@comment{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.91}}
@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_urban_form.bib -c 'keywords: "urban form"' ref.bib}}
@article{AndKanMil96,
author = {William P.~Anderson and Pavlos S.~Kanaroglou and Eric
J.~Miller},
title = {Urban Form, Energy and the Environment: A Review of Issues,
Evidence and Policy},
year = 1996,
month = feb,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 33,
number = 1,
pages = {7--35},
keywords = {transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, energy},
status = {read}
}
@article{ArcSmi93,
author = {Wayne R.~Archer and Marc T.~Smith},
title = {Why Do Suburban Offices Cluster?},
year = 1993,
journal = {Geographical Analysis},
volume = 25,
number = 1,
pages = {53--64},
status = {read},
keywords = {location choice, firm behaviour, urban form}
}
@article{AudSheSmi90,
author = {Ivonne Audirac and Anne H.~Shermylen and Marc T.~Smith},
title = {Ideal Urban Form and Visions of the good life: {F}lorida's
Growth Management Dilemma},
year = 1990,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 56,
number = 4,
pages = {471--483},
status = {read},
quality = 1,
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{Bou96,
author = {Larry S.~Bourne},
title = {Reurbanization, Uneven Urban Development, and the Debate on
New Urban Forms},
year = 1996,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 17,
number = 8,
pages = {690--713},
status = {read},
keywords = {geography, urban form, urban planning},
annote = {
Some interesting discussions on infill development. I found his
description of centre-city abandonment interesting: ``premature
write-down of the existing built environment.'' That particular
economic spin on downtown decay summarizes my intuitive dislike for
rundown centre city buildings. Consider a Victorian or Edwardian
storefront in downtown Toronto: these are considered too expensive to
build today in new neighbourhoods, and yet we let the existing
stock of (valuable!) buildings decay in many parts of the city.
Bourne discusses an interesting model from Klaassen and van den
Burg (over many papers). They characterize urban evolution in four
stages: 1) urbanization; 2) outmigration; 3) disurbanization; and
4) reurbanization. It's an interesting breakdown for recent urban
history, particularly in Canadian cities that are generally in
phase four now.
Bourne also discusses the poor information/data available on
single-lot infill sites in cities, and some strange strategies to
combat urban decay, like Detroit's empowerment/enterprise zone in
its centre.
}
}
@incollection{BreRoo93,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney and Ralph Rookwood},
title = {Planning the sustainable city region},
year = 1993,
booktitle = {Planning for a sustainable environment},
editor = {A.~Blowers},
publisher = {Earthscan},
address = {London, UK},
pages = {150--189},
status = {read},
keywords = {sustainability, urban form}
}
@article{Cer96b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Jobs-housing balance revisited: Trends and impacts in the
{S}an {F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 62,
number = 4,
pages = {492--511},
keywords = {urban planning, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
This paper is the best I've read on the jobs-housing issue, with
a careful distinction between balance and containment, an
examination of balance-with-mismatch, and a more careful analysis
of the impacts on VMT and mode split.
One finding that interested me: balance was not correlated
with a substantial change in VMT, but containment was (and was also
correlated with higher levels of walking). Another interesting
conclusion: imbalance is a planning failure, not a market failure,
since it usually happens in jobs-surplus areas where residents
apply political pressure (read: NIMBYism) to fight any
market-driven changes to the residential stock.
I liked the description of jobs-housing balance as the potential for
self-containment. I see the actual level of self-containment to be
a function of two variables: jobs-housing balance, and travel
times. Jobs-housing balance allows a city to easily respond to
congestion or degraded travel times, by giving workers the option
of moving closer to their jobs.
}
}
@book{Cer98,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry},
year = 1998,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Cer98/index.html},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, transit-oriented development}
}
@article{Cer03,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Road Expansion, Urban Growth, and Induced Travel: A Path
Analysis},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 2003,
volume = 69,
number = 2,
pages = {145--163},
url = {http://www.planning.org/newsreleases/pdf/Cervero.pdf},
quality = 5,
keywords = {transport planning, induced travel, urban form, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Claims that roadway investments spur new travel, known as induced
demand, and thus fail to relieve traffic congestion have
thwarted road development in the United States. Past studies
point to a significant induced demand effect. This research
employs a path model to causally sort out the links between
freeway investments and traffic increases, using data for 24
California freeway projects across 15 years. Traffic increases
are explained in terms of both faster travel speeds and land
use shifts that occur in response to adding freeway lanes.
While the path model confirms the presence of induced travel in
both the short and longer run, estimated elasticities are lower
than those of earlier studies. This research also reveals
significant ``induced growth'' and ``induced investment''
effects---real estate development gravitates to improved
freeways, and traffic increases spawn road investments over
time. Travel-forecasting models are needed that account for
these dynamics.
},
annote = {
A much more sophisticated methodology to help untangle a
complicated problem. The model suggests that it may be possible to
build out of congestion without road pricing, although the
author speculates that the ultimate urban form may look something
like Houston. An interesting side note is the role of density,
which exerts a strong influence on the level of induced demand.
Unfortunately, since the dataset is from Southern California where
truly high densities are rare, the model cannot say too much about
roadway expansion in dense areas.
}
}
@article{CerDun03,
author = {Robert Cervero and Michael Duncan},
title = {Walking, Bicycling and Urban Landscapes: Evidence from the
{S}an {F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
year = 2003,
volume = 93,
number = 9,
pages = {1478--1483},
keywords = {active transportation, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, bicycle modelling},
status = {read},
abstract = {
Some claim that cardependent cities contribute to obesity by
discouraging walking and bicycling. In this article, we use household
activity data from the San Francisco region to study the links between
urban environments and nonmotorized travel.
We used factor analysis to represent the urban design and land-use
diversity dimensions of built environments. Combining factor scores
with control variables, like steep terrain, that gauge impediments to
walking and bicycling, we estimated discrete-choice models.
Builtenvironment factors exerted far weaker, although not
inconsequential, influences on walking and bicycling than control
variables.
Stronger evidence on the importance of urban landscapes in shaping foot
and bicycle travel is needed if the urban planning and public health
professions are to forge an effective alliance against cardependent
sprawl.
},
annote = {
A good study looking at the factors influencing cycling and
walking. The perspective is Cervero's usual framework, the three Ds:
density, diversity and design. All three are found to have significant
influences on bicycle usage, with the residential end being
slightly more important. Of the urban form variables, the presence
of neighbourhood retail is found to be the strongest predictor of
walking.
From an evaluation standpoint, I wish these authors would
standardize/normalize the coefficients of their models! After
limiting to statistically significant variables, normalization
would allow me to compare the relative influence of each
variable on bicycle usage. It would also be extremely useful to
include the mean and standard deviation of all input variables, to
allow some rough comparisons to other study areas. If the input
data has low variance (e.g., a uniformly low-density suburb),
meaningful patterns could be missed.
Finally, the bicycle model seems pretty shoddy---the rho-squared
value is only 0.13! Since it only considers factors at origin and
destination, I imagine it's missing a massive amount of valuable
data, like the topography, safety and quality of the route itself.
},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1447996}
}
@article{CerKoc97,
author = {Robert Cervero and Kara Maria Kockelman},
title = {Travel Demand and the 3 {D}s: Density, Diversity and Design},
year = 1997,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 2,
number = 3,
pages = {199--219},
status = {read},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link },
abstract = {
The built environment is thought to influence travel demand along
three principal dimensions -- density, diversity, and design.
This paper tests this proposition by examining how the ``3Ds''
affect trip rates and mode choice of residents in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Using 1990 travel diary data and land-use
records obtained from the U.S. census, regional inventories,
and field surveys, models are estimated that relate features of the
built environment to variations in vehicle miles traveled per
household and mode choice, mainly for non-work trips. Factor
analysis is used to linearly combine variables in the density
and design dimensions of the built environment. The research
finds that density, land-use diversity, and pedestrian-oriented
designs generally reduce trip rates and encourage non-auto
travel in statistically significant ways, though their
influences appear to be fairly marginal. Elasticities between
variables and factors that capture the 3Ds and various measures
of travel demand are generally in the .06 to .18 range,
expressed in absolute terms. Compact development was found to exert
the strongest influence on personal business trips.
Within-neighborhood retail shops, on the other hand, was most
strongly associated with mode choice for work trips. And while
a factor capturing ``walking quality'' was only moderately
related to mode choice for non-work trips, those living in
neighborhoods with grid-iron street designs and restricted
commercial parking were nonetheless found to average
significantly less vehicle miles of travel and rely less on
single-occupant vehicles for non-work trips. Overall, this
research shows that the elasticities between each dimension of
the built environment and travel demand are modest to moderate,
though certainly not inconsequential. Thus is supports the
contention of new urbanists and others that creating more
compact, diverse, and pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods, in
combination, can meaningfully influence how Americans travel.
},
annote = {
A solid study, and a useful decomposition of urban form. By the
time I got around to reading it, I'd seen several similar papers
(like Cervero and Duncan's later followup), so the conclusion was
not surprising.
}
}
@article{DavNelDue94,
author = {Judy S.~Davis and Arthur C.~Nelson and Kenneth J.~Dueker},
title = {The New 'Burbs: The Exurbs and Their Implications for Planning
Policy},
year = 1994,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 60,
number = 1,
pages = {45--59},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{Dow92,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion},
year = 1992,
publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = { transport planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, urban form, induced travel, zoning },
status = {read},
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Dow92/index.html}
}
@book{Dow04,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion},
year = 2004,
publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, congestion pricing, transportation demand management, transit, land use transport link, urban form, induced travel, zoning },
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Dow92/index.html}
}
@article{Dow05,
author = {Anthony Downs},
title = {Smart {G}rowth: Why We Discuss It More Than We Do It},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 71,
number = 4,
pages = {367--378},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, urban politics, smart growth }
}
@article{DuaTal02,
author = {Andr\'{e}s Duany and Emily Talen},
title = {Transect Planning},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 3,
pages = {254--266},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, new urbanism}
}
@article{Dun04,
author = {Robert T.~Dunphy},
title = {Housing and Traffic},
year = 2004,
month = feb,
journal = {Urban Land},
volume = 63,
number = 2,
pages = {76--80},
publisher = {Urban Land Institute},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
status = {read},
annote = {
Interesting, with some good statistics. The author shows that if
transportation and housing costs are combined, total spending
amounts to 47--57\% of income across almost all of the United States.
The split between transport and housing varies dramatically, of course,
but the point is that you aren't really saving people any money by
building an auto-dependent region; you're just choosing a different
urban form. Top 10 most expensive: San Diego, Tampa, Los Angeles,
Miami, Denver, Atlanta, Phoenix, Cleveland and San Francisco.
Bottom 11: Portland, Baltimore, Houston, Milwaukee, Kansas City,
Anchorage, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis/St. Paul, St. Louis and
Honolulu. New York, surprisingly, is right in the middle of the
pack.
}
}
@article{Ewi97,
author = {Reid Ewing},
title = {Counterpoint: Is {L}os-{A}ngeles-style sprawl desirable?},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 1997,
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {107--126},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, land use transport link},
annote = {
A good counterpoint to Gordon \& Richardson's article. My one
regret with this article: because the author tries to stick to
a clearly defensible urban form, and because he tries to avoid seeming
``hopelessly European or Canadian,'' his definition of a
``compact'' urban form is actually quite low-density and sprawling
by any other nation's standards. He advocates a density of about 4
units per acre, which is below the level required to support even
one bus every half hour.
}
}
@article{Fil96,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = { Metropolitan planning objectives and implementation constraints:
planning in a post-{F}ordist and postmodern age },
year = 1996,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 28,
number = 9,
pages = {1637--1660},
keywords = { geography, urban planning, politics, canada, urban form },
status = {read},
abstract = {
Planning faces the predicament that as recommendations become
bolder possibilities for implementation deteriorate. This is
imputed to society's transition from a Fordist and modern to a
post-Fordist and postmodern era. On the one hand, postmodern
values account for more public participation and heightened
environmental sensitivity, which translate into proposals for
alternative forms of urban development. On the other hand, the
implementation of these proposals is impaired by reduced public
sector resources as a result of the economic instability
associated with post-Fordism. Another impediment is the
difficulty to achieve sufficient support for planning
objectives in the postmodern context. This context is marked by
a fragmentation of values, attachment to the existing built
environment, and suspicion between social groups. The empirical
focus is on Toronto's bold metropolitan planning proposals.
Most recent planning documents call for reurbanization efforts,
a compact urban form, and reduced reliance on the car. In this
paper I cast doubts, however, on the eventual actualization of
these proposals by highlighting weaknesses in the present
and anticipated implementation context. These are tied to
factors that are specific to Toronto, but also to a greater
extent to the post-Fordist and postmodern environment.
},
annote = {
A few interesting ideas. He argues that the postmodern attachment of
value to public participation and plural views could undermine
processes aimed at changing suburban form to better accommodate
plurality. He suggests that NIMBYism arises from suspicion
between factions in a fractured society, and this will in turn
hinder changes to existing urban form (infill, etc.) and favour
greenfield development where such arguments can be avoided. In the
light of his arguments, I find policies such as urban growth
boundaries more appealing: they prevent greenfield alternatives and
force NIMBYism to be confronted directly. Toronto already seems to
be headed in this direction, as social housing projects are
increasingly recognised as necessary and located in all wards, instead
of being fought off by all wards.
}
}
@article{Fil03,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = { Towards Smart Growth? {T}he Difficult Implementation of
Alternatives to Urban Dispersion},
year = 2003,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {48--70},
keywords = { urban planning, urban politics, canada, urban form, smart growth},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The smart growth concept has recently achieved prominence within
the planning profession. It represents a reaction to mounting
resentment towards the adverse consequences of prevailing forms of
urbanization: air pollution, high development costs and
deteriorating quality of life. The article examines the possibility
of implementing smart growth proposals within the prevailing
political, economic and value environment. After drawing lessons
from the lack of success of attempts at altering urban development
over the last thirty years, the article proposes two smart growth
strategies. To maintain their implementation potential and capacity
to modify urbanization trends, the strategies avoid clashes with
entrenched preference patterns and powerful interest groups. The
first strategy consists in an expansion of the high-density
transit-oriented compact urban realm into the ambient low-density
car-dependent dispersed realm. The second strategy involves the
creation of mixed-use high-density corridors, hospitable to transit
use and walking, within newly urbanized areas.
},
annote = {
An excellent article, aimed at realistic incremental policies to
change urban densities, the main obstacle to mode share changes.
The solutions he presents are not new at all, but the political
context and discussion of suburban values are worth thinking about.
}
}
@article{FilBunMcSTse04,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and Kathleen Mc{S}purren and
Alan Tse},
title = {Canada-{U.S.} Metropolitan Density Patterns: Zonal Convergence
and Divergence},
year = 2004,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 25,
number = 1,
pages = {42--65},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, canada},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The paper compares density patterns of the three largest Canadian
metropolitan regions with those of a sample of 12 U.S. urban areas
with comparable populations. It verifies if such patterns support
claims of Canadian urban distinctiveness prevalent within this
country's research literature. Findings indicate that regional
differences among U.S. cities are as important as cross-national
distinctions. Measures of centrality and overall density place
observed Canadian metrpolitan areas within the same category as
older U.S. East Coast metropolitan areas. Inter-city comparisons of
historically and geographically defined zones suggest a period of
cross-national convergence before World War II, when the inner city
was developed, followed by a period of divergence from the 1940s to
the 1970s, when the inner suburb was built. The development of the
outer suburb, which began in the early 1970s, marks a return to
cross-national convergence. These results question the continued
relevance of the literature on the distinctiveness of Canadian
urbanization.
},
annote = {
Very interesting. They find that Canadian cities, as a group, do
stand out from American cities---they are denser overall (than
American cities of comparable size), and denser in their cores and
inner suburbs. In the outer suburbs, however, densities are
indistinguishable from American cities. Beyond that, however,
Canadian cities have much smaller exurban regions than their
American counterparts. They fit a cubic polynomial
to the density/distance-from-CBD graph, and don't find Canadian
cities to be as distinctive in that measure; I'm not sure how solid
their analysis there is, though (haven't read it closely enough).
Generally, the Canadian cities are distinctive as a group, since
all of the major Canadian cities are dense, but are generally
similar to northeastern American cities. The U.S. just has a wider
variety of cities. ``Our work does not so much refute the
perspective espoused by the Canadian urban specificity literature
as situate it historically and geographically. According to zonal
findings and events that have marked the evolution of cities in the
two countries, most of the noted cross-national differences can be
linked to the period that ran from the end of World War II to the
1970s.'' Overall, I don't think their results justify the final
sentence of their abstract (repeated in their introduction); I
think Canadian cities are quite distinctive. In particular, they
don't discuss exurban trends very much, although these are a very
significant part of American city development today: the Canadian
cities have only 18 percent of their population in exurban areas,
while the American cities are clustered closer to 30 percent, with
some as high as 50 percent (Atlanta, Boston).
}
}
@article{FraAndSch04,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Martin A.~Andresen and Thomas L.~ Schmid},
title = {Obesity Relationships with community design, physical
activity, and time spent in cars},
year = 2004,
month = aug,
volume = 27,
number = 2,
pages = {87--96},
journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/ajpm-aug04.pdf},
abstract = {
Obesity is a major health problem in the United States and
around the world. To date, relationships between obesity and
aspects of the built environment have not been evaluated
empirically at the individual level.
Objective
To evaluate the relationship between the built environment
around each participant's place of residence and self-reported
travel patterns (walking and time in a car), body mass index
(BMI), and obesity for specific gender and ethnicity
classifications.
Body Mass Index, minutes spent in a car, kilometers walked,
age, income, educational attainment, and gender were derived
through a travel survey of 10,878 participants in the Atlanta,
Georgia region. Objective measures of land use mix, net residential
density, and street connectivity were developed within a
1-kilometer network distance of each participant's place of
residence. A cross-sectional design was used to associate urban
form measures with obesity, BMI, and transportation-related
activity when adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.
Discrete analyses were conducted across gender and ethnicity.
The data were collected between 2000 and 2002 and analysis was
conducted in 2004.
Land-use mix had the strongest association with obesity (BMI>=30
kg/m^2), with each quartile increase being associated
with a 12.2\% reduction in the likelihood of obesity across
gender and ethnicity. Each additional hour spent in a car per
day was associated with a 6\% increase in the likelihood of
obesity. Conversely, each additional kilometer walked per day
was associated with a 4.8\% reduction in the likelihood of
obesity. As a continuous measure, BMI was significantly
associated with urban form for white cohorts. Relationships
among urban form, walk distance, and time in a car were
stronger among white than black cohorts.
Measures of the built environment and travel patterns are
important predictors of obesity across gender and ethnicity,
yet relationships among the built environment, travel patterns, and
weight may vary across gender and ethnicity. Strategies to
increase land-use mix and distance walked while reducing time
in a car can be effective as health interventions.
},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very useful addition to the debates on urban form. I'm a fan of
anything bring active transportation into the debate, rather than
just trying to reduce SOV trips. I'm curious about why they
found land-use mix and walking distance to be statistically
independent influences on obesity. Their speculation that it may
be related to nutrition (and so-called ``food deserts'') is an
interesting idea.
}
}
@article{FraPiv94,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Gary Pivo},
title = {Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes
of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {44--52},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, transit, active transportation, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Findings from an empirical analysis to test the impacts of land-use
mix, population density, and employment density on the use of the
single-occupant vehicle (SOV), transit and walking for both work
trips and shopping trips are presented. The hypothetical
relationships tested focused on whether there is a relationship
between urban form and modal choice, whether this relationship
exists when controlling for non-urban form factors, whether this
relationship is linear or nonlinear, and whether a stronger
relationship exists between modal choice and urban form when they
are measured at both trip ends as opposed to either the origin or
the destination. A review of the literature and experiences
suggested that a fair amount of information is known about the
impacts of density on mode choice. However, considerable debate
exists over whether density itself is actually the causal stimulus
or a surrogate for other factors. To address this issue a data base
was developed with a comprehensive set of variables for which
density may be a proxy, for example, demographics and level of
service. This analysis employed a correlational research design in
which mode choice was compared among census tracts with differing
levels of density and mix. Findings from this research indicate
that density and mix are both related to mode choice, even when
controlling for non-urban form factors for both work trips and
shopping trips. Furthermore, the relationship between population
and employment density and mode choice for SOV, transit and walking
is nonlinear for both work and shopping trips. Transit usage and
walking increase as density and land-use mix increase, whereas SOV
usage declines. The findings from this research suggest that
measuring urban form at both trip ends provides a greater ability
to predict travel choices than looking at trip ends separately. The
findings also suggest that increasing the level of land-use mix at
the trip origins and destinations is also related to a reduction in
SOV travel and an increase in transit and walking.
},
annote = {
Solid research, with more convincing methodology than Sch96 (which
I read at about the same time).
Overall, the most interesting result of the paper is the
demonstration of nonlinearity. Figures 2 and 3 of their paper show
a graph of modal share vs. employment density, and vs. population
density. These graphs show that major increases in bus/walk modes
only happen at employment densities greater than 125
employees/acre (work trips), or 13 residents/acre (shopping trips).
The implications for policy are obvious: if you aren't going to
reach those thresholds, you're wasting your time. Also, the
employment graph shows substantial nonlinearity: between 75 and 125
employees/acre, there is essentially no change in mode share.
They also had some predictable results: walking trips were the most
sensitive to increases in population density; it's worth
considering densities at both trip ends (i.e., both residential
population density and employment population density); etc.
}
}
@article{Gil06,
author = {Billie Giles-Corti},
title = {People or places: what should be the target?},
year = 2006,
journal = {Journal of Science \& Medicine in Sports},
volume = 9,
pages = {357--366},
status = {read},
keywords = {active transportation, urban form}
}
@article{GorVip05,
author = {D.~Gordon and S.~Vipond},
title = {Gross density and {N}ew {U}rbanism: comparing conventional and
{N}ew {U}rbanist suburbs in {M}arkham, {O}ntario},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 71,
number = 1,
pages = {41--54},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban design, urban form, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism },
annote = {
Very interesting. Markham looks like it may be a good control case
for future investigations. Having lived away from the GTA for many
years, I was surprised to hear of consistent support for such
policies from Markham, which was quite car-dependent in my time.
}
}
@article{GorKumRic89,
author = {Peter Gordon and Ajay Kumar and Harry Richardson},
title = {The Influence of Metropolitan Spatial Structure on Commuting
Time},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 26,
pages = {138--151},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning, transport modelling, land use transport link},
status = {read},
annote = {
A reasonable paper, but I'm skeptical of the data. The authors used
highly aggregated metropolitan-level data to draw inferences about
travel behaviour, which seems a bit dubious. They did at least
include a variable summarizing how ``monocentric'' each area was,
but did not otherwise disaggregate the data at all. I'm not
convinced that behaviour can be analysed meaningfully at that scale.
}
}
@article{GorRic97,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {95--106},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
quality = 2,
status = {read},
url = {http://astro.temple.edu/~jmennis/Courses/GUS_0150/readings/Gordon97.htm},
annote = {
While initially convincing, this article relies on some very
dubious rhetorical methods to attack compact urban form. It's
worthwhile if only to help develop the critical skills to dissect
invalid argumentation. Be sure to read Ewing (1997) as well.
}
}
@article{Gra02,
author = {Jill Grant},
title = {Mixed Use in Theory and Practice: {C}anadian Experience with
Implementing a Planning Principle},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 1,
pages = {71--84},
quality = 1,
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban form, zoning}
}
@article{Gre03,
author = {Michael J.~Greenwald},
title = {The Road Less Travelled: {N}ew {U}rbanist Inducements to
Travel Mode Substitution for Nonwork Trips},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 23,
number = 1,
pages = {39--57},
status = {read},
doi = {10.1177/0739456X03256248},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, transport planning, pedestrian planning},
annote = {
I haven't fully absorbed the meaning of this author's models yet.
}
}
@techreport{GVRD96,
author = {{Greater Vancouver Regional District}},
title = {Livable Region Strategic Plan},
year = 1996,
institution = {Greater Vancouver Regional District},
address = {Burnaby, BC, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/growth/lrsp/LRSP.pdf}
}
@article{Hal97,
author = {Peter Hall},
title = {The Future of the Metropolis and its Form},
year = 1997,
journal = {Regional Studies},
volume = 31,
number = 3,
pages = {211--220},
status = {read},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form},
annote = {
Some interesting discussion of the British experience in urban
planning, drawing from Stone (1973). On the basis of cost, Stone
recommended settlements of about 250,000 people instead of a huge
monocentric city. Hall draws comparisons between the British
experience of heavy land use regulation and the American
experience, and finds that while British planning restricted land
supply and raised housing prices, any solution today would require
massive releases of land in high pressure areas, causing a
dismemberment of the land use planning system. He discussed
European sustainable urban development policies (pedestrian zones,
traffic calming, and road pricing), but argues that by focusing on
the centre they may be transferring the problem to the suburbs. He
includes some interesting discussion of late 1990s planning efforts
in France to provide radial transit to the inner
suburbs of Paris (ORBITALE) and extensions of the RER system
(LUTECE). He also discusses the Dutch ABC system (EXTRA).
},
quality = 3
}
@incollection{Hal01,
author = {Peter Hall},
title = {Sustainable cities or town cramming?},
year = 2001,
booktitle = {Planning for a sustainable future},
editor = {Antonia Layard and Simin Davoudi and Susan Batty},
pages = {101--114},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
chapter = 7,
status = {read},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning},
annote = {
I found this article interesting, and it spanned a wide range of
the debates on ``desirable density.'' I liked the effort to discuss
net vs. gross density, comparisons of many different measures, the
relation to declining household size (and hence lower person
densities), and the relation to transit service. However, I found
some of the arguments unpersuasive, particularly the argument in
favour of a density of 30--40 units/net hectare---but perhaps I need
to read the source study. I quite liked the historical aside of
``London vs. the continent'' (Rasmussen 1937) and even the bleeding
edge of American debate (Jacobs and Appleyard 1987).
Useful refs on density: DETR 1998 report (BSPUCLLD98), Rudlin and
Falk (1999); also, Susan Owens (1984).
}
}
@article{HanBoaEwiKil02,
author = {Susan L.~Handy and Marlon G.~Boarnet and Reid Ewing and
Richard E.~Killingsworth},
title = {How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from
urban planning},
year = 2002,
journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
volume = 23,
number = {2S},
pages = {64--73},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, active transportation}
}
@book{Har96,
author = {Richard Harris},
title = {Unplanned Suburbs: {T}oronto's {A}merican Tragedy, 1900 to
1950},
year = 1996,
publisher = {John Hopkins University Press},
address = {Baltimore, MD, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban form, canada},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Har96/index.html }
}
@incollection{Hil96b,
author = {Mayer Hillman},
title = {In Favour of the Compact City},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?},
editor = {Mike Jenks and Elizabeth Burton and Katie Williams},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {London, UK},
pages = {36--44},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban form, sustainability}
}
@article{Hua96,
author = {Herman Huang},
title = {The Land-Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
pages = {17--30},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
A brief survey of literature on Toronto, San Francisco, Washington,
Boston, Cleveland, Atlanta, Calgary, Edmonton, Portland and San Diego.
Many, many good references.
},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, canada}
}
@article{Jab06,
author = {Yosef Rafeq Jabareen},
title = {Sustainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models, and
Concepts},
year = 2006,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 26,
number = 1,
pages = {38--52},
doi = {10.1177/0739456X05285119},
keywords = {sustainability, urban form, new urbanism},
annote = {
Overall, a bit mixed in quality. I found the carefully delineated
distinction between smart growth, new urbanism and compact cities
to be useful, although a bit short. The eco-city remains a concept
I consider unworkable, and I found the evaluation of the different
concepts to be a bit ridiculous.
A good quote from Edwards (1996): ``architects have a
larger share of responsibility for the world's consumption of
fossil fuel and global warming gas production than any other
professional group.''
},
status = {read}
}
@article{KenLau99,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube},
title = {Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international
overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications
for urban policy},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 33,
pages = {691--723},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
quality = 5,
annote = {
An excellent summary of the dataset collected in their 1999 book,
with useful analysis. It's presented in a much more neutral,
distanced light than some of their earlier work. The methodology
still undoubtedly has problems, such as the use of Metro Toronto
instead of the Greater Toronto Area for the city definition. That
introduces some massive bias into all references to Toronto, since
it excludes all of the sprawling suburbs, including Mississauga
(which now has a population over 600,000 and was already quite large in
1990).
While it might not suit their agenda, I would like to see
housing costs included in the analysis. There is a clear
relationship between density and greater competition for limited
land and housing, and any analysis of regional economic
competitiveness really has to take housing costs into account.
Newman and Kenworthy's core argument that land use influences
transport has a clear converse, but they seem to have chosen to
ignore it here.
}
}
@article{KriLev05,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek and David M.~Levinson},
title = {Teaching Integrated Land Use-Transportation Planning: Topics,
Readings and Strategies},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 24,
number = 3,
pages = {304--316},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, urban form, urban planning},
status = {read},
annote = {
A very useful article regarding the land use-transport link. They
examined courses taught on the subject, and their syllabi. The key
books were MooTho94 and Dow92/Dow04, and Cer96b was a key article,
as was the debate between Ewi97 and GorRic97. Other publications
included Giu95, Cra98, and Lev99.
}
}
@techreport{LitEnc,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Online Transportation Demand Management Encylopedia},
year = 2005,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/index.php},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility }
}
@book{Mar05,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Streets \& Patterns: The Structure of Urban Geometry},
year = 2005,
publisher = {Spon Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
quality = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {streets, urban planning, urban form, transport planning, street design, urban design}
}
@article{MilSha03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby},
title = {Evolution of Person Travel in the {T}oronto {A}rea and Policy
Implications},
year = 2003,
month = mar,
journal = {ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 129,
number = 1,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit, urban form},
abstract = {
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the historical evolution
of personal travel behavior in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) over
the past 35 years. The analysis indicates that in many respects the
GTA taken as a whole is similar to other cities within North
America in terms of increasing auto ownership; increasing
individual auto-drive trip rates; increasing suburbanization of
population and employment into areas poorly served by transit;
increasingly complex travel patterns; and transit, at best, maintaining
a constant number of trips per capita but losing modal share. The
analysis also highlights ways in which the GTA, particularly the
city of Toronto, deviates from the North American ``norm.'' These
include transit per capita ridership, overall mode splits,
revenue-cost operating ratios are still extremely high by
North American standards; the regional commuter rail
system has been very successful in attracting
increasing numbers of commuters from outside Toronto
into the Toronto central area; the continuing strength
of the Toronto central area has provided a strong,
viable transit service; and more generally, the relatively
high density and transit orientation of development
throughout the city of Toronto is highly supportive of
transit.
},
annote = {
Some very useful background on the transportation context of
Toronto. While I grew up in that city, I actually knew fairly
little about the evolution of its transportation system, so this
was quite useful to me. Not very revolutionary in content (it's
just a basic historical review), but worthwhile; a few good
references (Mee02, Shi97, PucLef96, WriLov02).
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{MilSob03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {Travel Demand and Urban Form},
year = 2003,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
type = {Issue Paper},
number = 9,
url = { http://www.neptis.org/library/cf_download.cfm?file=travel_demand_nip9.pdf\&path=\\ },
keywords = {transport planning, canada, urban planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
annote = {
A good report, with a realistic and progressive vision for the
future. I found the maps comparing Toronto, Square One and Pearson
trip ends extremely interesting (figures II.7 - II.9).
}
}
@article{MinRavSal04,
author = {Orit Mindali and Adi Raveh and Ilan Salomon},
title = {Urban Density and Energy Consumption: A New Look at Old
Statistics},
year = 2004,
month = feb,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 38,
number = 2,
status = {read},
pages = {143--162},
keywords = {urban form, land use transport link, energy},
annote = {
They looked at the NewKen89 data using a different statistical
technique, and claimed to find poor statistical support for the
density correlation to energy use, at least for North American and
Australian cities. European cities showed a significant relation to
inner city and CBD density. I remain skeptical overall, though. I
need to read more about their statistical methods before making any
conclusions, though.
}
}
@article{MouLeeCheColJohSchWea05,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Chanam Lee and Allen D.~Cheadle and
Cheza W.~Collier and Donna Johnson and Thomas L.~Schmid and
Robert D.~Weather},
title = { Cycling and the Built Environment, a {US} perspective},
year = 2005,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 10,
number = 3,
status = {read},
pages = {245--261},
abstract = {
This disaggregate cross-sectional study uses primary data on the
cycling behavior of 608 randomly sampled respondents in urbanized King
County, Washington, and objective parcel-level GIS measures of land use
and infrastructure conditions. Binary logit model findings provide new
insights on who bicycles, and on perceived and actual built
environmental conditions associated with the likelihood of cycling in
neighborhoods, controlling for socio-demographic variables. A high
21\% of the respondents report cycling at least once a week in their
neighborhood, more often for recreation or exercise than for
transportation. Cycling is more popular among male, younger adults,
transit users, and those who are physically active and in good health.
Both perceived and objective environmental conditions contribute to the
likelihood of cycling. Proximity to trails and the presence of
agglomerations of offices, clinics/hospitals, and fast food
restaurants, measured objectively, are significant environmental
variables. Previously researched correlates of cycling, such as the
presence of bicycle lanes, traffic speed and volume, slope, block size,
and the presence of parks, are found insignificant when objectively
measured. A non-linear relationship is found between the odds of
cycling and the perception of traffic problems and automobile-oriented
facilities. Overall, cycling is only moderately associated with the
neighborhood environment. It appears to be an individual choice that is
independent from environmental support. This finding likely reflects
the limited bicycle infrastructure in the sample frame---an
unfortunate condition found in most US metropolitan regions. Policy and
intervention programs could increase cycling by improving both actual
and perceived environmental conditions.
},
annote = {
The study is severely limited by its sampling frame
and by casting its net too broadly. If it had focused only on work
trips or shopping trips, the results would probably be more
meaningful. Of course, given the survey method and the miniscule
mode share of cycling, this would be extremely expensive.
},
keywords = {bicycle planning, urban form}
}
@incollection{Mul86,
author = {Peter O.~Muller},
title = {Transportation and Urban Form: Stages in the Spatial Evolution
of the {A}merican Metropolis},
year = 1986,
booktitle = {The Geography of Urban Transportation},
editor = {Susan Hanson},
edition = {1st},
chapter = 2,
publisher = {Guildford Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
pages = {26--52},
status = {read},
keywords = { urban form, land use transport link, history },
annote = {
An interesting take on a classic topic. (See also: MooTho94,
NewKen96, etc.) I found the discussion of class interesting:
dispersed development (initially in the form of streetcar suburbs,
later in the form of auto suburbs) allowed the middle-class to
achieve something that had previously been reserved for the
upper-class: income segregation. Prohibition was part of this
process: dry districts were partly intended to keep out the working
classes. Streetcars also opened up enough space to allow the
formation of ethnic neighbourhoods for the first time, which is
certainly evident in a city like Toronto. The period from 1920--1930
was the ``point im time, many geographers and planners would agree,
that intrametropolitan transportation achieved its greatest level
of efficiency---the burgeoning city truly `worked.' '' Muller cites
some great studies: Bae78 shows the evolution of land uses along a
Minneapolis freeway corridor from 1953--1976 as a new `downtown'
emerged along the freeway.
}
}
@article{Neu05,
author = {Michael Neuman},
title = {The Compact City Fallacy},
year = 2005,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 25,
number = 1,
pages = {11--26},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban form, energy},
annote = {
An interesting, clearly and calmly written article, but not
entirely convincing in its central argument. I liked the discussion
and dissection of sustainability themes (something I haven't read
too much about), but I find the condemnation of compact cities and
New Urbanism a little premature. Neuman's criticisms are largely
legitimate---particularly with regard to the actual New Urbanist
developments on the ground---and I am quite sympathetic to the goal
of organic city processes, but I think urban form (and density in
particular) remains a key component of any future sustainable
city: a necessary condition, but not sufficient.
}
}
@article{NewKen89b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Comparison of {U.S.}~Cities
with a Global Survey},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 1,
pages = {24--37},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning, canada, energy, land use transport link, urban form, transit },
rating = 4,
annote = {
This was the first I read by these authors; this article and their
1989 book are classic texts in the field.
It's an ambitious and impressive effort, although I doubt that
anyone will ever completely believe either their data or their
results. Nevertheless, the data collection effort is laudable,
especially when they include information on parking and relative
speeds. Since reading this, I've improved my stats quite a bit, and
I'd like to revisit it (or their 1999 followup) and see if I buy
their results and conclusions. I'd also like to look into the
econometric models they criticised.
One choice quote: ``Toronto has a much stronger transit system
(50?? vehicle miles of service per capita) than do U.S. or
Australian cities, a feature with its dense land use; its provision
for automobiles is also much less than that in U.S. and Australian
cities. The diversity of its transit systems, which include
commuter rail, subway, modern trams on-street and new LRT on
separated tracks, electric trolleys, and diesel buses (as well as
comprehensive cycle ways), provides a powerful comparison to nearby
Detroit, which has an almost complete commitment to the automobile.
The per capita gasoline consmuption in Detroit is double that in
Toronto; transit use is 0.8 percent of total passenger miles in
Detroit, compared with 16.7 percent in Toronto. However, the
difference in gasoline consumption in Detroit and Toronto cannot be
explained simply by the difference in transit use. For example, if
all of Toronto's transit users transferred to car the per capita
use of gasoline would increase by 53 gallons, making Toronto's
usage still 184 gallons per capita lower than that of Detroit. The
Toronto transit system is part of an overall more energy-efficient
city, despite Toronto having lower gasoline prices in 1980 and less
fuel-efficient vehicles than the U.S. Indeed, Toronto is one of the
few cities in the world with well-developed policies for
transportation energy conservation based on land use strategies.''
}
}
@article{NewKen96,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use-transportation connection: an overview},
year = 1996,
month = jan,
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {1--22},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form},
abstract = {
There is a growing international movement, ``The New Urbanism'',
which seeks to reconnect transport with land use and in particular
to establish transit-oriented development where higher-density,
mixed-use areas built around high-quality transit systems provide a
focused urban structure that can help to loosen the grasp of
automobile dependence. There are many case studies around the
world of cities which demonstrate this process of reconnecting
land use and transport. The cases of Singapore, Hong Kong,
Zurich (Switzerland), Copenhagen (Denmark), Freiburg (Germany),
Toronto and Vancouver (Canada), Portland, Oregon (USA) and Perth
(Australia) are briefly described here to show the various
levels of achievement in very different environments around the
world.
},
rating = 4,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/NewKen96/index.html }
}
@book{NewKen99,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence},
year = 1999,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
rating = 5,
keywords = {general interest, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, energy, sustainability},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/NewKen99/index.html }
}
@article{NorMacKen06,
author = {Jonathan Norman and Heather L.~Mac{L}ean and Christopher
A.~Kennedy},
title = {Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle
Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions},
year = 2006,
month = mar,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 132,
number = 1,
pages = {10--21},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10)},
keywords = {climate mitigation, urban form, canada, lifecycle analysis, toronto},
url = {http://www.growingsensibly.org/cmapdfs/Comparing%20High%20and%20Low%20Resedential%20Density%20-%20Life%20Cycly%20Analysis%20of%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emmissions.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96c,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: A Guidebook for Practitioners},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 2 Part III},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-3.pdf}
}
@book{PusZup77,
author = {Boris S.~Pushkarev and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Public Transportation and Land Use Policy},
year = 1977,
publisher = {Indiana University Press},
address = { Bloomington, IN, USA },
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link},
status = {read},
rating = 5,
annoteurl = { http://www.davidpritchard.org/sustrans/PusZup77/index.html }
}
@article{Sch96,
author = {Paul Schimek},
title = {Household Motor Vehicle Ownership and Use: How Much Does
Residential Density Matter?},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1552,
pages = {120--125},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport modelling, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{SonKna04,
author = {Yan Song and Gerrit-Jan Knaap},
title = {Measuring Urban Form: Is {P}ortland Winning the War on
Sprawl?},
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
year = 2004,
volume = 70,
number = 2,
url = {http://www.planning.org/japa/pdf/JAPAsong.pdf},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
status = {read}
}
@article{TalEll02,
author = {Emily Talen and Cliff Ellis},
title = {Beyond Relativism: Reclaiming the Search for Good City Form},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 22,
pages = {36--49},
keywords = {philosophy, urban form},
status = {read},
abstract = {
This article argues that the search for a theory of good city form
should be given a more prominent place in planning theory alongside
theories of planning as a process. The professional practice of
city and regional planning requires well-validated, durable
criteria for successful outcomes. Fortunately, many recent
developments in philosophy, science, political theory, and the arts
challenge the postmodern relativism that has deflected attention
away from normative theory toward procedural issues. The authors
argue that planners should take advantage of these new ideas and
launch a renewed quest for the elements of good city form.
},
annote = {
Taking off from Lyn81 and borrowing from Turner's theory of the
"radical centre,'' this article discusses the need for good urban
form as a key part of planning theory. A good quote: ``As Duany et.
al (2000) have argued, our goal should be a very high `win-loss
ratio,' not sporadic, serendipitous victories.''
}
}
@article{Whe03,
author = {Stephen M.~Wheeler},
title = {The Evolution of Urban Form in {P}ortland and {T}oronto:
implications for sustainability planning},
year = 2003,
month = jun,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {317--336},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/1083947350-55615933/ftinterface~content=a713685047~fulltext=713240930},
keywords = {urban form, canada, streets, history, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism},
abstract = {
This paper analyses the evolution of urban form in two North American
metropolitan regions (Portland and Toronto) and asks how more
sustainable regional form might come about in the future in these and
other urban areas. In the past, dominant patterns of urban form have
emerged in such regions at different historical periods. These
morphological phases include mid 19th-century grids, streetcar suburb
grids, garden suburbs, automobile suburbs and New Urbanist
neighbourhoods (which have only recently made an appearance and may or
may not become widespread). Judging by the performance of past types of
urban morphology, five design values appear particularly important for
more sustainable urban form in the future: compactness, contiguity,
connectivity, diversity and ecological integration. Although these
principles were not well supported by 20th-century development,
contemporary movements such as the New Urbanism and Smart Growth
re-emphasise them. The example of these two regions indicates that, in
the absence of new technological, economic or geographical forces,
public sector institutions and urban social movements represent the
most likely means to bring about new, more sustainable types of urban
form.
}
}
@incollection{Wil00,
author = {Katie Williams},
title = {Does intensifying cities make them more sustainable?},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Achieving sustainable urban form},
editor = {Katie Williams and Elizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks},
pages = {30--45},
address = {London, UK},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
status = {read},
keywords = {sustainability, urban form}
}
@article{Ale65,
author = {Christopher Alexander},
title = {A city is not a tree},
journal = {Architectural Forum},
volume = 122,
year = 1965,
month = {April, May},
pages = {58--62, 58--61},
keywords = {architecture, urban design, urban form, streets, street design },
annote = {
Apparently, a critique of hierarchical, tree-like city design
(particularly conventional suburban street layouts)
}
}
@article{AnaArnSma98,
author = {Alex Anas and R.~Arnott and Kenneth A.~Small},
title = {Urban spatial structure},
year = 1998,
journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
volume = 36,
pages = {1426--1464},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{Aug1948,
author = {Tracy B.~Augur},
title = {The Dispersal of Cities as a Defensive Measure},
year = 1948,
month = {Summer},
journal = {Journal of the American Institute of Planners},
pages = {29--35},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, history}
}
@article{Bae78,
author = {T.J.~Baerwald},
title = {The emergence of a new ``downtown.''},
year = 1978,
journal = {Geographical Review},
volume = 68,
pages = {308--318},
keywords = { urban form, land use transport link }
}
@techreport{BSPUCLLD98,
author = {{Bartlett School of Planning} and {University College London}
and {Llewelyn-Davies Consultants}},
title = {The Use of Density in Urban Planning},
year = 1998,
month = jun,
type = {Research Report},
number = {RES71},
isbn = {1-85112-071-8},
institution = {Department of the Environment, Transport and the
Regions},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{Bat05,
author = {Michael Batty},
title = {Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular
Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals},
year = 2005,
month = oct,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban form, agent-based modelling}
}
@techreport{Bat07,
author = {Michael Batty},
title = {Complexity in City Systems: Understanding, Evolution and
Design},
year = 2007,
type = {Working Paper},
number = {117},
institution = {Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College
London},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{BerWil90,
author = {J.~Bergdall and R.~Williams},
title = {Perception of Density},
year = 1990,
journal = {Berkeley Planning Journal},
volume = 5,
pages = {15--38},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, urban design}
}
@article{BoaSar98,
author = {Marlon G.~Boarnet and S.~Sarmiento},
title = {Can land-use policy really affect travel behavior: a study of
the link between non-work travel and land-use characteristics},
year = 1998,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 35,
pages = {1155--1169},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning }
}
@inproceedings{Bon00,
author = {Marco Bontje},
title = {The network city: a realistic planning concept? {R}ecent trends
in daily mobility and their possible planning implications in the
{N}etherlands},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {IFHP 2000 Rotterdam: Urban Networks, Towards a New
Planning Perspective},
pages = {168--172},
url = {http://members.chello.nl/smetaal/ufm.htm},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{BooWen88,
author = {L.~Bookout and J.~Wentling},
title = {Density by Design},
journal = {Urban Land},
volume = 47,
year = 1988,
pages = {10--15},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, urban design}
}
@incollection{Bou00,
author = {M.E.~Bouwman},
title = {Changing mobility patterns in a compact city: Environmental
impacts},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Compact Cities and Sustainable Urban Development: A
critical assessment of policies and plans from an international
perspective},
editor = {G.~{de Roo} and D.~Miller},
publisher = {Ashgate},
address = {Aldershot, UK},
keywords = {urban form, energy, transport planning, land use transport link},
annote = {
Allegedly finds very little differences in energy use across a
range of spatial settings in the Netherlands.
}
}
@incollection{Boy76,
author = {D.~Boyce},
title = {Impact of Rapid Transit on Residential Property Sales Prices},
year = 1976,
booktitle = {Space Location and Regional Development},
editor = {M.~Chatterjee},
pages = {145--153},
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {land use transport link, transport planning, transit, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{Bre91,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Contradictions of the Compact City},
year = 1991,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 60,
pages = 21,
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{Bre92,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Sustainable Development and Urban Form},
year = 1992,
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@incollection{Bre96,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Counterurbanisation and sustainable urban forms},
booktitle = {Cities in Competition: The Emergence of Productive and
Sustainable Cities for the 21st Century},
editor = {J.~Brotchie and M.~Batty and P.~Hall and P.~Newton},
publisher = {Longman Cheshire},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
year = 1996,
pages = {402--429},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@incollection{Bre96b,
author = {Michael J.~Breheney},
title = {Centrists, Decentrists and Compromisers: Views on the Future
of Urban Form},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?},
editor = {Mike Jenks and Elizabeth Burton and Katie Williams},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {London, UK},
pages = {13--35},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@book{Bru05,
author = {Robert Bruegmann},
title = {Sprawl: a compact history},
year = 2005,
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
keywords = {urban form},
priority = 1,
annote = {
From the one chapter I've read (10), this doesn't seem like a very
worthwhile text. The rhetoric was quite extreme, and the
perspective was 100\% libertarian. Most importantly, his
argumentation was quite weak, and he relied upon quite a bit of
rhetorical sleight of hand to ``prove'' his points.
}
}
@article{BunFilPri02,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion and H.~Priston},
title = {Density Gradients in {C}anadian Metropolititan Regions,
1971--96: Differential Patterns of Central Area and Suburban Growth and
Change},
year = 2002,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 39,
number = 13,
pages = {2531--2552},
abstract = {
This paper demonstrates that over the 25-year period, 1971-96, the
majority of Canadian cities have undergone transition towards an
increasingly decentralised urban form. The trends, however, are quite
diverse, pointing to fundamental differences in the respective
importance of growth in central and outer parts of the metropolitan
area. On the whole, the relatively high densities observed in Canadian
central cities, in comparison with US ones, appear to reflect residual
centralisation rather than continued growth in metropolitan regions'
innermost parts. Only Vancouver, and to a lesser extent Toronto and
Victoria, exhibit indisputable evidence of post-1971 central-area
growth. The predominant trend has been towards suburban-style,
low-density expansion, albeit with considerable intercity variation
regarding changes in central-area and suburban density. Findings
presented here point to previously unidentified trends towards
recentralisation in a few CMAs and, in about half of the surveyed
metropolitan areas, densification of suburban tracts.
},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban form }
}
@techreport{BurLowDolGalDowSesStiMoo02,
author = {Robert Burchell and George Lowenstein and William R.~Dolphin
and Catherine C.~Galley and Anthony Downs and Samuel Seskin and
Katherine Gray Still and Terry Moore},
title = {Costs of Sprawl 2000},
type = {Report},
number = 74,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 2002,
publisher = {National Academy Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_74-a.pdf}
}
@techreport{BurShaLisPhiDowSesDavMooHelGal98,
author = {Robert Burchell and Naveed A.~Shad and David Listokin
and Hilary Phillips and Anthony Downs and Samuel Seskin and
Judy S.~Davis and Terry Moore and David Helton and Michelle Gall},
title = {Costs of Sprawl Revisited},
type = {Report},
number = 39,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1998,
publisher = {National Academy Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, urban planning},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_39-a.pdf}
}
@article{Bur00,
author = {Elizabeth Burton},
title = {The compact city: Just or just compact? {A} preliminary analysis},
year = 2000,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 37,
number = 11,
pages = {1969--2001},
priority = 5,
keywords = {equity, urban form}
}
@article{Cer88,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Land Use Mixing and Suburban Mobility},
year = 1988,
month = jul,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
pages = {429--446},
volume = 42,
number = 3,
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?003.pdf}
}
@article{Cer89,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Jobs-Housing Balance and Regional Mobility},
year = 1989,
journal = {American Planning Association Journal},
volume = 55,
number = 2,
pages = {136--150},
keywords = { urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?050.pdf}
}
@article{Cer89b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Suburban Employment Centers: Probing the Influence of Site
Features on the Journey-to-Work},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
pages = {75--85},
keywords = { urban planning, urban form, urban design },
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?049.pdf}
}
@article{Cer91c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Congestion relief: the land use alternative},
year = 1991,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 10,
pages = {119--129},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{Cer93,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Ridership Impacts of Transit-Focused Development in
{C}alifornia},
year = 1993,
type = {Monograph},
number = 45,
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
institution = {Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University
of California},
keywords = {transit, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{Cer95,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Sustainable New Towns: {S}tockholm's rail-served satellites},
year = 1995,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {41--51},
keywords = { transit, urban planning, rail, urban form }
}
@article{Cer96,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Mixed Land-Uses and Commuting: Evidence from the {A}merican
Housing Survey},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 30,
number = 5,
pages = {361--377},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form },
abstract = {
Past research suggests that mixed land-uses encourage non-auto
commuting; however, the evidence remains sketchy. This paper
explores this question by investigating how the presence of
retail activities in neighborhoods influences the commuting
choices of residents using data from the 1985 American Housing
Survey. Having grocery stores and other consumer services
within 300 feet of one's residence is found to encourage
commuting by mass transit, walking and bicycling, controlling
for such factors as residential densities and vehicle ownership
levels. When retail shops are beyond 300 feet yet within 1
mile of residences, however, they tend to encourage
auto-commuting, ostensibly because of the ability to
efficiently link work and shop trips by car. The
presence of nearby commercial land-uses is also
associated with relatively low vehicle ownership rates
and short commuting distances among residents of a
mixed-use neighborhood. Overall, residential densities
exerted a stronger influence on commuting mode choices
than levels of land-use mixture, except for walking and
bicycle commutes. For non-motorized commuting, the
presence or absence of neighborhood shops is a better
predictor of mode choice than residential densities.
}
}
@article{Cer96c,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Traditional Neighborhoods and Commuting in the {S}an
{F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation},
volume = 23,
pages = {373--394},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning, urban design}
}
@article{Cer02,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Built Environments and Mode Choice: Toward a Normative
Framework},
year = 2002,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {265--284},
keywords = {urban form, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{CerRad95,
author = {Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch},
title = {Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented
neighborhoods},
year = 1995,
month = jul,
type = {Working Paper},
institution = {University of California Transportation Center},
number = 281,
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.uctc.net/scripts/countdown.pl?281.pdf}
}
@article{CerRad96,
author = {Robert Cervero and Carolyn Radisch},
title = {Travel choices in pedestrian versus automobile oriented
neighborhoods},
journal = {Transport Policy},
year = 1996,
volume = 3,
pages = {127--141},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, urban planning, urban form, urban design, land use transport link},
annote = { Apparently fairly important - shows benefits of traditional
neighbourhood design. }
}
@techreport{CerSes95,
author = {Robert Cervero and Samuel Seskin},
title = {The Relationship Between Transit and Urban Form},
year = 1995,
type = {Research Results Digest},
number = 7,
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, land use transport link, transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{CerTsa03,
author = {Robert Cervero and Yu-Hsin Tsai},
title = {Job Access and Reverse Commuting Initiatives in {C}alifornia:
Review \& Assessment},
year = 2003,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1859,
pages = {79--86},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@article{CerWu97,
author = {Robert Cervero and K.L.~Wu},
title = {Polycentrism, Commuting, and Residential Location in the {S}an
{F}rancisco {B}ay {A}rea},
year = 1997,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 29,
pages = {865--886},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Chu99,
author = {Arza Churchman},
title = {Disentangling the Concept of Density},
year = 1999,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 13,
number = 4,
pages = {389--411},
doi = {10.1177/08854129922092478},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{Cra96,
author = {Randall Crane},
title = {The influence of uncertain job location on urban form and the
journey to work},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 39,
number = 3,
pages = {342--358},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form, land use transport link, location choice}
}
@article{Cra00,
author = {Randall Crane},
title = {The impacts of urban form on travel: an interpretive review},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 15,
pages = {3--23},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{DonMarZeg06,
author = {Perdo Donoso and Francisco Mart{\'i}nez and Christopher
Zegras},
title = {Potential Use of Clean-Development Mechanism in Structuring
Cities for Carbon-Efficient Transportation},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1983,
pages = {158--166},
keywords = {climate mitigation, land use transport link, urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{Dor75,
author = {D.~Dornbush},
title = {{BART}-Induced Changes in Property Values and Rents: Land Use
and Urban Development Projects, Phase I, {BART} Impact Study},
year = 1975,
institution = {U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, land use transport link, urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Dud01,
author = {Michael Quinn Dudley},
title = {Sprawl as Strategy: City Planners Face the Bomb},
year = 2001,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 21,
pages = {52--63},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, history}
}
@article{EwiHalPag94,
author = {Reid Ewing and Padma Haliyur and G.~William Page},
title = {Getting Around a Traditional City, a Suburban Planned Unit
Development, and Everything in Between},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {53--62},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{EwiPenChe02,
author = {Reid Ewing and Rolf Pendall and Don Chen},
title = {Measuring Sprawl and its Impact},
year = 2002,
institution = {Smart Growth America},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
url = {http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/sprawlindex/MeasuringSprawl.PDF},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{Fil07,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {The {U}rban {G}rowth {C}entres Strategy in the {G}reater
{G}olden {H}orseshoe: Lessons from Downtowns, Nodes, and Corridors},
year = 2007,
month = may,
series = {Neptis Studies on the Toronto Metropolitan Region},
institution = {The Neptis Foundation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban form, canada, toronto},
url = {http://www.neptis.org/library/cf_download.cfm?file=Filion_electronic_report_20070528.pdf}
}
@article{For99,
author = {L.~Ford},
title = {Lynch revisited: {N}ew {U}rbanism and theories of good city
form},
year = 1999,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 16,
number = 4,
pages = {247--257},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, new urbanism}
}
@article{Fra94,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank},
title = {Impacts of Mixed Used and Density on Utilization of Three
Modes of Travel: Single-Occupant Vehicle, Transit, Walking},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {44--52},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form}
}
@techreport{FraEng00,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke},
title = {An Annotated Bibliography of Research on Land Development and
Transportation Practices that Impact Physical Activity and Health},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
institution = {Active Community Environments},
type = {Working Paper},
number = 2,
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, urban form, land use transport link, urban planning},
url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pdf/aces-workingpaper2.pdf}
}
@article{FraEng01,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke},
title = {The built environment and human activity patterns: exploring
the impacts of urban form on public health},
year = 2001,
month = nov,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 16,
number = 2,
pages = {202--218},
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Frank\%20and\%20Engelke\%20-\%20JPL\%20-\%202001.pdf},
abstract = {
An increasing body of evidence suggests that moderate forms of
physical activity (such as walking and bicycling), when engaged
in regularly, can have important beneficial effects on public
health. This article reviews current public health, planning,
and urban design research to determine, first, how walking and
bicycling might be critically important exercise behaviors for
improving public health, second, how urban form affects the
frequency of walking and bicycling as a form of physical
activity, and third, how the public health considerations
outlined in this article might reorient planners' thinking
toward the realization of health-promotive environments. The
current lack of emphasis on the interdependencies between built
form and overall quality of life, as measured by health,
safety, and welfare considerations, suggests the need for a
rethinking of public policy approaches to transportation
investment and land development.
}
}
@article{FraEng04,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke},
title = {Multiple Impacts of Urban Form on Public Health},
year = 2004,
journal = {International Regional Science Review},
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@book{FraEngSch03,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke and Thomas L.~Schmid},
title = {Health and Community Design: The Impacts of the Built
Environment on Physical Activity},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2003,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{FraEngSchKil01,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Peter O.~Engelke and Thomas L.~Schmid
and Richard E.~Killingsworth},
title = {How Land Use and Transportation Systems Impact Public Health:
A Literature Review of the Relationship Between Physical Activity
and Built Form},
year = 2001,
institution = {Active Community Environments},
number = 1,
type = {Working Paper},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, active transportation, land use transport link, urban form},
url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pdf/aces-workingpaper1.pdf}
}
@article{FraStoBac00,
author = {Lawrence D.~Frank and Brian Stone and William Bachman},
title = {Linking land use with household vehicle emissions in the
{C}entral {P}uget {S}ound: Methodological framework and findings},
year = 2000,
month = may,
journal = {Transportation Research D},
volume = 5,
number = 3,
pages = {173--196},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Frank\%20et\%20al\%20-\%20TR\%20-\%202000.pdf},
abstract = {
A leading cause of air pollution in many urban regions is mobile
source emissions that are largely attributable to household
vehicle travel. While household travel patterns have been
previously related with land use in the literature (Crane, R.,
1996. Journal of the American Planning Association 62
(1, Winter); Cervero, R. and Kockelman, C., 1997.
Transportation Research Part D 2 (3), 199--219), little
work has been conducted that effectively extends this
relationship to vehicle emissions. This paper describes a
methodology for quantifying relationships between land use,
travel choices, and vehicle emissions within the Seattle,
Washington region. Our analysis incorporates land use measures of
density and mix which affect the proximity of trip origins to
destinations; a measure of connectivity which impacts the
directness and completeness of pedestrian and motorized
linkages; vehicle trip generation by operating mode; vehicle
miles/h of travel and speed; and estimated household vehicle
emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and
carbon monoxide. The data used for this project consists of the
Puget Sound Transportation Panel Travel Survey, the 1990 US
Census, employment density data from the Washington State
Employment Security Office, and information on Seattle's
vehicle fleet mix and climatological attributes provided by the
Washington State Department of Ecology. Analyses are based on a
cross-sectional research design in which comparisons are made
of variations in household travel demand and emissions across
alternative urban form typologies. Base emission rates from
MOBILE5a and separate engine start rates are used to calculate
total vehicle emissions in grams accounting for fleet
characteristics and other inputs reflecting adopted
transportation control measures. Emissions per trip are based
on the network distance of each trip, average travel speed, and
a multi-stage engine operating mode (cold start, hot start, and
stabilized) function.
}
}
@book{FruFraJac04,
author = {Howard Frumkin and Lawrence D.~Frank and Richard Jackson},
title = {Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and
building for healthy communities},
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
year = 2004,
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{GalHanRatWolColFre01,
author = {G.~Galster and R.~Hanson and M.~Ratcliffe and H.~Wolman and
S.~Coleman and J.~Freihage},
title = {Wrestling sprawl to the ground: Defining and measuring an
elusive concept},
year = {2001},
journal = {Housing Policy Debate},
volume = 12,
number = 4,
pages = {681--717},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{Giu95,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano},
title = {The Weakening Transportation-Land Use Connection},
year = 1995,
journal = {Access Magazine},
volume = 6,
pages = {3--11},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{GiuSma93,
author = {Genevieve Giuliano and Kenneth A.~Small},
title = {Is the journey to work explained by urban structure?},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 30,
pages = {1485--1500},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{GorRic89,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Reply},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 3,
pages = {342--345},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning, energy, land use transport link}
}
@article{GorRic96,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Beyond Polycentricity: The Dispersed Metropolis, {L}os
{A}ngeles, 1970--1990},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 62,
number = 3,
pages = {161--173},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{GorRic97b,
author = {Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson},
title = {Where's the Sprawl?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 63,
number = 1,
pages = {275--278},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{Han96,
author = {Susan L.~Handy},
title = {Urban form and pedestrian choices: study of {A}ustin
neighborhoods},
year = 1996,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1552,
pages = {135--144},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, pedestrian planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{Han96b,
author = {Susan L.~Handy},
title = {Understanding the link between urban form and nonwork travel
behavior},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 15,
pages = {183--198},
keywords = {land use transport link, urban form, transport planning}
}
@incollection{Hen96,
author = {David A.~Hensher},
title = {Selective but Important Challenges Facing the Transport
Sector},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {Designing Transport \& Urban Forms for the {A}ustralia of
the 21st Century},
editor = {J.~Richmond},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
publisher = {Institute of Transport Studies, University of New South
Wales},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Hol94,
author = {John Holtzclaw},
title = {Using residential patterns and transit to decrease auto
dependence and costs},
year = 1994,
institution = {Natural Resources Defense Council},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@inproceedings{HuKen96,
author = {G.~Hu and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {A preliminary study of land use and transportation patterns in
{C}hinese cities: Caging the automobile dragon},
year = 1996,
booktitle = {Paper presented to the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch
University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{IBI07b,
author = {{IBI Group}},
title = {Transportation Trends and Outlooks for the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea and {H}amilton: Needs and Opportunities},
year = 2007,
month = jan,
address = {Toronto, ON},
institution = {IBI Group},
url = {http://www.gtta.com/en/news/Strategic%20Transit%20Directions_2007-01-29.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, toronto, transit, urban planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{IhlSjo89,
author = {K.~Ihlandfeldt and D.~Sjoquist},
title = {The Impact of Job Decentralization on the Economic Welfare of
Central City Blacks},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 26,
pages = {110--130},
keywords = {sociology, equity, urban economics, urban planning, urban form}
}
@book{JakScu04,
author = {John A.~Jakle and Keith A.~Sculle},
title = {Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture},
publisher = {University Press of Virginia},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
keywords = {urban planning, urban design, urban form, parking}
}
@inproceedings{Jen00b,
author = {S{\o}ren Underlien Jensen},
title = {Land use and cycling},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, urban form, land use transport link},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/UJENSEN3.PDF}
}
@incollection{Jor04,
author = {John J{\o}rgensen},
title = {Evolution of the Finger Structure},
year = 2004,
editor = {Genevi{\`e}ve Dubois-Taine},
booktitle = {From {H}elsinki to {N}icosia: Eleven Case Studies \&
Synthesis},
publisher = {Cost Office Urban Civil Engineering},
address = {Brussels, Belgium},
url = {http://urbamet.documentation.equipement.gouv.fr/documents/EQUTEX00010090/EQUTEX00010090_5.pdf},
keywords = {history, urban planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{JouFraBacSto00,
author = {R.~Joumard and Lawrence D.~Frank and Brian Stone and William
Bachman},
title = {Testing urban design and air quality relationships in the
{A}tlanta region},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Transport and Air
Pollution},
pages = {263--270},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form, urban planning, land use transport link},
abstract = {
This study presents evidence that households, located in areas of
the Atlanta Region with moderately high levels of street
connectivity and compactness, drive and pollute less on a daily
basis. This analysis employs a rigorous methodology to assess
the emissions per household on a per trip basis accounting for
cold start cycles, speed, hot stabilized operation, distance,
and regional fleet characteristics. Emissions per household are
cross-sectionally correlated with the land use patterns at the
place of residence. These findings support the argument that a
``nexus'' exists between land use policies implemented through
local government development regulations and household travel
behavior (ie mode choice, travel distance, travel time, and
vehicle emissions). This research provides an initial
and very critical step that is required to lend credibility to
the argument that major metropolitan regions should consider
alternatives to current land and travel intensive development
patterns to meet future air quality objectives.
}
}
@article{Kai72,
author = {J.~Kain},
title = {Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan
Decentralization},
year = 1972,
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
volume = 82,
pages = {175--197},
keywords = {urban planning, sociology, urban form}
}
@article{Kai93,
author = {J.~Kain},
title = {The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later},
year = 1993,
journal = {Housing Policy Debate},
volume = 3,
pages = {371--460},
keywords = {sociology, equity, urban economics, urban planning, urban form }
}
@article{Ken91,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use/transit connection in {T}oronto: Some lessons for
{A}ustralian cities},
year = 1991,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 29,
number = 3,
pages = {149--154},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link, transit}
}
@article{Ken95,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Automobile dependence in {B}angkok: An international
comparison with implications for planning policies},
year = 1995,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 1,
number = 3,
pages = {31--41},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp01.3.pdf},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{KenLauNewBar97,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Paul Barter},
title = {Indicators of transport efficiency in 37 cities},
year = 1997,
institution = {World Bank and Institute for Science and Technology
Policy, Murdoch University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit }
}
@article{KenLau02,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube},
title = {Urban transport patterns in a global sample of cities and their
linkages to transport infrastructure, land use, economics and
environment},
year = 2002,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {5--19},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, transit, land use transport link, energy},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp08.3.pdf}
}
@book{KenLauNewBarRaaPobGui00,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Felix B.~Laube and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Paul Barter and Tamim Raad and Chamlong Poboon and Benedicto
{Guia~Jr.}},
title = {An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities
1960--1990},
year = 2000,
publisher = {University Press of Colorado},
abstract = {
This sourcebook provides the most comprehensive set of time series
data and analyses on these important subjects that is available
today. It spans 46 cities in the US, Australia, Canada, Europe
and Asia, covering the widest possible range of data on the
land use and transportation systems, energy use, and economic
and environmental impacts of transportation that has been
assembled to date. It also contains a set of coloured maps for
each city outlining territorial boundaries, the extent of
urbanisation, and all rail, busway and freeway systems. A must
for every individual and organisation wanting to better
understand and respond to the urban transportation debate.
},
keywords = { data, transport planning, urban planning, transit, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{KenNew94,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {{T}oronto---paradigm regained},
year = 1994,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 31,
number = 3,
pages = {137--147},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, transit, land use transport link}
}
@article{KenNewBarPob95,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman and Paul Barter and
Chamlong Poboon},
title = {Is increasing automobile dependence inevitable in booming
economies? {A}sian cities in an international context},
year = 1995,
journal = {IATSS Research},
volume = 19,
number = 2,
pages = {58--67},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{KenNewLyo89,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman and T.~Lyons},
title = {Urban planning and traffic congestion},
year = 1989,
journal = {Urban Policy and Research},
volume = 7,
number = 2,
pages = {67--80},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@inproceedings{KenBarNewPob94,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Paul Barter and Peter W.G.~Newman and
Chamlong Poboon},
title = {Resisting automobile dependence in booming economies: A case
study of {S}ingapore, {T}okyo and {H}ong {K}ong within a global
sample of cities},
year = 1994,
month = jul,
booktitle = {Asian Studies Association of Australia Conference},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{Kri00,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Pretest-posttest strategy for researching neighborhood scale
urban form and travel behavior},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1722,
pages = {48--55},
keywords = {urban form, land use transport link, urban design}
}
@book{Kun93,
author = {James H.~Kunstler},
title = {The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of {A}merica's
Man-Made Landscape},
year = 1993,
publisher = {Touchstone},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {general interest, history, urban form}
}
@book{Kun96,
author = {James H.~Kunstler},
title = {Home from Nowhere},
year = 1996,
publisher = {Simon \& Schuster},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {general interest, history, urban form}
}
@article{LevWyn67,
author = {H.~Levinson and F.~Wynn},
title = {Effects of density on urban transportation requirements},
year = 1967,
journal = {Highway Research Record},
volume = 2,
pages = {38--64},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{LevWyn63,
author = {H.~Levinson and F.~Wynne},
title = {Effects of Density on Urban Transportation Requirements},
year = 1963,
journal = {Highway Research Record},
volume = 2,
pages = {38--64},
keywords = {urban form, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{Lyn81,
author = {Kevin Lynch},
title = {Good city form},
year = 1981,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban form, urban design, urban planning},
priority = 5,
quality = 4,
annote = {
A classic, apparently. As summarized by TalEll02, his main criteria
for good form are 1) vitality: the support of biological requirements;
2) sense: mental perception and differentiation of a settlement; 3)
fit: the match between pattern and behaviour; 4) access: being able
to reach resources; 5) control of the use of the settlement; and
``meta-criteria'' of efficiency (cost) and justice (equity).
}
}
@incollection{Lyn91,
author = {Kevin Lynch},
title = {The pattern of the metropolis},
year = 1991,
editor = {Tridib Banarjee and Michael Southworth},
booktitle = {City sense and city design: Writings and projects of
{K}evin {L}ynch},
pages = {47--64},
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@book{McC92b,
author = {Jim Mc{C}luskey},
title = {Road Form and Townscape},
year = 1992,
edition = {2nd},
publisher = {Butterworth Architecture},
address = {Oxford, UK},
keywords = {streets, urban design, urban form, street design}
}
@techreport{McGNewKen91,
author = {G.~Mc{G}lynn and Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Towards better cities: Reurbanisation and transportation
energy scenarios},
year = 1991,
institution = {Australian Commision for the Future},
month = oct,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, energy, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{McNRya93,
author = {M.G.~Mc{N}ally and S.~Ryan},
title = {A comparative assessment of travel characteristics for
neotraditional developments},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1400,
pages = {67--77},
keywords = {urban form, land use transport link}
}
@incollection{Mar01b,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Public transport orientated urban design},
year = 2001,
editor = {E.~Feitelson and E.~Verhoef},
booktitle = {Transport and Environment: in Search of Sustainable
Solutions},
publisher = {Edward Elgar},
address = {Cheltenham, UK},
keywords = {urban design, streets, street design, urban form}
}
@article{Mar03,
author = {Stephen Marshall},
title = {Transport and the urban pattern},
year = 2003,
journal = {Town and Country Planning},
volume = 73,
number = 2,
pages = {106--108},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@article{MilIbr98,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and A.~Ibrahim},
title = {Urban form and vehicular travel: some empirical findings},
year = 1998,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1617,
pages = {18--27},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Some empirical findings are presented on the relationship between
urban form and work trip commuting efficiency, drawn from the
analysis of 1986 work trip commuting patterns in the greater
Toronto area. Work trip commuting efficiency is measured with
respect to the average number of vehicle kilometers traveled
(VKT) per worker in a given zone. Preliminary findings include
VKT per worker increases as one moves away from both the
central core of the city and from other high-density employment
centers within the region; job-housing balance, per se, shows
little impact on commuting VKT; and population density, in and
of itself, does not explain variations on commuting VKT once
other urban structure variables have been accounted for.
}
}
@techreport{MilSteJea90,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and G.N.~Steuart and D.~Jea},
title = {Understanding Urban Travel Growth in the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea},
volume = {III: Future Travel Trends and their Implications for
Transportation Policy in the Greater Toronto Area},
number = {TDS-90-07},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and
Development Branch},
year = 1990,
month = nov,
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form}
}
@unpublished{Mir03,
author = {J.~Miron},
title = {Urban Sprawl in {C}anada and {A}merica: Just How Dissimilar?},
year = 2003,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban form, canada}
}
@book{MitRap54,
author = {R.~Mitchell and C.~Rapkin},
title = {Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use},
year = 1954,
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{MonMon51,
author = {Donald Monson and Astrid Monson},
title = {A Program for Urban Dispersal},
year = 1951,
journal = {Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists},
volume = 7,
pages = {244--250},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban form}
}
@article{Mou95,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon},
title = {Teaching urban form},
year = 1995,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 14,
number = 2,
pages = {123--133},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{Mou97,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon},
title = {Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field},
year = 1997,
journal = {Urban Morphology},
volume = 1,
pages = {3--10},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{Mou02,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon},
title = {Thinking about micro and macro urban morphology},
year = 2002,
journal = {Urban Morphology},
volume = 6,
number = 1,
pages = {36--39},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{MouHes99,
author = {Anne V.~Moudon and Paul M.~Hess},
title = {Suburban Clusters},
journal = {Wharton Real Estate Review},
year = 1999,
volume = 3,
number = 1,
pages = {46--55},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@article{New75,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {An ecological model for city structure and development},
year = 1975,
journal = {Ekistics},
volume = 40,
number = 239,
pages = {258--265},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology, urban form}
}
@techreport{New91,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Social Organisation for ecological sustainability: towards a
more sustainable settlement pattern},
year = 1991,
editor = {P.~Cock},
type = {Fundamental Questions Paper},
number = 11,
institution = {Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian
National University},
address = {Canberra, Australia},
keywords = {urban planning, ecology, urban form}
}
@incollection{New00,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {Urban form and environmental performance},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Achieving sustainable urban form},
editor = {Katie Williams and Elizabeth Burton and Mike Jenks},
pages = {46--53},
publisher = {E\&FN Spon},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban form}
}
@article{NewHog81,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and T.~Hogan},
title = {A review of urban density models: towards a resolution of the
conflict between populace and planner},
year = 1981,
journal = {Human Ecology},
volume = 9,
number = 3,
pages = {269--303},
keywords = {ecology, urban planning, urban form}
}
@techreport{NewHog87,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and T.~Hogan},
title = {Urban density and transport: a single model based on three
city types},
year = 1987,
type = {Transport Research Paper},
number = {1/87},
institution = {Environmental Science, Murdoch University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{NewKen88,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The Transport Energy Trade-Off: Fuel-Efficient Traffic
versus Fuel-Efficient Cities},
year = 1988,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 22,
number = 3,
pages = {163--174},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, energy, urban form}
}
@book{NewKen89,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Cities and Auto Dependency: A Sourcebook},
year = 1989,
publisher = {Gower Publishing Co.},
address = {Aldershot, UK},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link, energy}
}
@techreport{NewKen91,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Towards a more sustainable {C}anberra: an assessment of
{C}anberra's transport, energy and land use},
year = 1991,
institution = {Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch
University},
address = {Perth, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, energy, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{NewKen92b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Transit oriented urban villages: design solutions for the
90s},
year = 1992,
journal = {Urban Futures},
volume = 2,
number = 1,
pages = {50--56},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, urban form}
}
@techreport{NewKenVin92,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and P.~Vintila},
title = {Housing transport and urban form},
year = 1992,
type = {National Housing Strategy, Background Paper},
number = 15,
institution = {Commonwealth of Australia},
address = {Canberra, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, ecology, urban form, urban planning}
}
@article{NewKenVin95,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and P.~Vintila},
title = {Can we overcome automobile dependence?: Physical planning in
an age of urban cynicism},
year = 1995,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {53--65},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@book{NewEtc97,
author = {Peter W.G.~{Newman et al.}},
title = {Car-free Copenhagen: Perspectives and ideas for reducing
car-dependence in Copenhagen},
year = 1997,
publisher = {Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts},
address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
keywords = {transport planning, urban form, urban planning}
}
@incollection{Owe84,
author = {Susan E.~Owens},
title = {Spatial Structure and Energy Demand},
year = 1984,
booktitle = {Energy Policy and Land Use Planning},
editor = {D.R.~Cope and P.R.~Hills and P.~James},
pages = {215--240},
publisher = {Pergamon},
address = {Oxford, UK},
keywords = {urban form, energy, urban planning, sustainability}
}
@book{Owe86,
author = {Susan E.~Owens},
title = {Energy, Planning and Urban Form},
year = 1986,
publisher = {Pion},
address = {London, UK},
keywords = {urban form, energy, urban planning, sustainability}
}
@incollection{Pil88,
author = {Juri Pill},
title = {Toronto: thirty years of transit development},
year = 1988,
editor = {W.~Attoe},
booktitle = {Transit, Land Use and Urban Form},
publisher = {Center for the Study of American Architecture},
address = {Austin, TX, USA},
pages = {57--62},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{Piv90,
author = {Gary Pivo},
title = {The Net of Beads: Suburban Office Development in Six
Metropolitan Areas},
year = 1990,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 56,
number = 4,
pages = {457--469},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{PobKen95,
author = {Chamlong Poboon and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Bangkok: Towards a sustainable traffic solution},
year = 1995,
month = feb,
booktitle = {Paper presented to Urban Habitat Conference},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form}
}
@inproceedings{PobKen97,
author = {Chamlong Poboon and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Bangkok's traffic disaster: An international comparative
assessment of transportation and land use in {B}angkok with its
implications for air quality},
year = 1997,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Paper presented to Pathways to Sustainability Conference},
address = {Newcastle, Australia},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@book{Pop96,
author = {Albert Pope},
title = {Ladders},
publisher = {Rice School of Architecture; Princeton Architectural Press},
year = 1996,
address = {Houston, TX; New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {architecture, urban planning, transport planning, urban form},
annote = {
Discusses urban form in the freeway era, the different
connectivities of the grid system and the ``ladder'' system of the
freeway era, and Houston in particular. Some very interesting ideas
(judging from references), especially the notion of the freeway
system enforcing a hierarchy, and forming spiralling patterns in
contrast to the grid system. Unfortunately, my library doesn't have
a copy...
}
}
@article{Ram05,
author = {Stuart Ramsey},
title = {Of Mice and Elephants},
year = 2005,
month = sep,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
publisher = {Institute of Transportation Engineers},
volume = 75,
number = 9,
pages = {38--41},
keywords = {transport modelling, land use transport link, urban form}
}
@article{Rap75,
author = {A.~Rappaport},
title = {Toward a Redefinition of Density},
year = 1975,
journal = {Environment and Behavior},
volume = 7,
number = 2,
pages = {25--36},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
@techreport{RERC74,
author = {{Real Estate Research Corporation}},
title = {The Costs of Urban Sprawl},
year = 1974,
institution = {Real Estate Research Corporation},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, urban form}
}
@article{SaeSalBlaChe03,
author = {Brian E.~Saelens and Jim F.~Sallis and Jennifer B.~Black and
Dianna Chen},
title = {Neighborhood-Based Differences in Physical Activity: An
Environmental Scale Evaluation},
year = 2003,
journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
volume = 93,
pages = {1552--1558},
keywords = {active transportation, urban form}
}
@article{SaeSalFra03,
author = {Brian E.~Saelens and Jim F.~Sallis and Lawrence D.~Frank},
title = {Environmental Correlates of Walking and Cycling: Findings
from Transportation, Urban Design and City Planning Literatures},
journal = {Annals of Behavioral Medicine},
year = 2003,
volume = 25,
number = 2,
pages = {80--91},
keywords = {active transportation, urban planning, urban form},
url = {http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/documents/Saelens\%20et\%20al\%20-\%20ABM\%20-\%202003.pdf},
abstract = {
Research in transportation, urban design, and planning has examined
associations between physical environment variables and
individuals' walking and cycling for transport. Constructs,
methods, and findings from these fields can be applied by physical
activity and health researchers to improve understanding of
environmental influences on physical activity. In this review,
neighborhood environment characteristics proposed to be relevant to
walking/cycling for transport are defined, including population
density, connectivity, and land use mix. Neighborhood
comparison and correlational studies with nonmotorized
transport outcomes are considered, with evidence suggesting
that residents from communities with higher density, greater
connectivity, and more land use mix report higher rates of
walking/cycling for utilitarian purposes than low-density,
poorly connected, and single land use neighborhoods. Environmental
variables appear to add to variance accounted for beyond
sociodemographic predictors of walking/cycling for transport.
Implications of the transportation literature for physical
activity and related research are outlined. Future research
directions are detailed for physical activity research to
further examine the impact of neighborhood and other physical
environment factors on physical activity and the potential
interactive effects of psychosocial and environmental
variables. The transportation, urban design, and planning
literatures provide a valuable starting point for
multidisciplinary research on environmental contributions to
physical activity levels in the population.
}
}
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volume = 3,
number = 1,
pages = {53--71},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
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address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, urban form, land use transport link, history}
}
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author = {Amer S.~Shalaby and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Travel in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea: Past and current
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year = 2000,
month = jan,
type = {The {N}eptis {F}oundation Study},
institution = {University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, ilute, canada, urban form, land use transport link}
}
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volume = 64,
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keywords = {urban planning, urban design, urban form}
}
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volume = 61,
number = 4,
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pages = {19--33},
keywords = {urban form, pedestrian planning}
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year = 2005,
month = dec,
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pages = {246--257},
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author = {Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph},
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year = 1995,
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}
@book{SouBen97,
author = {Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph},
title = {Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities},
year = 1997,
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
edition = {1st},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban form, streets, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@book{SouBen03,
author = {Michael Southworth and Eran Ben-Joseph},
title = {Streets and the Shaping of Towns and Cities},
year = 2003,
publisher = {Island Press},
edition = {2nd},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban form, streets, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{SteArmBaySteDelGiuGauGiuLavLevPucReiScoTarZup01,
author = {Les Sterman and David J.~Armijo and David Bayliss and Stephen
J.~{Del Giudice} and Helen E.~Gault and Genevieve Giuliano and Charles
A.~Lave and Herbert S.~Levinson and John R.~Pucher and Jack M.~Reilly and
Beverly A.~Scott and Joel A.~Tarr and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Making Transit Work: Insight from {W}estern {E}urope,
{C}anada, and the {U}nited {S}tates},
year = 2001,
institution = {Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
type = {Special Report},
number = 257,
keywords = {transit, urban form, land use transport link, canada, history},
priority = 5,
quality = 5,
url = {http://trb.org/publications/sr/sr257.pdf},
annote = {
Some excellent insights into the reasons why transit ridership is
so low in the United States. A particularly interesting note
regards the historical growth in Europe and the US: European
cities have experienced relatively little growth during the age of
the automobile, which goes a long way towards explaining their
limited suburbanisation. The comparison between Canada and US is
more apt, since both have experienced similar growth levels during
the automobile age.
}
}
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keywords = {new urbanism, urban form}
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number = 4,
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}
@book{Why88,
author = {William H.~Whyte},
title = {City: Discovering the Center},
year = 1988,
publisher = {Anchor},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
keywords = {urban form, urban planning}
}
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