally provide generous roads and free parking. The last aspect
of preferences cannot be guaranteed due to growth and swamping of
existing roads by new travel, discussed at length in the book.
This is the aspect I find interesting: the system is inherently
biased towards one set of preferences (housing) and limits trading
off housing against travel time---if an individual prefers short
travel times and is willing to accept ``lower quality'' dense
housing in return, that option is rarely available. In other words,
this minimum provision limits choices, a point that Andre Sorensen
has made repeatedly in his discussions in the course I'm taking.
Downs notes that one-third of US households did not live in
single-family homes in 1990, and one-third were renters (presumably
with substantial overlap). He describes the provision of low-cost
housing as a ``trickle-down'' process: since cheap new housing is
prohibited, only degraded older houses are available for those
who cannot afford the suburban single-family home. This process
breaks down when ``net housing construciton is lower than net
household formation''---i.e., periods of rapid growth.
}
}
@article{Dow99,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Some realities about sprawl and urban decline},
year = 1999,
journal = {Housing Policy Debate},
volume = 10,
number = 4,
pages = {955--974},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Dow01,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {What Does {S}mart {G}rowth Really Mean?},
year = 2001,
journal = {Planning},
volume = 67,
number = 4,
pages = {20--25},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth}
}
@book{DuaPla91,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk},
title = {Towns and town-making principles},
year = 1991,
publisher = {Rizzoli International Publications},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{DuaPlaSpe00,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck},
title = {Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the
{A}merican dream},
year = 2000,
publisher = {North Point Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {general interest, urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@article{Dud01,
author = {Michael Quinn Dudley},
title = {Sprawl as Strategy: City Planners Face the Bomb},
year = 2001,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 21,
pages = {52--63},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, history}
}
@article{DunFis96,
author = {R.~Dunphy and K.~Fisher},
title = {Transportation, congestion and density: New insights},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1552,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Dur96,
author = {Alan Durning},
title = {The Car and the City},
year = 1996,
institution = {Northwest Environment Watch},
annote = {Comparison of Portland, Seattle and Vancouver},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada}
}
@book{EchSai01,
author = {M.~Echenique and A.~Saint},
title = {Cities for the new millenium},
year = 2001,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@techreport{ECO01,
author = {{ECONorthwest}},
title = {Metro Urban Centers: An Evaluation of the Density of
Development},
year = 2001,
month = jul,
institution = {Metro},
address = {Portland, OR},
url = {http://www.metro-region.org/library_docs/land_use/centersreport.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Eng93,
author = {Kim V.L.~England},
title = {Suburban Pink Collar Ghettos: the Spatial Entrapment of
Women?},
year = 1993,
journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
volume = 83,
number = 2,
pages = {225--242},
keywords = {equity, gender, urban planning}
}
@article{Evi95,
author = {B.~Evill},
title = {Population, urban density and fuel use: Eliminating the
spurious correlation},
year = 1995,
journal = {Urban Policy and Research},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {29--36},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning},
annote = {
Demonstrated that NewKen89's approach was sound.
}
}
@book{Ewi96,
author = {Reid Ewing},
title = {Best Development Practices: Doing the Right Thing and Making
Money at the Same Time},
year = 1996,
publisher = {The Planners Press},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, bicycle planning}
}
@book{Ewi97b,
author = {Reid Ewing},
title = {Transportation \& Land Use Innovations: When you can't pave
your way out of congestion},
year = 1997,
publisher = {American Planning Association},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Ewi01,
author = {Reid Ewing},
title = {Impacts of Traffic Calming},
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
year = 2001,
volume = 55,
number = 1,
pages = {33--45},
keywords = {urban planning, traffic calming}
}
@inproceedings{EwiCer01,
author = {Reid Ewing and Robert Cervero},
title = {Travel and the built environment---synthesis},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
booktitle = {Redefining, reevaluating and reinventing transit: the
transportation/land~use/environmental connection},
series = {Annual Policy and Research Symposium Series},
address = {UCLA Conference Center, Lake Arrowhead, CA, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, urban planning}
}
@techreport{EwiPenChe02,
author = {Reid Ewing and Rolf Pendall and Don Chen},
title = {Measuring Sprawl and its Impact},
year = 2002,
institution = {Smart Growth America},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
url = {http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{Fil88,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {The Neighbourhood Improvement Plan, {M}ontreal and {T}oronto:
contrasts between a participatory and a centralized approach to urban
policy making},
journal = {Urban History Review},
year = 1988,
volume = 17,
pages = {16--28},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{Fil95,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Planning proposals and urban development trends: can the gap
be bridged?},
year = 1995,
journal = {Plan Canada},
volume = 35,
number = 5,
pages = {17--19},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{Fil99,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Rupture or continuity? Modern and postmodern planning in
{T}oronto},
journal = {International Journal of Urban and Regional Research},
year = 1999,
volume = 23,
pages = {423--444},
url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-2427.00206},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{FilBun93,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting},
title = {Local power and its limits: Three decades of attempts to
revitalize {K}itchener's {CBD}},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban History Review},
volume = 12,
pages = {48--70},
keywords = {urban politics, canada, urban planning}
}
@techreport{FilBunCKPD98,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and {City of Kitchener Planning
Department}},
title = {Housing Development Potential in {K}itchener's Core Area:
Markets and Recommendations},
year = 1998,
institution = {City of Kitchener},
address = {Kitchener, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@book{FilBunCur96,
editor = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and K.~Curtis},
title = {The Dynamics of the Dispersed City: Geographic and Planning
Perspective on {W}aterloo {R}egion},
year = 1996,
publisher = {University of Waterloo, Department of Geography},
address = {Waterloo, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{FilBunWar99,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and K.~Warriner},
title = {The Entrenchment of Urban Dispersion: Residential Preferences
and Location Patterns in the Dispersed City},
year = 1999,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 36,
pages = {1317--1347},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Fog67,
author = {R.~Fogelson},
title = {The Fragmented Metropolis: {L}os {A}ngeles from 1850 to 1930},
year = 1967,
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {geography, history, urban planning}
}
@article{For99,
author = {L.~Ford},
title = {Lynch revisited: {N}ew {U}rbanism and theories of good city
form},
year = 1999,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 16,
number = 4,
pages = {247--257},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, new urbanism}
}
@article{Fra84,
author = {M.~Francis},
title = {Mapping downtown activity},
year = 1984,
journal = {Journal of Architectural and Planning Research},
volume = 1,
pages = {21--35},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Fra00,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank},
title = {Land use and transportation interaction: implications on
public health and quality of life},
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
year = 2000,
month = sep,
volume = 20,
number = 1,
pages = {6--22},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Frank\%20-\%20JPER\%20-\%202000.pdf},
abstract = {
Increases in per capita vehicle usage and associated emissions have
spawned
an increased the examination of the ways in which our communities and
regions are developing. Associated with increased vehicle usage are
decreased levels of walking and biking, two valid forms of physical
activity. The Surgeon General's 1996 report, Physical Activity and
Health, highlights the increasing level of physical inactivity as a
growing cause of mortality. The costs and benefits of contrasting land
development and transportation investment practices have been the
subject of considerable debate in the literature. Findings have
been refuted based on methodological grounds and inaccurate
interpretation of data. Several of these studies, their methodological
approaches, and their critiques are analyzed. While most agree that the
built environment influences travel, considerable disagreement exists
over the likely impacts of increased density, mix, and street
connectivity on air quality, transportation system performance, and
household activity patterns.
}
}
@article{Fra01,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank},
title = {Transportation, Air Quality and Thinking Big: Pollution
Control Requires a Holistic Approach},
year = 2001,
journal = {T.R.~News},
volume = 213,
pages = {35--37},
keywords = {energy, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@inproceedings{Fra02,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank},
title = {Land Use and Transportation},
year = 2002,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Environment Research Needs in
Transportation},
publisher = {Transportation Research Board},
pages = {127--137},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{FraDun98,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Robert T.~Dunphy},
title = {{S}mart {G}rowth and Transportation},
year = 1998,
month = may,
journal = {Urban Land},
volume = 76,
number = 5,
pages = {58--63},
publisher = {Urban Land Institute},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{FraEng00,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke},
title = {An Annotated Bibliography of Research on Land Development and
Transportation Practices that Impact Physical Activity and Health},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
institution = {Active Community Environments},
type = {Working Paper},
number = 2,
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning},
url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pdf/aces-workingpaper2.pdf}
}
@article{FraEng01,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke},
title = {The built environment and human activity patterns: exploring
the impacts of urban form on public health},
year = 2001,
month = nov,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 16,
number = 2,
pages = {202--218},
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Frank\%20and\%20Engelke\%20-\%20JPL\%20-\%202001.pdf},
abstract = {
An increasing body of evidence suggests that moderate forms of
physical activity (such as walking and bicycling), when engaged
in regularly, can have important beneficial effects on public
health. This article reviews current public health, planning,
and urban design research to determine, first, how walking and
bicycling might be critically important exercise behaviors for
improving public health, second, how urban form affects the
frequency of walking and bicycling as a form of physical
activity, and third, how the public health considerations
outlined in this article might reorient planners' thinking
toward the realization of health-promotive environments. The
current lack of emphasis on the interdependencies between built
form and overall quality of life, as measured by health,
safety, and welfare considerations, suggests the need for a
rethinking of public policy approaches to transportation
investment and land development.
}
}
@article{FraEng04,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke},
title = {Multiple Impacts of Urban Form on Public Health},
year = 2004,
journal = {International Regional Science Review},
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@book{FraEngSch03,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke and Thomas L.~Schmid},
title = {Health and Community Design: The Impacts of the Built
Environment on Physical Activity},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2003,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{FraEngSchKil01,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke and Thomas L.~Schmid
and Richard E.~Killingsworth},
title = {How Land Use and Transportation Systems Impact Public Health:
A Literature Review of the Relationship Between Physical Activity
and Built Form},
year = 2001,
institution = {Active Community Environments},
number = 1,
type = {Working Paper},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, land use transport link, urban form},
url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pdf/aces-workingpaper1.pdf}
}
@article{FraStoBac00,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Brian Stone and William Bachman},
title = {Linking land use with household vehicle emissions in the
{C}entral {P}uget {S}ound: Methodological framework and findings},
year = 2000,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 3,
pages = {173--196},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Frank\%20et\%20al\%20-\%20TR\%20-\%202000.pdf},
abstract = {
A leading cause of air pollution in many urban regions is mobile
source emissions that are largely attributable to household
vehicle travel. While household travel patterns have been
previously related with land use in the literature (Crane, R.,
1996. Journal of the American Planning Association 62
(1, Winter); Cervero, R. and Kockelman, C., 1997.
Transportation Research Part D 2 (3), 199--219), little
work has been conducted that effectively extends this
relationship to vehicle emissions. This paper describes a
methodology for quantifying relationships between land use,
travel choices, and vehicle emissions within the Seattle,
Washington region. Our analysis incorporates land use measures of
density and mix which affect the proximity of trip origins to
destinations; a measure of connectivity which impacts the
directness and completeness of pedestrian and motorized
linkages; vehicle trip generation by operating mode; vehicle
miles/h of travel and speed; and estimated household vehicle
emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and
carbon monoxide. The data used for this project consists of the
Puget Sound Transportation Panel Travel Survey, the 1990 US
Census, employment density data from the Washington State
Employment Security Office, and information on Seattle's
vehicle fleet mix and climatological attributes provided by the
Washington State Department of Ecology. Analyses are based on a
cross-sectional research design in which comparisons are made
of variations in household travel demand and emissions across
alternative urban form typologies. Base emission rates from
MOBILE5a and separate engine start rates are used to calculate
total vehicle emissions in grams accounting for fleet
characteristics and other inputs reflecting adopted
transportation control measures. Emissions per trip are based
on the network distance of each trip, average travel speed, and
a multi-stage engine operating mode (cold start, hot start, and
stabilized) function.
}
}
@book{Fre75,
author = {J.~Freedman},
title = {Crowding and behaviour},
year = 1975,
publisher = {Viking},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@incollection{Fri63,
author = {M.~Fried},
title = {Grieving for a Lost Home},
year = 1963,
booktitle = {The Urban Condition},
editor = {J.~Duhl},
pages = {151--171},
publisher = {Simon \& Schuster},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {sociology, urban planning}
}
@article{FriGorPee94,
author = {B.~Friedman and S.P.~Gordon and J.B.~Peers},
title = {Effects of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel
characteristics},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {63--70},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@book{Fro91,
author = {L.~Frost},
title = {The new urban frontier: Urbanisation and city building in
{A}ustralasia and the {A}merican {W}est},
year = 1991,
publisher = {University of New South Wales Press},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
keywords = {history, urban planning}
}
@book{FruFraJac04,
author = {Howard Frumkin and Lawrence D.~Frank and Richard Jackson},
title = {Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and
building for healthy communities},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2004,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{Gad85,
author = {Gunter Gad},
title = {Office location dynamics in {T}oronto: suburbanization and
central district specialization},
year = 1985,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 6,
pages = {331--351},
keywords = {location choice, urban planning, canada, geography}
}
@article{GalHanRatWolColFre01,
author = {G.~Galster and R.~Hanson and M.~Ratcliffe and H.~Wolman and
S.~Coleman and J.~Freihage},
title = {Wrestling sprawl to the ground: Defining and measuring an
elusive concept},
year = {2001},
journal = {Housing Policy Debate},
volume = 12,
number = 4,
pages = {681--717},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{GanDea72,
author = {C.~Gannon and M.~Dean},
title = {Rapid Transit and Office Development},
year = 1972,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 29,
number = 2,
pages = {223--242},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{Gan62,
author = {H.~Gans},
title = {The Urban Villagers: Group and Class Life in the Life of
{I}talian-{A}mericans},
year = 1962,
publisher = {Free Press},
address = {Glencoe, NY, USA},
keywords = {sociology, urban planning}
}
@book{Gan68,
author = {H.~Gans},
title = {People and Plans: Essay on Urban Problems and Solutions},
year = 1968,
publisher = {Basic},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {sociology, urban planning}
}
@inproceedings{Gan82,
author = {J.Th.~Gantvoort},
title = {Pedestrian planning in the {N}etherlands},
year = 1982,
month = jul,
booktitle = {World Developments in Pedestrian Planning},
address = {Glasgow, UK},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Gar91,
author = {Joel Garreau},
title = {Edge City: Life on the New Frontier},
year = 1991,
publisher = {Anchor Doubleday},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, urban politics}
}
@book{Geh71,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {Livet mellom husene (Life between buildings)},
year = 1971,
publisher = {Kunstakademiets arkitekth{\o}gskole},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Geh80,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {The Residential Street Environment},
year = 1980,
journal = {Built Environment},
volume = 6,
number = 1,
pages = {51--61},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@article{Geh86,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {Soft Edges in Residential Streets},
year = 1986,
month = may,
journal = {Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research},
volume = 3,
number = 2,
pages = {89--102},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
@book{Geh87,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space},
year = 1987,
publisher = {Van Nostrand Reinhold},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, pedestrian planning}
}
@book{Geh01,
author = {Jan Gehl},
title = {Life between buildings},
year = 2001,
edition = {4th},
publisher = {Arkitektens Forlag},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {urban planning},
url = {http://www.rudi.net/bookshelf/classics/lifebetweenbuildings/index.shtml}
}
@techreport{GehGem96,
author = {Jan Gehl and L.~Gemz{\o}e},
title = {Public spaces, public life},
year = 1996,
institution = {City of Copenhagen},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Gil02,
author = {Oliver Gillham},
title = {The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl Debate},
year = 2002,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning},
priority = 2,
annote = {
Seems reasonable, with a more balanced coverage of the debate than
others (GorRic97, even Ewi97).
}
}
@article{Giu89,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano},
title = {New directions for understanding transportation and land use},
year = 1989,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 21,
pages = {145--159},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{Giu95,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano},
title = {The Weakening Transportation-Land Use Connection},
year = 1995,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 6,
pages = {3--11},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{GiuSma91,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano and Kenneth A.~Small},
title = {Subcenters in the {L}os {A}ngeles Region},
year = 1991,
journal = {Regional Science and Urban Economics},
volume = 21,
number = 2,
pages = {163--182},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{GiuSma93,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano and Kenneth A.~Small},
title = {Is the journey to work explained by urban structure?},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 30,
pages = {1485--1500},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{Gla00,
author = {E.L.~Glaeser},
title = {Cities and ethics: An essay for {J}ane {J}acobs},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Urban Affairs},
volume = 22,
number = 4,
pages = {473--493},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{GolMer86,
author = {Michael A.~Goldberg and John Mercer},
title = {The Myth of the {N}orth {A}merican City},
year = 1986,
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
publisher = {University of British Columbia Press},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{GooNol03,
author = {Phil Goodwin and Robert B.~Nolan},
title = {Building new roads really does create extra traffic: a
response to {P}rakesh et al.},
year = 2003,
month = sep,
journal = {Applied Economics},
volume = 35,
number = 13,
abstract = {
A recent article by Prakash et al. (Applied Economics, 33, 1579-85,
2001) asserted that induced travel effects do not occur.
This paper is criticized on several grounds. It disregards much
of the recent work in this area that has empirically estimated
induced travel relationships. The models specified are
inappropriate for properly addressing this question, both in
their use of road expenditure data (based on a misunderstanding
of how this may relate to traffic growth) and
specification of a model that does not account for other
variables that generally have a large effect on traffic growth
(notably population and income growth). The evidence in the
literature is summarized and an analysis of UK road expenditure
data shows that expenditure is not a good measure of actual
road capacity that is built.
},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning }
}
@article{GorRic89,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Reply},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 3,
pages = {342--345},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning, energy, land use transport link}
}
@article{GorRic96,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Beyond Polycentricity: The Dispersed Metropolis, {L}os
{A}ngeles, 1970--1990},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 62,
number = 3,
pages = {161--173},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{GorRic97b,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Where's the Sprawl?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {275--278},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@mastersthesis{Gor96,
author = {R.~Gorham},
title = {Regional Planning and Travel Behavior: A Comparative Study of
the {S}an {F}rancisco and {S}tockholm Metropolitan Regions},
year = 1996,
school = {Department of City and Regional Planning, University of
California},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{GraTasPog02,
author = {Fanis Grammenos and Julie Tasker-{B}rown and Soxag Pogharian},
title = {Residential Street Pattern Design},
year = 2002,
series = {Socio-economic Series},
number = 75,
institution = {Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
url = {http://kn.fcm.ca/file_download.php?URL_ID=3159&filename=10369596040socio75-e.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1350698&name=socio75-e.pdf&location=user-S/},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@book{Gra89,
author = {Roberta B.~Gratz},
title = {The living city},
year = 1989,
publisher = {Simon \& Schuster},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology}
}
@book{GreJam93,
author = {R.~Green and O.~James},
title = {Rail Transit Station Area Development: Small Area Modeling in
{W}ashington, {D.C.}},
year = 1993,
publisher = {M.E.~Sharpe Publishers},
address = {Armonk, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transit}
}
@inproceedings{HaiMil99,
author = {Murtaza Haider and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Effects of Transportation Infrastructure and Locational
Elements on Residential Real Estate Values},
year = 1999,
month = jan,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Annual Transportation Research Board
Conference},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {spatial modelling, ilute, urban planning, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.regionomics.com/Research/trb_99.PDF}
}
@article{HaiMil00,
author = {Murtaza Haider and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Effects of Infrastructure and Locational Elements on
Residential Real Estate Values: An Application of Autoregressive
Techniques},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1722,
pages = {1--8},
abstract = {
Proximity to transportation infrastructure (highways and public
transit) influences residential real estate values. Housing
values also are influenced by propinquity to a shopping
facility or a recreational amenity. Spatial autoregressive
(SAR) models were used to estimate the impact of locational
elements on the price of residential properties sold during
1995 in the Greater Toronto Area. A large data set consisting
of 27,400 freehold sales was used in the study. Moran's I was
estimated to determine the effects of spatial autocorrelation
that existed in housing values. SAR models, using a combination
of locational influences, neighborhood characteristics, and
structural attributes, explained 83\% variance in housing
values. Using the ``comparable sales approach,'' a spatiotemporal
lag variable was estimated for every property in the database.
This research discovered that SAR models offered a better fit
than nonspatial models. This study also discovered that in the
presence of other explanatory variables, locational and
transportation factors were not strong determinants of housing
values. On the other hand, the number of washrooms and the
average household income in a neighborhood were found to be
significant determinants of housing values. Stepwise regression
techniques were used to determine reduced spatial hedonic
models.
},
keywords = {ilute, canada, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{HaiMil04,
author = {Murtaza Haider},
title = {Modeling Location Choices of Housing Builders in the {G}reater
{T}oronto, {C}anada, {A}rea},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1898,
pages = {148--156},
keywords = {spatial modelling, ilute, canada, urban planning}
}
@book{Hal88,
author = {Peter Hall},
title = {Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning
and Design in the Twentieth Century},
year = 1988,
publisher = {Basil Blackwell Limited},
address = {Oxford, UK},
keywords = {history, urban planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
In the chapter I read (#9), there was some mildly interesting
background, although mostly material I'd seen
before elsewhere. There's some discussion of Harland Bartholomew,
the planner who laid out Vancouver's street grid, although he's
claimed to belong to the same camp as Robert Moses. The most
interesting part of the chapter was the way he highlighted the
impossibility of effective land planning in the American regulatory
system, how that came about, and how it differs from Europe.
},
priority = 2
}
@article{Ham75,
author = {Bruce W.~Hamilton},
title = {Zoning and property taxation in a system of local
governments},
year = 1975,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 12,
pages = {205--211},
keywords = {zoning, equity, urban planning}
}
@article{Han92,
author = {Susan L.~Handy},
title = {Regional versus local accessibility: neo-traditional
development and its implications for non-work travel},
year = 1992,
journal = {Built Environment},
volume = 18,
number = 4,
pages = {253--267},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link }
}
@article{Han96,
author = {Susan L.~Handy},
title = {Urban form and pedestrian choices: study of {A}ustin
neighborhoods},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1552,
pages = {135--144},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, pedestrian planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{Han98,
author = {J.~Hannigan},
title = {Fantasy Cities: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern
Metropolis},
year = 1998,
publisher = {Routledge},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban politics, urban planning}
}
@article{HanPra94,
author = {Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt},
title = {On Suburban Pink Collar Ghettos: The Spatial Entrapment of
Women? by {K}im {E}ngland},
year = 1994,
journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
volume = 84,
number = 3,
pages = {500--504},
keywords = {equity, gender, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Har01b,
author = {Melanie Hare},
title = {Exploring Growth Management Roles in {O}ntario: Learning from
``Who Does What'' Elsewhere},
year = 2001,
month = sep,
institution = {Ontario Professional Planners Institute},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth, canada}
}
@techreport{Has90,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {The theory and practice of traffic calming: can {B}ritain
learn from the {G}erman experience?},
year = 1990,
type = {Discussion Paper},
number = 10,
institution = {Oxford University, Transportation Unit, Rees Jeffreys
Road Fund},
address = {Oxford, UK},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning, traffic calming}
}
@book{Has90b,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {The pedestrian and city traffic},
year = 1990,
publisher = {Belhaven Press},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Has90c,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {An illustrated guide to traffic calming: the future way of
managing traffic},
year = 1990,
institution = {Friends of the Earth},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, traffic calming}
}
@article{Has93,
author = {Carmen Hass-Klau},
title = {Impact of Pedestrianization and Traffic Calming on Retailing:
A Review of of the Evidence from {G}ermany and the {UK}},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 1,
number = 1,
pages = {21--31},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, transport planning, traffic calming}
}
@article{Heb05,
author = {Michael Hebbert},
title = {Engineering, urbanism and the struggle for street design},
year = 2005,
month = feb,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 10,
number = 1,
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, transport planning, street design, streets}
}
@article{Hee68,
author = {W.~Heenan},
title = {The Economic Effect of Rapid Transit on Real Estate
Development},
year = 1968,
journal = {The Appraisal Journal},
volume = 36,
pages = {212--224},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, canada}
}
@article{HenMit96,
author = {V.~Henderson and A.~Mitra},
title = {The new urban landscape: developers and edge cities},
year = 1996,
journal = {Regional Science and Urban Economics},
volume = 26,
pages = {613--643},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@incollection{Hen96,
author = {David A.~Hensher},
title = {Selective but Important Challenges Facing the Transport
Sector},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {Designing Transport \& Urban Forms for the {A}ustralia of
the 21st Century},
editor = {J.~Richmond},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
publisher = {Institute of Transport Studies, University of New South
Wales},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Hol94,
author = {John Holtzclaw},
title = {Using residential patterns and transit to decrease auto
dependence and costs},
year = 1994,
institution = {Natural Resources Defense Council},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@book{Hou84,
author = {Michael Hough},
title = {City form and natural process},
year = 1984,
publisher = {Routledge},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology}
}
@inproceedings{HuKen96,
author = {G.~Hu and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {A preliminary study of land use and transportation patterns in
{C}hinese cities: Caging the automobile dragon},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {Paper presented to the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch
University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{Hua94,
author = {William Huang},
title = {The Effects of Transportation Infrastructure on Nearby
Property Values: A Review of the Literature},
year = 1994,
institution = {Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University
of California, Berkeley},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
type = {Working Paper},
number = 620,
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Hun97,
author = {John Douglas Hunt},
title = {A Stated Preference Examination of the Location Choice
Behavior of Retail Firms},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1606,
pages = {25--32},
keywords = {location choice, firm behaviour, urban planning, urban economics}
}
@article{HunMcMAbr94,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and J.D.P.~Mc{M}illan and John Edward Abraham},
title = {Stated Preference Investigation of Influences on
Attractiveness of Residential Locations},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {79--87},
keywords = {urban planning, urban economics, canada}
}
@techreport{IBI07b,
author = {{IBI Group}},
title = {Transportation Trends and Outlooks for the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea and {H}amilton: Needs and Opportunities},
year = 2007,
month = jan,
address = {Toronto, ON},
institution = {IBI Group},
url = {http://www.gtta.com/en/news/Strategic%20Transit%20Directions_2007-01-29.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, toronto, transit, urban planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{IhlSjo89,
author = {K.~Ihlandfeldt and D.~Sjoquist},
title = {The Impact of Job Decentralization on the Economic Welfare of
Central City Blacks},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 26,
pages = {110--130},
keywords = {sociology, equity, urban economics, urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{IsiTom93,
author = {E.~Isin and R.~Tomalty},
title = {Resettling cities: {C}anadian residential intensification
initiatives},
year = 1993,
institution = {Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@book{JacMacRof02,
author = {Allan B.~Jacobs and Elizabeth Mac{D}onald and Yodan Rof{\'e}},
title = {The Boulevard Book: History, Evolution, Design of Multiway
Boulevards},
year = 2002,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, streets, urban design, street design}
}
@techreport{JacRofMac95,
author = {Allan B.~Jacobs and Yodan Rof{\'e} and Elizabeth Mac{D}onald},
title = {Multiple Roadway Boulevards: Case Studies, Designs and Design
Guidelines},
year = 1995,
institution = {University of California},
type = {Transportation Center Working Paper},
number = 300,
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, streets, urban design, street design}
}
@book{Jac04,
author = {Jane Jacobs},
title = {Dark Age Ahead},
year = 2004,
publisher = {Random House},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
pages = {64--101},
keywords = {sociology, urban planning}
}
@book{JakScu04,
author = {John A.~Jakle and Keith A.~Sculle},
title = {Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture},
publisher = {University Press of Virginia},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, urban form, parking}
}
@book{JakWil92,
author = {John A.~Jakle and David Wilson},
title = {Derelict Landscapes: The Wasting of {A}merica's Built
Environment},
publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield},
year = 1992,
address = {Savage, MD, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, sociology, equity}
}
@techreport{Jen04,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {{A}rterial {S}treets {T}owards {S}ustainability: Design,
Decision and Prediction Tools},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.tft.lth.se/artists/medlemmar.asp},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, bike box, street design, streets},
institution = {ARTISTS Consortium},
number = {D3.2},
address = {Malm{\"o}, Sweden}
}
@incollection{Jor04,
author = {John J{\o}rgensen},
title = {Evolution of the Finger Structure},
year = 2004,
editor = {Genevi{\`e}ve Dubois-Taine},
booktitle = {From {H}elsinki to {N}icosia: Eleven Case Studies \&
Synthesis},
publisher = {Cost Office Urban Civil Engineering},
address = {Brussels, Belgium},
url = {http://urbamet.documentation.equipement.gouv.fr/documents/EQUTEX00010090/EQUTEX00010090_5.pdf},
keywords = {history, urban planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{JouFraBacSto00,
author = {R.~Joumard and Lawrence D.~Frank and Brian Stone and William
Bachman},
title = {Testing urban design and air quality relationships in the
{A}tlanta region},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Transport and Air
Pollution},
pages = {263--270},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form, urban planning, land use transport link},
abstract = {
This study presents evidence that households, located in areas of
the Atlanta Region with moderately high levels of street
connectivity and compactness, drive and pollute less on a daily
basis. This analysis employs a rigorous methodology to assess
the emissions per household on a per trip basis accounting for
cold start cycles, speed, hot stabilized operation, distance,
and regional fleet characteristics. Emissions per household are
cross-sectionally correlated with the land use patterns at the
place of residence. These findings support the argument that a
``nexus'' exists between land use policies implemented through
local government development regulations and household travel
behavior (ie mode choice, travel distance, travel time, and
vehicle emissions). This research provides an initial
and very critical step that is required to lend credibility to
the argument that major metropolitan regions should consider
alternatives to current land and travel intensive development
patterns to meet future air quality objectives.
}
}
@article{Jun04,
author = {Myung-Jin Jun},
title = {The Effects of {P}ortland's Urban Growth Boundary on Urban
Development Patterns and Commuting},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 41,
number = 7,
pages = {1333--1348},
keywords = {urban planning, urban growth boundary}
}
@article{Kai72,
author = {J.~Kain},
title = {Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan
Decentralization},
year = 1972,
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
volume = 82,
pages = {175--197},
keywords = {urban planning, sociology, urban form}
}
@article{Kai93,
author = {J.~Kain},
title = {The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later},
year = 1993,
journal = {Housing Policy Debate},
volume = 3,
pages = {371--460},
keywords = {sociology, equity, urban economics, urban planning, urban form }
}
@book{Kel97,
author = {D.~Kelbaugh},
title = {Common place: toward neighborhood and regional design},
year = 1997,
publisher = {University of Washington Press},
address = {Seattle, WA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Kel00,
author = {D.~Kelbaugh},
title = {Three paradigms: {N}ew {U}rbanism, everyday urbanism, post
urbanism---an excerpt from {T}he essential common place},
year = 2000,
journal = {Bulletin of Science, Technology \& Society},
volume = 20,
number = 4,
pages = {285--289},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@article{Kel94,
author = {Eric Kelley},
title = {The Transportation-Land Use Link},
year = 1994,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 9,
number = 2,
pages = {128--145},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Ken91,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use/transit connection in {T}oronto: Some lessons for
{A}ustralian cities},
year = 1991,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 29,
number = 3,
pages = {149--154},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link, transit}
}
@article{Ken95,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Automobile dependence in {B}angkok: An international
comparison with implications for planning policies},
year = 1995,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 1,
number = 3,
pages = {31--41},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp01.3.pdf},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{Ken96,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Bicycling the world: A global perspective on bicycles in
cities and their role in reducing automobile dependence},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {Keynote paper to Velo Australia, International Bicycle
Conference},
month = oct,
address = {Fremantle, Australia},
keywords = {bicycle planning, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{KenLauNewBar97,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Paul Barter},
title = {Indicators of transport efficiency in 37 cities},
year = 1997,
institution = {World Bank and Institute for Science and Technology
Policy, Murdoch University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit }
}
@article{KenLau02,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube},
title = {Urban transport patterns in a global sample of cities and their
linkages to transport infrastructure, land use, economics and
environment},
year = 2002,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {5--19},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, energy},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp08.3.pdf}
}
@book{KenLauNewBarRaaPobGui00,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Paul Barter and Tamim Raad and Chamlong Poboon and Benedicto
{Guia~Jr.}},
title = {An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities
1960--1990},
year = 2000,
publisher = {University Press of Colorado},
abstract = {
This sourcebook provides the most comprehensive set of time series
data and analyses on these important subjects that is available
today. It spans 46 cities in the US, Australia, Canada, Europe
and Asia, covering the widest possible range of data on the
land use and transportation systems, energy use, and economic
and environmental impacts of transportation that has been
assembled to date. It also contains a set of coloured maps for
each city outlining territorial boundaries, the extent of
urbanisation, and all rail, busway and freeway systems. A must
for every individual and organisation wanting to better
understand and respond to the urban transportation debate.
},
keywords = { data, transport planning, urban planning, transit, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{KenNew94,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {{T}oronto---paradigm regained},
year = 1994,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 31,
number = 3,
pages = {137--147},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, transit, land use transport link}
}
@article{KenNewBarPob95,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman and Paul Barter and
Chamlong Poboon},
title = {Is increasing automobile dependence inevitable in booming
economies? {A}sian cities in an international context},
year = 1995,
journal = {IATSS Research},
volume = 19,
number = 2,
pages = {58--67},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{KenNewLyo89,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman and T.~Lyons},
title = {Urban planning and traffic congestion},
year = 1989,
journal = {Urban Policy and Research},
volume = 7,
number = 2,
pages = {67--80},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@inproceedings{KenBarNewPob94,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Paul Barter and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Chamlong Poboon},
title = {Resisting automobile dependence in booming economies: A case
study of {S}ingapore, {T}okyo and {H}ong {K}ong within a global
sample of cities},
year = 1994,
month = jul,
booktitle = {Asian Studies Association of Australia Conference},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{Kir92,
author = {R.~Kirwan},
title = {Urban form, energy and transport---A note on the
{N}ewman-{K}enworthy thesis},
year = 1992,
journal = {Urban Policy and Research},
volume = 10,
number = 1,
pages = {6--23},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{KniTry77,
author = {Robert L.~Knight and Lisa L.~Trygg},
title = {Land use impacts of rapid transit},
year = 1977,
month = aug,
institution = {U.S.~Department of Transportation},
number = {DOT-TPI-10-77-29},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{KniTry77b,
author = {Robert L.~Knight and Lisa L.~Trygg},
title = {Evidence of Land use impacts of rapid transit systems},
year = 1977,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 6,
number = 3,
pages = {231--247},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Koc97,
author = {Kara Maria Kockelman},
title = {Travel Behavior as a Function of Accessibility, Land Use
Mixing and Land Use Balance: Evidence from the {S}an {F}rancisco
{B}ay {A}rea},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {1607},
pages = {116--125},
year = 1997,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning},
abstract = {
By incorporating characteristics of the built environment into
models of travel behavior, much can be said about household
travel distances, automobile ownership, and mode choice. This
research investigates the relative significance of a variety of
measures of urban form, both at trip-makers' home neighborhoods
and at trip ends. The travel data come from the 1990 San
Francisco Bay Area Travel Surveys, and the land-use data are
largely constructed from hectare-level descriptions provided by
the Association of Bay Area Governments.
After controlling for demographic characteristics, the measures
of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance proved
to be highly statistically significant and influential in their
impact on household vehicle miles traveled (VMT), automobile
ownership, and mode choice. In contrast, under the majority of
models (with the important exception of the vehicle-ownership
models), density's impact was negligible, after
controlling for accessibility. In many cases, balance, mix, and
accessibility were found to be more relevant (as measured by
elasticities) than several household and traveler
characteristics that often form a basis for travel behavior
prediction. Moreover, the apparent influence that these
variables, particularly accessibility, have on travel behavior
is dramatic.
If a societal objective is reduced automobile use and
dependence, while maintaining or improving general
accessibility levels, these results lend empirical support to
the promotion of a variety of land-use policies, such as
regional growth containment, the raising and/or removal of
density/intensity caps, and the establishment of mixed-use and
flexible zoning standards throughout urban areas. These results
also represent a step forward in the inclusion of measures of
urban form in travel behavior forecasting models; thanks to the
technology of geographical information systems and the
increasing availability of detailed land-use data sets, such
measures can be computed for a multitude of zones at relatively
low cost.
},
url = {http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/kockelman/public_html/mcpthesis.zip}
}
@book{Kos91,
author = {F.~Kostoff},
title = {The city shaped: urban patterns and meanings through history},
year = 1991,
publisher = {Thames and Hudson},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, history}
}
@article{Kri03b,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Operationalizing neighborhood accessibility for land
use-travel behavior research and modeling},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 22,
number = 3,
pages = {270--287},
keywords = {urban planning, accessibility}
}
@article{Lan94,
author = {John D.~Landis},
title = {The {C}alifornia Urban Futures Model: a new generation of
metropolitan simulation models},
year = 1994,
journal = {Environment and Planning B},
volume = 21,
pages = {399--421},
keywords = {urban planning, spatial modelling}
}
@article{LanCerHal91,
author = {John D.~Landis and Robert Cervero and Peter Hall},
title = {Transit joint development in the {USA}: an inventory and
policy assessment},
year = 1991,
journal = {Environment and Planning C},
volume = 9,
number = 4,
pages = {431--452},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@book{LecMcC99,
author = {M.~Leccese and K.~Mc{C}ormick},
title = {Charter of the {N}ew {U}rbanism},
year = 1999,
publisher = {McGraw Hill},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@article{LehMil96,
author = {U.~Lehrer and R.~Milgrom},
year = 1996,
title = {New (sub)urbanism: countersprawl or repackaging the product},
journal = {Capitalism, Nature, Socialism},
volume = 7,
pages = {49--64},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
}
@techreport{Lem73,
author = {Kai Lemberg},
title = {Pedestrian streets and other motor vehicle traffic restraints
in Central {C}openhagen},
year = 1973,
institution = {City of Copenhagen, General Planning Department},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{LerCelHalCheRya92,
author = {E.~Lerner-Lam and S.P.~Celniker and G.W.~Halbert and
C.~Chellman and S.~Ryan},
title = {Neotraditional neighborhood design and its implications for
traffic engineering},
year = 1992,
month = jan,
journal = {ITE Journal},
pages = {17--25},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, streets}
}
@article{LevWyn63,
author = {H.~Levinson and F.~Wynne},
title = {Effects of Density on Urban Transportation Requirements},
year = 1963,
journal = {Highway Research Record},
volume = 2,
pages = {38--64},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{Lib75,
author = {M.C.~Libicki},
title = {Land use impacts of major transit improvements},
year = 1975,
month = mar,
publisher = {Urban Analysis Program, Office of Transportation Planning
Analysis, Assistant Secretary for Policy Plans and International
Affairs, Office of the Secretary of Transportation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{LouBan00,
author = {Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee},
title = {The {B}lue {L}ine blues: why the vision of transit village may
not materialize despite impressive growth in transit ridership},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 5,
number = 2,
pages = {101--125},
keywords = {urban planning, transit-oriented development, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{LucPhi95,
author = {W.~Lucy and D.~Phillips},
title = {Why some suburbs thrive},
year = 1995,
month = jun,
journal = {Planning},
pages = {20--21},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Lyn62,
author = {Kevin Lynch},
title = {Site Planning},
year = 1962,
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
publisher = {MIT Press},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Lyn76,
author = {Kevin Lynch},
title = {Managing the Sense of a Region},
year = 1976,
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
publisher = {MIT Press},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Lyn81,
author = {Kevin Lynch},
title = {Good city form},
year = 1981,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban form, urban design, urban planning},
priority = 5,
quality = 4,
annote = {
A classic, apparently. As summarized by TalEll02, his main criteria
for good form are 1) vitality: the support of biological requirements;
2) sense: mental perception and differentiation of a settlement; 3)
fit: the match between pattern and behaviour; 4) access: being able
to reach resources; 5) control of the use of the settlement; and
``meta-criteria'' of efficiency (cost) and justice (equity).
}
}
@incollection{Lyn91,
author = {Kevin Lynch},
title = {The pattern of the metropolis},
year = 1991,
editor = {Tridib Banarjee and Michael Southworth},
booktitle = {City sense and city design: Writings and projects of
{K}evin {L}ynch},
pages = {47--64},
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{McF78,
author = {Daniel Mc{F}adden},
title = {Modeling the Choice of Residential Location},
year = 1978,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 673,
pages = {72--77},
keywords = {location choice, urban planning}
}
@techreport{McGNewKen91,
author = {G.~Mc{G}lynn and Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Towards better cities: Reurbanisation and transportation
energy scenarios},
year = 1991,
institution = {Australian Commision for the Future},
month = oct,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, energy, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@book{McH69,
author = {Ian Mc{H}arg},
title = {Design with nature},
year = 1969,
publisher = {Natural History Press},
address = {Garden City, NY, USA},
keywords = {ecology, urban planning}
}
@article{McNKul97,
author = {M.G.~Mc{N}ally and A.~Kulkarni},
title = {Assessment of influence of land use transportation system on
travel behavior},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1607,
pages = {105--115},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Mar97b,
author = {M.A.~Marshall},
title = {{ISTEA} Five Years Later: where do we go from here?},
year = 1997,
month = jul,
journal = {Land Use Law \& Zoning Digest},
volume = 49,
number = 7,
pages = {3--9},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Mar02,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {A First Theoretical Approach to Classification of Arterial
Streets},
year = 2002,
institution = {University of Westminster},
type = {ARTISTS Deliverable},
number = {D1.1},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {streets, urban planning, transport planning, street design}
}
@article{Mar03,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Transport and the urban pattern},
year = 2003,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 73,
number = 2,
pages = {106--108},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{Mar03b,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Traffic in Towns revisited},
year = 2003,
month = nov,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 72,
number = 10,
pages = {310--312},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, streets, street design}
}
@article{Mar05b,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Joined-up urbanism},
year = 2005,
month = dec,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 74,
number = 12,
pages = {367--371},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Mar07b,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Cities, Design, and Evolution},
year = 2007,
publisher = {Routledge},
keywords = {urban planning, urban design}
}
@book{Mar08,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Urban Coding: Learning from Design and Planning Traditions},
year = 2008,
publisher = {Routledge},
keywords = {urban planning, urban design}
}
@book{MasDen93,
author = {D.~Massey and N.~Denton},
title = {American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the
Underclass},
year = 1993,
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {sociology, equity, urban planning}
}
@article{Mat92,
author = {M.R.~Matthew},
title = {Office buildings in office parks and suburban downtowns},
year = 1992,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 1,
pages = {39--57},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Mat93,
author = {M.R.~Matthew},
title = {The suburbanization of {T}oronto offices},
year = 1993,
journal = {The Canadian Geographer},
volume = 37,
pages = {293--306},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{MatWadBla04,
author = {Shishir Mathur and Paul Waddell and Hilda Blanco},
title = {The Effect of Impact Fees on the Price of New Single-Family
Housing},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 41,
number = 7,
pages = {1303--1312},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{MeyGom81,
author = {John R.~Meyer and Jose A.~Gomez-Iba{\~n}ez},
title = {Autos, Transit and Cities},
year = 1981,
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{MeyMcS83,
author = {Michael D.~Meyer and M.~Mc{S}hane},
title = {Parking policy and downtown economic development},
year = 1983,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 109,
pages = {27--43},
keywords = {parking, urban planning}
}
@techreport{MHPPE91,
author = {{Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment}},
title = {Fourth Report ({EXTRA}) on Physical Planning in the
{N}etherlands: Comprehensive Summary: On the Road to 2015},
year = 1991,
address = {The Hague, The Netherlands},
institution = {{Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the
Environment, Department for Information and International Relations}},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{MieMil93,
author = {Peter Mieszkowski and E.~Mills},
title = {The Causes of Metropolitan Suburbanization},
year = 1993,
journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {135--147},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@inproceedings{MilHar00,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Antoine Haroun},
title = {A Microsimulation Model of Residential Housing Markets},
year = 2000,
month = jul,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Association of Travel
Behaviour Research Conference},
address = {Gold Coast, Australia},
keywords = {ilute, transport modelling, urban planning}
}
@article{MilIbr98,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and A.~Ibrahim},
title = {Urban form and vehicular travel: some empirical findings},
year = 1998,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1617,
pages = {18--27},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Some empirical findings are presented on the relationship between
urban form and work trip commuting efficiency, drawn from the
analysis of 1986 work trip commuting patterns in the greater
Toronto area. Work trip commuting efficiency is measured with
respect to the average number of vehicle kilometers traveled
(VKT) per worker in a given zone. Preliminary findings include
VKT per worker increases as one moves away from both the
central core of the city and from other high-density employment
centers within the region; job-housing balance, per se, shows
little impact on commuting VKT; and population density, in and
of itself, does not explain variations on commuting VKT once
other urban structure variables have been accounted for.
}
}
@article{MilRooHaiMoh04,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Matthew J.~Roorda and Murtaza Haider and
Abolfazl Mohammadian},
title = {An Empirical Analysis of Travel and Housing Expenditures in
the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1898,
pages = {191--201},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{MilSha00,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer Shalaby},
title = {Travel in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea: Past and Current
Behaviour and Relation to Urban Form},
year = 2000,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{MilSteJea90,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and G.N.~Steuart and D.~Jea},
title = {Understanding Urban Travel Growth in the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea},
volume = {III: Future Travel Trends and their Implications for
Transportation Policy in the Greater Toronto Area},
number = {TDS-90-07},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and
Development Branch},
year = 1990,
month = nov,
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form}
}
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author = {R.~Mitchell and C.~Rapkin},
title = {Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use},
year = 1954,
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
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author = {Rolf Monheim},
title = {Der {S}t{\"a}dtische {R}aum in {F}rankreich und in der
{B}undesrepublik {D}eutschland},
journal = {Studien zur internationalen {S}chulbuchforschung
{S}chriftenreihe des {G}eorg-{E}ckert {I}nstituts},
volume = 50,
pages = {287--305},
year = 1987,
keywords = {urban planning}
}
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author = {Donald Monson and Astrid Monson},
title = {A Program for Urban Dispersal},
year = 1951,
journal = {Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists},
volume = 7,
pages = {244--250},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban form}
}
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author = {Henry Moon},
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year = 1990,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 17,
number = 1,
pages = {67--88},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{MooNel94,
author = {Terry Moore and Arthur C.~Nelson},
title = {Lessons for effective urban-containment and resource-land
preservation policy},
year = 1994,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 12,
pages = {157--171},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth, urban growth boundary}
}
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author = {Richard Morris},
title = {Bum Rap on {A}merica's Cities: The Real Causes of Urban
Decay},
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
year = 1978,
address = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, sociology, equity}
}
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author = {Anne V.~Moudon},
title = {Teaching urban form},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 14,
number = 2,
pages = {123--133},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{Mou00,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon},
title = {Proof of goodness: A substantive basis for new urbanism?},
year = 2000,
journal = {Places},
volume = 13,
number = 2,
pages = {38--43},
keywords = {urban planning, new urbanism}
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@article{MouHes99,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Paul M.~Hess},
title = {Suburban Clusters},
journal = {Wharton Real Estate Review},
year = 1999,
volume = 3,
number = 1,
pages = {46--55},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{MouHes00,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Paul M.~Hess},
title = {Suburban clusters: The nucleation of multifamily housing in
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year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Assocation},
volume = 66,
pages = {243--264},
keywords = {urban planning}
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author = {Daniel P.~Moynihan},
title = {New Roads and Urban Chaos},
year = 1960,
month = apr,
journal = {The Reporter},
pages = {13--20},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{MT63,
author = {{Ministry of Transport}},
title = {Traffic in Towns: A Study of the Long Term Problems of Traffic
in Urban Areas ({B}uchanan report)},
year = 1963,
address = {London, UK},
institution = {Her Majesty's Stationery Office},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Mul75,
author = {T.~Muller},
title = {Fiscal Impacts of Land Development},
year = 1975,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
institution = {The Urban Institute},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Mum1938,
author = {Lewis Mumford},
title = {The Culture of Cities},
year = 1938,
publisher = {Harcourt, Brace, and Company},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {sociology, urban planning, history}
}
@article{Mum58,
author = {Lewis Mumford},
title = {The Highway and the City},
year = 1958,
month = apr,
journal = {Architectural Record},
volume = 123,
pages = {179--186},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{Mum62,
author = {Lewis Mumford},
title = {Mother {J}acobs' home remedies for urban cancer},
year = 1962,
month = {Dec 1},
journal = {New Yorker},
volume = 38,
number = 41,
pages = {148--179},
keywords = {history, urban planning}
}
@article{Mum63,
author = {Lewis Mumford},
title = {Not too late yet},
year = 1963,
month = {Dec 7},
journal = {New Yorker},
volume = 39,
number = 42,
pages = {148--157},
keywords = {history, urban planning}
}
@book{Mum64,
author = {Lewis Mumford},
title = {The Highway in the City},
year = 1964,
publisher = {Secker and Warburg},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, history}
}
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author = {Peter Naess},
title = {Transportation energy in {S}wedish towns and regions},
year = 1993,
journal = {Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research},
volume = 10,
pages = {187--206},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning }
}
@phdthesis{Nae95,
author = {Peter Naess},
title = {Urban form and energy use for transport: a {N}ordic
experience},
year = 1995,
school = {Norwegian Institute of Technology},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning }
}
@article{Nel99,
author = {Arthur C.~Nelson},
title = {Comparing states with and without growth management
regulations based on indicators with policy implications},
year = 1999,
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = 16,
pages = {121--127},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth}
}
@book{NelDunMulBis95,
author = {Arthur C.~Nelson and J.~Duncan and C.~Mullen and K.~Bishop},
title = {Growth Management Principles and Practices},
year = 1995,
publisher = {American Planning Association},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {smart growth, urban planning}
}
@techreport{NelNyg02,
author = {{Nelson/Nygaard Consulting}},
title = {Housing Shortage / Parking Surplus},
year = 2002,
institution = {Transportation and Land Use Coalition},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
url = {http://www.transcoalition.org/reports/housing_s/housing_shortage_home.html},
keywords = {urban planning, equity, parking}
}
@book{Neu77,
author = {M.~Neutze},
title = {Urban development in {A}ustralia},
year = 1977,
publisher = {George Allen and Unwin},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
keywords = {history, urban planning}
}
@book{Neu78,
author = {M.~Neutze},
title = {Australian urban policy},
year = 1977,
publisher = {George Allen and Unwin},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{New75,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {An ecological model for city structure and development},
year = 1975,
journal = {Ekistics},
volume = 40,
number = 239,
pages = {258--265},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology, urban form}
}
@article{New86,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Lessons from {L}iverpool},
year = 1986,
journal = {Planning and Administration I},
pages = {32--42},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{New88,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Australian Cities at the Crossroads},
year = 1988,
journal = {Current Affairs Bulletin},
volume = 65,
number = 7,
pages = {4--15},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{New90,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Sustainable Development},
year = 1990,
journal = {Environmental Education and Information},
volume = 8,
number = 4,
pages = {250--261},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@techreport{New91,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Social Organisation for ecological sustainability: towards a
more sustainable settlement pattern},
year = 1991,
editor = {P.~Cock},
type = {Fundamental Questions Paper},
number = 11,
institution = {Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian
National University},
address = {Canberra, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology, urban form}
}
@article{New93,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Sustainable development and urban planning},
year = 1993,
journal = {Sustainable Development},
volume = 1,
number = 1,
pages = {25--40},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@incollection{New94,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {The transport dilemma in developing nation cities},
year = 1994,
booktitle = {Social dimensions of development},
editor = {L.~Jayasuriya and M.~Lee},
publisher = {Paradigm Books},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@incollection{New96,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Transport},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {An urbanising world: Global report on human settlements},
editor = {UNCHS},
publisher = {UNCHS, Habitat and UNEP},
address = {Nairobi, Kenya},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{New96b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Greening the city: The ecological and human dimensions of the
city can be part of town planning},
year = 1996,
journal = {Alternatives},
volume = 22,
number = 2,
pages = {10--17},
keywords = {ecology, urban planning}
}
@article{New96c,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Reducing Automobile Dependence},
year = 1996,
journal = {Environment and Urbanization},
volume = 8,
number = 1,
pages = {67--92},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{NewHog81,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and T.~Hogan},
title = {A review of urban density models: towards a resolution of the
conflict between populace and planner},
year = 1981,
journal = {Human Ecology},
volume = 9,
number = 3,
pages = {269--303},
keywords = {ecology, urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{NewHog87,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and T.~Hogan},
title = {Urban density and transport: a single model based on three
city types},
year = 1987,
type = {Transport Research Paper},
number = {1/87},
institution = {Environmental Science, Murdoch University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{NewKen88,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The Transport Energy Trade-Off: Fuel-Efficient Traffic
versus Fuel-Efficient Cities},
year = 1988,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 22,
number = 3,
pages = {163--174},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, energy, urban form}
}
@book{NewKen89,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Cities and Auto Dependency: A Sourcebook},
year = 1989,
publisher = {Gower Publishing Co.},
address = {Aldershot, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link, energy}
}
@techreport{NewKen90,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Transport energy conservation policies for {A}ustralian
cities: strategies for reducing automobile dependence},
year = 1990,
institution = {Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch
University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, energy}
}
@techreport{NewKen91,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Towards a more sustainable {C}anberra: an assessment of
{C}anberra's transport, energy and land use},
year = 1991,
institution = {Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch
University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, energy, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{NewKen92,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Is there a role for physical planners?},
year = 1992,
month = jul,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
pages = {353--362},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{NewKen92b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Transit oriented urban villages: design solutions for the
90s},
year = 1992,
journal = {Urban Futures},
volume = 2,
number = 1,
pages = {50--56},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, urban form}
}
@article{NewKenLyo85,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and T.~Lyons},
title = {Transport energy use in the {P}erth {M}etropolitan {R}egion:
some urban policy implications},
year = 1985,
journal = {Urban Policy and Research},
volume = 3,
number = 2,
pages = {4--15},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, energy}
}
@techreport{NewKenRob92,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Les Robinson},
title = {Winning Back the Cities},
year = 1992,
institution = {Australian Consumers' Association},
address = {Marrickville, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@techreport{NewKenVin92,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and P.~Vintila},
title = {Housing transport and urban form},
year = 1992,
type = {National Housing Strategy, Background Paper},
number = 15,
institution = {Commonwealth of Australia},
address = {Canberra, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, ecology, urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{NewKenVin95,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and P.~Vintila},
title = {Can we overcome automobile dependence?: Physical planning in
an age of urban cynicism},
year = 1995,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {53--65},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@book{NewEtc97,
author = {Peter W.G.~{Newman et al.}},
title = {Car-free Copenhagen: Perspectives and ideas for reducing
car-dependence in Copenhagen},
year = 1997,
publisher = {Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form, urban planning}
}
@incollection{NijRie96,
author = {P.~Nijkamp and S.A.~Rienstra},
title = {Sustainable transport in a compact city},
booktitle = {The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?},
editor = {Mike Jenks and Elizabeth Burton and Katie Williams},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {London, UK},
year = 1996,
pages = {190--199},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@incollection{Owe84,
author = {Susan E.~Owens},
title = {Spatial Structure and Energy Demand},
year = 1984,
booktitle = {Energy Policy and Land Use Planning},
editor = {D.R.~Cope and P.R.~Hills and P.~James},
pages = {215--240},
publisher = {Pergamon},
address = {Oxford, UK},
keywords = {urban form, energy, urban planning, sustainability}
}
@book{Owe86,
author = {Susan E.~Owens},
title = {Energy, Planning and Urban Form},
year = 1986,
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban form, energy, urban planning, sustainability}
}
@techreport{Par96a,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.}},
title = {Influence of Land Use Mix and Neighborhood Design on Transit
Demand},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Par96c,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.}},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Mode of Access and Catchment Areas of
Rail Transit},
type = {Project},
number = {H-1},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
month = mar,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Par99,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.}},
title = {Land Use Impacts of Transportation: A Guidebook},
institution = {Transportation Research Board},
year = 1999,
number = {423A},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Transit, Urban Form, and the Built
Environment: A Summary of Knowledge},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part I},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-1.pdf}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96b,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Commuter and Light Rail Transit
Corridors: The Land Use Connection},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part II},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
month = mar,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-2.pdf}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96d,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Public Policy and Transit Oriented
Development: Six International Case Studies},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part IV},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-4.pdf},
annote = {
I found their description of Houston interesting. I'd heard a lot
about Houston's laissez-faire no-zoning policies, but I'd never
read anything about the details. It sounds like they still suffer
from the same social exclusion effects as many U.S. residential
areas, but they use deed restrictions to enforce the exclusion
instead of zoning laws. The authors give a surprisingly positive
review to the HOV system overall, quite different from what I'd
heard about HOV lanes in the present day context. Overall,
Houston sounds like a depressing place to live or work. The
complete rejection of land use control and the overwhelming
dominance of the automobile turn me off. The Washington, D.C. case
study wasn't very interesting to me, focusing mainly on
transit-oriented development plans. The Portland section was
slightly more interesting, again focusing on how land use goals
are achieved by the agencies involved. The Vancouver section was
mostly familiar, but did contain some interesting details that were
new to me. There are some strange comments, though---they
claim that the ``European and Asian heritage of the region has also
made the Vancouver community more accepting of transit'' and
characterise Vancouver as very unique within Canada. That's
total rubbish---Canadian cities generally have an accepting attitude
towards transit and a diverse cultural mix, and American cities
have as much of a ``European heritage'' as Canadian ones. Sure,
Vancouver is younger---but that should put it in the same boat as
other young west coast cities, like Seattle. Some of their
discussion regarding the history of SkyTrain is interesting,
however, especially the idea that the Expo line was deliberately
run through empty industrial areas to reduce NIMBY resistance and
to allow new, denser transit-oriented development. They also note
that TransLink does not own the land under the SkyTrain, allowing
existing owners to make good use of the land, building towers
around the tracks, etc. This is vastly better than the freeway
model, where the land underneath and nearby is just dead space.
Interestingly, they note that both Canadian and American government
agencies put out a Request For Proposals (RFP) for a low-cost site,
but only Canadian agencies can make location a requirement---i.e.,
requiring a site on the SkyTrain line.
I'm a bit dubious about their Ottawa section. They speak in glowing
terms about many of the details of the system, and it doesn't
always jibe with my experience when I lived there. Granted, I lived
in a lousy area (far from the transitway) with a poor commute
pattern. But there was a huge chunk of underserviced city where I
lived, and I did see how the policies were working out on the
ground. However, the policies sound like good ideas, at the least.
They started with a bizarre statistic to make Ottawa look good:
``Passengers per route mile in the first year,'' a statistic
biased towards bus systems, before development associated with a
fixed rail system is completed. It's nice that (like Vancouver)
they officially prioritise transit over road improvements, and that
they consider it an official service. Their policy of building
early in suburban areas is also an excellent idea, as is the policy
of forcing regional shopping centres to be within 5 minutes walk of
a transit station. (I have to wonder if that applies to big box
zones, though---they were certainly abundant in the Ottawa area
when I lived there. The abhorrent South Keys development all
happened under these policies.) The Transitway design is clever,
since they left enough room to allow later conversion to a
rail system. One telling quote: ``These services are adapted to,
and as a result, help reinforce, the region's suburban landscape.
In Ottawa-Carleton, it is accepted that low-density living
environments are preferred by most residents, and that transit
programs should in no way seek to alter this settlement
pattern, but rather to serve it.'' To be fair, that pattern
may be changing now---the condo boom has definitely hit Ottawa.
I suspect some of these sentences reflect the suburban American
audience of this report. Ottawa also has taken a serious attitude
towards directing job growth to transit corridors, in a manner
similar to the Dutch ABC system. They also route buses through
subdivision collector roads instead of arterial streets, to make
for easier pedestrian access and avoiding the fight to access
buses on arterials. (This may explain some of my confusion with
the bus system, since I was more accustomed to the Toronto
approach. It may also explain why buses were often poor choices
for reaching retail areas, usually located on the arterials. It
sounds like that was mostly political bad luck, though, not
design---developers have insisted on siting commercial development
on the arterials, not the planners' first choice.) Their reduction
in downtown parking is admirable, with a 15\% reduction from
1975 to 1984, a period of regression for most cities. They
don't really comment much on the fact that many Transitway stations
are built in parkland with no adjacent development, but they do
note that future stations are being built in advance of development,
with an aim to integrate better with mixed-use neighbourhoods. They
claim pessimistically that the high-density transit-oriented
residential demand had reached saturation point (!!) in Ottawa by
1993. At the end of the day, they've had difficulty achieving their
goals, with regional employment share near transit stations
remaining fairly static from 1986--1991. But they're still far
ahead of most of North America.
}
}
@article{Pas96,
author = {Hafiz A.~Pasha},
title = {Suburban minimum lot zoning and spatial equilibrium},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 40,
number = 1,
pages = {1--12},
keywords = {zoning, equity, urban economics, urban planning}
}
@techreport{PayBla80,
author = {{Payne-Maxie Consultants} and {Blaney-Dyett, Urban and
Regional Planners}},
title = {The land use and urban development impacts of beltways},
year = 1980,
number = {DOT-OS-90079},
institution = {U.S. Department of Transportation and Departmen tof
Housing and Urban Development},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Pen99,
author = {Rolf Pendall},
title = {Do land use controls cause sprawl?},
year = 1999,
journal = {Environment and Planning B},
volume = 26,
number = 4,
pages = {555--571},
keywords = {urban planning, zoning, smart growth}
}
@techreport{PetYam75,
author = {G.~Peterson and H.~Yampolsky},
title = {Urban Development and the Protection of Metropolitan
Farmland},
year = 1975,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
institution = {The Urban Land Institute},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Piv90,
author = {Gary Pivo},
title = {The Net of Beads: Suburban Office Development in Six
Metropolitan Areas},
year = 1990,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 56,
number = 4,
pages = {457--469},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{Piv96,
author = {Gary Pivo},
title = {Towards Sustainable Urbanization in Mainstreet {C}ascadia},
year = 1996,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 13,
number = 5,
pages = {339--354},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@inproceedings{PobKen95,
author = {Chamlong Poboon and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Bangkok: Towards a sustainable traffic solution},
year = 1995,
month = feb,
booktitle = {Paper presented to Urban Habitat Conference},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{PobKen97,
author = {Chamlong Poboon and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Bangkok's traffic disaster: An international comparative
assessment of transportation and land use in {B}angkok with its
implications for air quality},
year = 1997,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Paper presented to Pathways to Sustainability Conference},
address = {Newcastle, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{PogSas91,
author = {J.~Pogodzinski and T.~Sass},
title = {Measuring the effects of municipal zoning regulations: a
survey},
year = 1991,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 28,
pages = {497--621},
keywords = { urban planning, zoning}
}
@book{Pop96,
author = {Albert Pope},
title = {Ladders},
publisher = {Rice School of Architecture; Princeton Architectural Press},
year = 1996,
address = {Houston, TX; New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {architecture, urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
annote = {
Discusses urban form in the freeway era, the different
connectivities of the grid system and the ``ladder'' system of the
freeway era, and Houston in particular. Some very interesting ideas
(judging from references), especially the notion of the freeway
system enforcing a hierarchy, and forming spiralling patterns in
contrast to the grid system. Unfortunately, my library doesn't have
a copy...
}
}
@book{Pun99,
author = {John V.~Punter},
title = {Design Guidelines in {A}merican Cities: A Review of Design
Policies and Guidance in Five {W}est-{C}oast Cities},
year = 1999,
publisher = {University of Liverpool Press},
address = {Liverpool, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, architecture}
}
@article{Pun99b,
author = {John V.~Punter},
title = {The {V}ancouver Experience},
year = 1999,
journal = {Urban Design Quarterly},
volume = 70,
pages = {33--37},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{RaaKen98,
author = {Tamim Raad and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The {US} and us},
year = 1998,
journal = {Alternatives},
volume = 24,
number = 1,
pages = {14--22},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Rab92,
author = {J.~Rabinovitch},
title = {Curitiba: Towards sustainable development},
year = 1992,
journal = {Environment and Urbanisation},
volume = 4,
number = 2,
pages = {62--73},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{Rad95,
author = {J.~Radberg},
title = {Termite's heap or rural villages? {T}he problems of urban
density and sustainability},
year = 1995,
month = apr,
booktitle = {The {E}uropean city---Sustaining urban quality,
Proceedings of Conference},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
publisher = {Ministry of Environment and Energy},
keywords = {ecology, urban planning}
}
@article{Rap75,
author = {A.~Rappaport},
title = {Toward a Redefinition of Density},
year = 1975,
journal = {Environment and Behavior},
volume = 7,
number = 2,
pages = {25--36},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@book{Ras1937,
author = {Steen Eiler Rasmussen},
title = {London: The Unique City},
year = 1937,
publisher = {Cape},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, history}
}
@techreport{RCUMR87,
author = {{Rice Center for Urban Mobility Research}},
title = {Assessment of Changes in Property Values in Transit Areas},
year = 1987,
institution = {Rice Center for Urban Mobility Research},
address = {Houston, TX, USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban planning, transit}
}
@techreport{RERC74,
author = {{Real Estate Research Corporation}},
title = {The Costs of Urban Sprawl},
year = 1974,
institution = {Real Estate Research Corporation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@article{Rob88,
author = {John Roberts},
title = {Where's downtown? `It went three years ago.'},
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
year = 1988,
month = may,
pages = {139--141},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@techreport{Rob89b,
author = {John Roberts},
title = {User-friendly cities: What {B}ritain can learn from mainland
{E}urope},
year = 1989,
institution = {Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST)},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, traffic calming}
}
@techreport{Rob91,
author = {John Roberts},
title = {Wrong side of the tracks},
year = 1991,
institution = {Transport and Environmental Studies (TEST)},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{RudFal99,
author = {David Rudlin and Nicholas Falk},
title = {Building the 21st Century Home: The Sustainable Urban
Neighbourhood},
year = 1999,
publisher = {Architectural Press},
keywords = {architecture, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Rus01,
author = {Ryan Russo},
title = {Parking \& Housing: Best Practices for Increasing Housing
Affordability and Achieving {S}mart {G}rowth},
year = 2001,
institution = {The Non-Profit Housing Association of Northern
California, Inc.},
url = {http://www.nonprofithousing.org/actioncenter/toolbox/parking/ParkingandHousing.pdf},
keywords = {parking, urban planning}
}
@article{SaeSalFra03,
author = {Brian E.~Saelens and Jim F.~Sallis and Lawrence D.~Frank},
title = {Environmental Correlates of Walking and Cycling: Findings
from Transportation, Urban Design and City Planning Literatures},
journal = {Annals of Behavioral Medicine},
year = 2003,
volume = 25,
number = 2,
pages = {80--91},
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, urban form},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Saelens\%20et\%20al\%20-\%20ABM\%20-\%202003.pdf},
abstract = {
Research in transportation, urban design, and planning has examined
associations between physical environment variables and
individuals' walking and cycling for transport. Constructs,
methods, and findings from these fields can be applied by physical
activity and health researchers to improve understanding of
environmental influences on physical activity. In this review,
neighborhood environment characteristics proposed to be relevant to
walking/cycling for transport are defined, including population
density, connectivity, and land use mix. Neighborhood
comparison and correlational studies with nonmotorized
transport outcomes are considered, with evidence suggesting
that residents from communities with higher density, greater
connectivity, and more land use mix report higher rates of
walking/cycling for utilitarian purposes than low-density,
poorly connected, and single land use neighborhoods. Environmental
variables appear to add to variance accounted for beyond
sociodemographic predictors of walking/cycling for transport.
Implications of the transportation literature for physical
activity and related research are outlined. Future research
directions are detailed for physical activity research to
further examine the impact of neighborhood and other physical
environment factors on physical activity and the potential
interactive effects of psychosocial and environmental
variables. The transportation, urban design, and planning
literatures provide a valuable starting point for
multidisciplinary research on environmental contributions to
physical activity levels in the population.
}
}
@book{Saf97,
author = {M.~Safdie},
title = {The City After the Automobile},
year = 1997,
publisher = {Basic Books},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Sal98,
author = {N.~Salingaros},
title = {Theory of the urban web},
year = 1998,
month = feb,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 3,
number = 1,
pages = {53--71},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@book{San98,
author = {Leonie Sandercock},
title = {Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities},
year = 1998,
publisher = {Wiley},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{SchScl80,
author = {K.~Schaeffer and E.~Sclar},
title = {Access for All: Transportation and Urban Growth},
year = 1980,
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, history}
}
@techreport{Sch98,
author = {Jan Scheurer},
title = {Car-free housing in {E}urope: A new approach to sustainable
residential development},
year = 1998,
type = {Discussion Paper},
institution = {Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch
University},
keywords = {urban planning},
url = {http://wwwistp.murdoch.edu.au/publications/projects/carfree/carfree.html}
}
@book{SchMey92,
author = {L.~Schipper and S.~Meyers},
title = {Energy Efficiency and Human Activity: Past Trends, Future
Prospects},
year = 1992,
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
institution = {Cambridge Studies in Energy and the Environment},
keywords = {energy, urban planning},
annote = {
According to Hall (1997), this includes discussion of
methodological problems with NewKen87.
}
}
@book{Sch79,
author = {Ken Schneider},
title = {On the nature of cities: Towards creative and enduring human
environments},
year = 1979,
publisher = {Jossey-Bass},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology}
}
@article{SchDijDie04,
author = {Tim Schwanen and Martin Dijst and Frans M.~Dieleman},
title = {Policies for Urban Form and their Impact on Travel: the
{N}etherlands Experience},
year = 2004,
month = mar,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 41,
number = 3,
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{SchLin05,
author = {J.~Schilling and L.~Linton},
title = {The public health roots of zoning: in search of active
living's legal genealogy},
year = 2005,
journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
volume = 28,
number = 2,
pages = {96--104},
keywords = {active transportation, history, urban planning}
}
@article{SeeSee97,
author = {M.~Seelig and J.~Seelig},
title = {{C}ity{P}lan: Participation or Abdication?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Plan Canada},
volume = 37,
number = 5,
pages = {18--22},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{Sew77,
author = {John Sewell},
title = {{D}on {M}ills: {E.P.~T}aylor and {C}anada's first corporate
suburb},
year = 1977,
journal = {City Magazine},
volume = 21,
number = 2,
pages = {28--38},
keywords = {canada, urban planning}
}
@book{Sew93,
author = {John Sewell},
title = {The Shape of the City: {T}oronto Struggles with Modern
Planning},
year = 1993,
publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
priority = 4,
keywords = {canada, urban planning},
annote = {
This looks like a great book, with some fascinating examples of bad
ideas from a former mayor of Toronto.
}
}
@techreport{ShaMil00,
author = {Amer S.~Shalaby and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Travel in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea: Past and current
behaviour and relation to urban form},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
type = {The {N}eptis {F}oundation Study},
institution = {University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, ilute, canada, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{ShePet98,
author = {B.C.~Sheer and M.~Petkov},
title = {Edge city morphology; a comparison of commercial centres},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 1998,
volume = 64,
pages = {298--310},
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, urban form}
}
@article{Sho95b,
author = {W.~Shore},
title = {Recentralization: the single answer to more than a dozen
{U}nited {S}tates problems and a major answer to poverty},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 61,
number = 4,
pages = {496--503},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, equity}
}
@incollection{Sid64,
author = {G.~Sidenbladh},
title = {Planning Problems in {S}tockholm},
booktitle = {Regional and City Planning: Seven Articles on Planning
Problems in {G}reater {S}tockholm},
publisher = {Planning Commission of the City of Stockholm},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
year = 1964,
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{Smi84,
author = {W.~Smith},
title = {Mass Transit for High-Rise, High-Density Living},
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
volume = 110,
number = 6,
year = 1984,
pages = {521--535},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form}
}
@book{SouBen97,
author = {Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph},
title = {Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities},
year = 1997,
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
edition = {1st},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban form, streets, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{SouBen03,
author = {Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph},
title = {Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities},
year = 2003,
publisher = {Island Press},
edition = {2nd},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban form, streets, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{SouPar96,
author = {Michael Southworth and B.~Parthasarathy},
title = {The suburban public realm {I}: its emergence, growth and
transformation in the {A}merican metropolis},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 1,
number = 3,
pages = {245--264},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban design}
}
@article{SouPar97,
author = {Michael Southworth and B.~Parthasarathy},
title = {The suburban public realm {II}: {E}urourbanism, {N}ew
{U}rbanism, and the implications for urban design in the {A}merican
metropolis},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 2,
number = 1,
pages = {9--35},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban design, new urbanism}
}
@techreport{SPUR98,
author = {SPUR},
title = {Reducing Housing Costs by Rethinking Parking Requirements},
year = 1998,
institution = {The {S}an {F}rancisco Planning and Urban Research
Association},
url = {http://www.spur.org/documents/spurhsgpkg.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, equity, parking}
}
@techreport{Ste73,
author = {G.~Sternlieb},
title = {Housing development and municipal costs},
year = 1973,
institution = {Rutgers University Press, Centre for Urban Policy
Research},
address = {New Brunswick, NJ, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, finance}
}
@inproceedings{Sti82,
author = {Sj.~Stienstra},
title = {The {W}inkelerf: improving environment for pedestrians in
shopping streets without banning all cars},
year = 1982,
booktitle = {PTRC Summer Annual Meeting},
publisher = {Warwick University},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@article{StiSim00,
author = {Ben Still and David C.~Simmonds},
title = {Parking Restraint Policy and Urban Vitality},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transport Reviews},
volume = 20,
number = 3,
pages = {291--316},
keywords = {urban planning, parking},
abstract = {
The aim of the paper is to examine whether parking restraint
policies may have impacts on the economic vitality of urban
centres. Literature from empirical, attitudinal and modelling
studies is reviewed within a structure based around a conceptual
framework of parking impacts. The search for relevant material was
undertaken both for the UK and overseas, but the discussion and
conclusions were related to the UK context. Original modelling was
undertaken and is reported here. This review found that as parking
restraint policies have not been previously implemented with
consistency or longevity, there is a lack of direct evidence, given
that land-use impacts typically involve a long-term response.
Furthermore, different methods of examining impacts have come to
very different conclusions. Attitudinal evidence suggests that
there is a high level of sensitivity to parking provision, whereas
aggregate statistical studies tend to find only a weak
relationship. The reasons underlying these differences are
discussed. Land-use/transport models show impacts if there is
sufficient change in generalized cost, although the spatial
distribution of impacts, and impacts by household or employment
disaggregation, vary considerably. Given the inconclusive nature of
the evidence to date, only tentative policy implications can be
drawn. Recommendations for further research are outlined, both for
empirical study and for model enhancements.
},
doi = {10.1080/014416400412823},
url = {http://www.etudes.ccip.fr/archrap/pdf99/lem9905a.pdf}
}
@book{Sto73,
author = {P.A.~Stone},
title = {The Structure, Size and Costs of Urban Settlements},
year = 1973,
series = {Economic and Social Studies},
volume = 28,
publisher = {National Institute of Economic and Social
Research/Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Sve04,
author = {{\AA}se Svensson},
title = {{A}rterial {S}treets for People: Guidance for Planners and
Decision Makers when Reconstructing Arterial Streets},
year = 2004,
url = {http://www.tft.lth.se/guide/guidecompleng050921.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban design, street design, streets},
institution = {ARTISTS Consortium},
address = {Malm{\"o}, Sweden}
}
@article{Tal02,
author = {Emily Talen},
title = {Help for Urban planning: the {T}ransect Strategy},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of Urban Design},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {293--312},
doi = {10.1080/1357480022000039349},
keywords = {urban design, new urbanism, urban planning}
}
@book{Tal05,
author = {Emily Talen},
title = {{N}ew {U}rbanism and {A}merican Planning: The Conflict of
Cultures},
year = 2005,
month = jul,
publisher = {Routledge},
keywords = {new urbanism, urban planning}
}
@article{TalKna03,
author = {Emily Talen and Gerrit-Jan Knaap},
title = {Legalizing smart growth: an empirical study of land use
regulation in {I}llinois},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 22,
pages = {345--359},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth}
}
@book{Tom97,
author = {Ray Tomalty},
title = {The compact metropolis: Growth management and intensification
in {V}ancouver, {T}oronto, and {M}ontreal},
year = 1997,
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
publisher = {ICANN Publications},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, smart growth}
}
@article{TopPha94,
author = {H.~Topp and T.~Pharoah},
title = {Car-free City Centers},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 21,
pages = {231--247},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Tro92,
author = {P.N.~Troy},
title = {Let's look at that again},
year = 1992,
journal = {Urban Policy and Research},
volume = 10,
number = 1,
pages = {41--49},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{Tro96,
author = {P.N.~Troy},
title = {The perils of urban consolidation},
year = 1996,
publisher = {The Federation Press},
address = {Leichardt, Sydney, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{TunPus63,
author = {C.~Tunnard and Boris Pushkarev},
title = {Man-made {A}merica: Chaos or Control?},
year = 1963,
publisher = {Yale University Press},
address = {New Haven, CI, USA},
keywords = {urban planning}
}
@book{vandenBerDreKla82,
editor = {van den Berg, L. and R.~Drewett and L.~Klaassen},
title = {Urban {E}urope: A Study in Growth and Decline},
year = 1982,
publisher = {Pergamon},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {geography, urban planning}
}
@incollection{vandenBerKla87,
author = {van den Berg, L. and L.~Klaassen},
title = {The contagiousness of urban decline},
editor = {van den Berg, L. and L.~Burns and L.~Klaassen},
booktitle = {Spatial Cycles},
year = 1987,
pages = {84--99},
publisher = {Gower},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {geography, urban planning}
}
@article{vanWeevanderHor96,
author = {van Wee, B. and van der Horne, T.},
title = {Employment Location as an Instrument for Transport Policy in
the {N}etherlands},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 3,
number = 3,
pages = {81--89},
keywords = {urban planning, location choice, transport planning, firm behaviour},
annote = { Dutch ABC system. }
}
@techreport{Van64,
author = {J.~Vance},
title = {Geography and Urban Evolution in the {S}an {F}rancisco {B}ay
{A}rea},
year = 1964,
institution = {Institute of Governmental Studies, University of
California},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, history, geography}
}
@article{Voi93,
author = {R.~Voith},
title = {Changing capitalization of {CBD}-oriented transprotation
systems: evidence from {P}hiladelphia},
year = 1993,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 33,
pages = {361--376},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Wac93,
author = {Martin Wachs},
title = {Learning from {L}os {A}ngeles: Transport, Urban Form, and Air
Quality},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 20,
number = 14,
pages = {329--359},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@article{WacTayLevOng93,
author = {Martin Wachs and B.D.~Taylor and N.~Levine and P.~Ong},
title = {The changing commute: a case-study of the jobs-housing
relationship over time},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 30,
pages = {1711--1729},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@book{War62,
author = {S.B.~Warner},
title = {Streetcar Suburbs},
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
year = 1962,
keywords = {history, transport planning, urban planning, transit}
}
@article{War91,
author = {Tony Warnes},
title = {Cities and Automobiles: A Sourcebook},
type = {Book Review},
journal = {Urban Studies},
year = 1991,
volume = 28,
number = 2,
pages = {289--290},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{WB02,
author = {{World Bank}},
title = {Cities on the Move: A {W}orld {B}ank Urban Transport Strategy
Review},
year = 2002,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
institution = {World Bank},
keywords = {transport planning, finance, urban planning}
}
@article{Web76,
author = {M.~Webber},
title = {The {BART} Experience: What Have We Learned?},
year = 1976,
journal = {Public Interest},
volume = 12,
number = 3,
pages = {76--108},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Wei99,
author = {J.~Weitz},
title = {From quiet revolution to {S}mart {G}rowth: State growth
management programs, 1960 to 1999},
year = 1999,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 14,
pages = {267--338},
keywords = {smart growth, urban planning}
}
@article{Whe93,
author = {William C.~Wheaton},
title = {Land capitalization, {T}iebout mobility and the role of zoning
regulations},
year = 1993,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 34,
pages = {102--117},
keywords = {urban planning, zoning, urban economics, equity}
}
@book{Whi93,
author = {J.~Whitelegg},
title = {Transport for a Sustainable Future: The Case for {E}urope},
year = 1993,
publisher = {Belhaven Press},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Why58,
author = {William H.~Whyte},
title = {Urban Sprawl},
year = 1958,
month = jan,
pages = {103--111, 194, 198},
journal = {Fortune},
keywords = {urban planning, history}
}
@book{Why88,
author = {William H.~Whyte},
title = {City: Discovering the Center},
year = 1988,
publisher = {Anchor},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@techreport{WriLov02,
author = {R.M.~Wright and R.~Loveridge},
title = {The evolving physical condition of the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea: Space, form, change},
year = 2002,
type = {The {N}eptis {F}oundation Study},
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@inproceedings{YiZha06,
author = {Chang Yi and Ming Zhang},
title = {Cul-de-sac vs. grid: Comparing street connectivity and
pedestrian accessibility of urban forms in the {H}ouston Metropolitan
Area},
year = 2006,
month = jan,
booktitle = {Presented at the Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, pedestrian planning}
}
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