@comment{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.91}}
@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_canada.bib -c 'keywords: "canada"' ref.bib}}
@article{AleTom02,
author = {Don Alexander and Ray Tomalty},
title = {{S}mart {G}rowth and Sustainable Development: challenges,
solutions and policy directions},
year = 2002,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {397--409},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, smart growth}
}
@article{AulKal99,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and M.~Kaltenecker},
title = {{T}oronto bicycle commuter safety rates},
year = 1999,
month = nov,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 31,
number = 6,
pages = {675--686},
status = {read},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada, toronto},
annote = {
Interesting. This is one of the first thorough, scientific attempts
at understanding cycling collisions that I've seen. The sampling
methodology is always tricky, and their approach here is certainly
not perfect. I would have liked to see questions about the type of
facility where falls/collisions happened in their survey---this
seems like vital information. The actual dataset also has its
problems: only a small fraction of total exposure was on paths or
sidewalks (6\%). Additionally, the study area only contains a small
amount of path facilities (74km), and from what I know of Toronto
paths, most were built quite a long time ago and are very poorly
designed and maintained. Many sections of the Martin Goodman
waterfront trail were horrific when I rode it to work in 1999, and
there are some really dodgy sections in the Don Valley system.
But otherwise, the study methodology is fairly sound, and the
authors are suitably conservative in their conclusions. I don't
fully understand their weighting system, but I'll reread that at
some point.
Overall, I'd be very hesitant to condemn paths or sidewalks on the
basis of a study like this. Sidewalks definitely have problems, but
this study really only shows that badly designed/maintained paths
are unsafe---not a surprise, really. And it says nothing at all
about the ``bicycle segregation'' debate, despite popular citations
on Wikipedia for that purpose.
}
}
@mastersthesis{Cal99,
author = {Beth Callister},
title = {Vancouver area bicycle groups: approaches and effectiveness},
school = {University of British Columbia, School of Community and
Regional Planning},
year = 1999,
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
annote = {
An interesting little essay, including some historical facts about
Vancouver cycling groups that I wasn't aware of, such as the
fact that BEST was originally an offshoot of Bicycle People.
Too bad there's no online copy... reading it on microfiche on
UBC campus is a pain.
},
keywords = {activism, bicycle planning, urban politics, canada},
status = {read}
}
@book{Cer98,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry},
year = 1998,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
annoteurl = {http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Cer98/index.html},
keywords = {transit, urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, transit-oriented development}
}
@book{ConEwe03,
author = {Heather Conn and Henry Ewert},
title = {Vancouver's Glory Years: Public Transit 1890--1915},
year = 2003,
publisher = {Whitecap Books},
address = {North Vancouver, BC, Canada},
keywords = {general interest, history, canada, transit},
status = {read}
}
@article{CST04,
author = {{Centre for Sustainable Transportation}},
title = {The Need to Reduce Transport Energy Use, and Ways to Do it},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
journal = {Sustainable Transportation Monitor},
volume = 10,
url = {http://www.cstctd.org/CSTadobefiles/STM10E-final.pdf},
keywords = {canada, energy, goods movement, transit},
abstract = {
This Monitor first updates energy matters discussed in previous
Monitors. The updating concludes that reducing transport fuel
use should be the overriding goal of Canada's transport
policies, more important than reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, and perhaps a better strategy for making progress
towards sustainable transport.
This issue then discusses three of the many ways in which
transport fuel use could be dramatically reduced. The first
would allow short-term gains. It is to make more efficient use
of trucks on the road. The second would have its main impacts
in the medium term. It is to achieve major reductions in fuel
use by new personal vehicles. The third is for the longer term.
It is to secure much greater use of tethered vehicles (which
get their energy from a rail or wire rather than from
an on-board source such as a gasoline tank, a hydrogen
storage device or a battery).
},
annote = {
Some interesting thoughts on fuel usage: the rise in fuel use
associated with freight transportation, and the low loading-levels
of trucks; the need for a return to tethered transport.
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{CTTTC05,
author = {{City of Toronto} and {Toronto Transit Commission}},
title = {Building a Transit City},
month = jan,
year = 2005,
institution = {City of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, canada}
}
@techreport{CT03,
author = {{City of Toronto}},
title = {Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Collision Study},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {{City of Toronto}},
year = 2003,
status = {read},
url = {http://www.toronto.ca/transportation/publications/bicycle_motor-vehicle/pdf/car-bike_collision_report.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
annote = {
An excellent, through report of bicycle/motor vehicle collisions,
in a Canadian context. See also: Tom00.
}
}
@techreport{CV02,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Downtown Transportation Plan},
year = 2002,
institution = {City of Vancouver},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/dtp/final.htm},
keywords = {transport planning, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, goods movement, transit, canada},
annoteurl = {http://www.davidpritchard.org/vacc/dtp},
annote = {
This was my real introduction to transport planning, and now in
retrospect I can see that this document represents a very
progressive stance on transportation planning. See some of my
detailed comments on cycling at the VACC website; I've been the
lead person on downtown issues for the VACC for the last several
years.
}
}
@techreport{CV04,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Parking By-law},
number = {6059},
type = {By-law},
year = 2004,
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
institution = {{City of Vancouver}},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/BYLAWS/PARKING/Parking.htm},
keywords = {parking, zoning, canada}
}
@techreport{CVES99,
author = {{City of Vancouver Engineering Services}},
title = {1999 Bicycle Plan: Reviewing the Past, Planning the Future},
year = 1999,
institution = {City of Vancouver},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/engsvcs/transport/cycling/pdf/1999bikeplan.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
annote = {
By the time I actually got around to reading this, I was familiar
with much of the content. I'm still surprised by how slowly they're
implementing the non-downtown recommendations, but I suppose the
downtown needs are by far the most pressing, and quite
time-consuming. I like the fact that they actually define
level-of-service measures for bicycle routes---I'd be curious to run
the counts through a GIS and see how the existing routes do in terms
of LoS.
}
}
@article{DavRosAle98,
author = {Gavin Davidson and Mark Roseland and Don Alexander},
title = {Area-Wide Traffic Management: An Innovative Strategy for Urban
Centres},
year = 1998,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 4,
number = 4,
keywords = {transportation demand management, transport planning, canada},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp04.4.pdf},
status = {read},
annote = {
Some interesting notes, especially relevant for my work with
Vancouver's Downtown Transportation Plan. They discuss a
consensus-building approach they used in discussions over the plan,
bringing stakeholders together in an effort to find some common
ground.
}
}
@article{Fil96,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = { Metropolitan planning objectives and implementation constraints:
planning in a post-{F}ordist and postmodern age },
year = 1996,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 28,
number = 9,
pages = {1637--1660},
keywords = { geography, urban planning, politics, canada, urban form },
status = {read},
abstract = {
Planning faces the predicament that as recommendations become
bolder possibilities for implementation deteriorate. This is
imputed to society's transition from a Fordist and modern to a
post-Fordist and postmodern era. On the one hand, postmodern
values account for more public participation and heightened
environmental sensitivity, which translate into proposals for
alternative forms of urban development. On the other hand, the
implementation of these proposals is impaired by reduced public
sector resources as a result of the economic instability
associated with post-Fordism. Another impediment is the
difficulty to achieve sufficient support for planning
objectives in the postmodern context. This context is marked by
a fragmentation of values, attachment to the existing built
environment, and suspicion between social groups. The empirical
focus is on Toronto's bold metropolitan planning proposals.
Most recent planning documents call for reurbanization efforts,
a compact urban form, and reduced reliance on the car. In this
paper I cast doubts, however, on the eventual actualization of
these proposals by highlighting weaknesses in the present
and anticipated implementation context. These are tied to
factors that are specific to Toronto, but also to a greater
extent to the post-Fordist and postmodern environment.
},
annote = {
A few interesting ideas. He argues that the postmodern attachment of
value to public participation and plural views could undermine
processes aimed at changing suburban form to better accommodate
plurality. He suggests that NIMBYism arises from suspicion
between factions in a fractured society, and this will in turn
hinder changes to existing urban form (infill, etc.) and favour
greenfield development where such arguments can be avoided. In the
light of his arguments, I find policies such as urban growth
boundaries more appealing: they prevent greenfield alternatives and
force NIMBYism to be confronted directly. Toronto already seems to
be headed in this direction, as social housing projects are
increasingly recognised as necessary and located in all wards, instead
of being fought off by all wards.
}
}
@article{Fil00,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Balancing Concentration and Dispersion? Public Policy and
Urban Structure in {T}oronto},
year = 2000,
journal = {Environment and Planning C},
volume = 18,
pages = {163--189},
status = {read},
quality = 5,
keywords = { canada, urban planning, geography, urban politics, toronto },
annote = {
An excellent, detached and comprehensive overview of postwar trends
in the Toronto region. The hypothesis that Toronto may have ``the
best of both worlds'' by having both dispersed and concentrated
environments is an interesting one, although the retention of that
status would require both realms to grow at similar rates, which
has not been the trend in recent decades.
}
}
@article{Fil03,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = { Towards Smart Growth? {T}he Difficult Implementation of
Alternatives to Urban Dispersion},
year = 2003,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {48--70},
keywords = { urban planning, urban politics, canada, urban form, smart growth},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The smart growth concept has recently achieved prominence within
the planning profession. It represents a reaction to mounting
resentment towards the adverse consequences of prevailing forms of
urbanization: air pollution, high development costs and
deteriorating quality of life. The article examines the possibility
of implementing smart growth proposals within the prevailing
political, economic and value environment. After drawing lessons
from the lack of success of attempts at altering urban development
over the last thirty years, the article proposes two smart growth
strategies. To maintain their implementation potential and capacity
to modify urbanization trends, the strategies avoid clashes with
entrenched preference patterns and powerful interest groups. The
first strategy consists in an expansion of the high-density
transit-oriented compact urban realm into the ambient low-density
car-dependent dispersed realm. The second strategy involves the
creation of mixed-use high-density corridors, hospitable to transit
use and walking, within newly urbanized areas.
},
annote = {
An excellent article, aimed at realistic incremental policies to
change urban densities, the main obstacle to mode share changes.
The solutions he presents are not new at all, but the political
context and discussion of suburban values are worth thinking about.
}
}
@article{FilBunMcSTse04,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and Kathleen Mc{S}purren and
Alan Tse},
title = {Canada-{U.S.} Metropolitan Density Patterns: Zonal Convergence
and Divergence},
year = 2004,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 25,
number = 1,
pages = {42--65},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, canada},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The paper compares density patterns of the three largest Canadian
metropolitan regions with those of a sample of 12 U.S. urban areas
with comparable populations. It verifies if such patterns support
claims of Canadian urban distinctiveness prevalent within this
country's research literature. Findings indicate that regional
differences among U.S. cities are as important as cross-national
distinctions. Measures of centrality and overall density place
observed Canadian metrpolitan areas within the same category as
older U.S. East Coast metropolitan areas. Inter-city comparisons of
historically and geographically defined zones suggest a period of
cross-national convergence before World War II, when the inner city
was developed, followed by a period of divergence from the 1940s to
the 1970s, when the inner suburb was built. The development of the
outer suburb, which began in the early 1970s, marks a return to
cross-national convergence. These results question the continued
relevance of the literature on the distinctiveness of Canadian
urbanization.
},
annote = {
Very interesting. They find that Canadian cities, as a group, do
stand out from American cities---they are denser overall (than
American cities of comparable size), and denser in their cores and
inner suburbs. In the outer suburbs, however, densities are
indistinguishable from American cities. Beyond that, however,
Canadian cities have much smaller exurban regions than their
American counterparts. They fit a cubic polynomial
to the density/distance-from-CBD graph, and don't find Canadian
cities to be as distinctive in that measure; I'm not sure how solid
their analysis there is, though (haven't read it closely enough).
Generally, the Canadian cities are distinctive as a group, since
all of the major Canadian cities are dense, but are generally
similar to northeastern American cities. The U.S. just has a wider
variety of cities. ``Our work does not so much refute the
perspective espoused by the Canadian urban specificity literature
as situate it historically and geographically. According to zonal
findings and events that have marked the evolution of cities in the
two countries, most of the noted cross-national differences can be
linked to the period that ran from the end of World War II to the
1970s.'' Overall, I don't think their results justify the final
sentence of their abstract (repeated in their introduction); I
think Canadian cities are quite distinctive. In particular, they
don't discuss exurban trends very much, although these are a very
significant part of American city development today: the Canadian
cities have only 18 percent of their population in exurban areas,
while the American cities are clustered closer to 30 percent, with
some as high as 50 percent (Atlanta, Boston).
}
}
@article{Gra02,
author = {Jill Grant},
title = {Mixed Use in Theory and Practice: {C}anadian Experience with
Implementing a Planning Principle},
year = 2002,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 68,
number = 1,
pages = {71--84},
quality = 1,
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban form, zoning}
}
@techreport{GVRD96,
author = {{Greater Vancouver Regional District}},
title = {Livable Region Strategic Plan},
year = 1996,
institution = {Greater Vancouver Regional District},
address = {Burnaby, BC, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, urban form, transport planning, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/growth/lrsp/LRSP.pdf}
}
@techreport{GVRD04,
author = {{Greater Vancouver Regional District}},
title = {2003 Sustainability Report},
year = 2004,
institution = {Greater Vancouver Regional District},
address = {Burnaby, BC, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/sustainability/SRIReport03/SR2003.pdf}
}
@book{Har96,
author = {Richard Harris},
title = {Unplanned Suburbs: {T}oronto's {A}merican Tragedy, 1900 to
1950},
year = 1996,
publisher = {John Hopkins University Press},
address = {Baltimore, MD, USA},
keywords = {urban planning, history, urban form, canada},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Har96/index.html }
}
@article{HeiSch04,
author = {Andrew Heisz and Grant Schellenberg},
title = {Public Transit Use Among Immigrants},
institution = {Statistics Canada},
year = 2004,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {170--191},
keywords = { canada, transit, transport planning, sociology },
annote = {
Some very interesting notes regarding immgrants' use of public
transit. ``We find that recent immigrants are much more likely than
the Canadian born to use public transit to commute to work, even
after controlling for age, gender, income, distance to work, and
distance between place of residence and the city centre. Two
factors seem to explain this high rate of transit usage. First,
immigrants tend to use public transit in their commute to work more
when they are new to Canada (independent of other factors such as
age and income) but their rate of transit use declines as they
reside in Canada for longer periods of time. Second, newer cohorts
of immigrants have higher rates of transit use than earlier
cohorts, suggesting that they may be different in some ways that
have not been observed. [...] Projections for future public transit
needs could take into account that the urban population is not only
growing, but is also compositionally shifting towards a high-usage
group.'' They also found some interesting results about immigrants'
source countries: ``In both Toronto and Montreal, the incidence of
public transit utilization is highest among immigrants from the
Carribean, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Africa;
they are lowest among immigrants from Easy Asia, Europe, West Asia,
North America and Oceania.'' Results from Vancouver were
unfortunately very distorted due to the transit strike that took
place during the 2001 census, especially changing usage patterns in
Skytrain-serviced areas versus bus-serviced areas. It's worth
noting that immigrants from all of these source nations were much more
likely to use transit than the Canadian born, usually by margins of
at least 50\%.
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{HesMil06,
author = {Paul Hess and Beth M.~Milroy},
title = {Making {T}oronto's Streets},
year = 2006,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography and Planning},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
quality = 4,
status = {read},
url = { http://www.cuhi.utoronto.ca/research/Toronto%20Streets%20Report%20Sept%202006.pdf },
keywords = { streets, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning, canada, street design, urban design, prioritisation }
}
@article{Hua96,
author = {Herman Huang},
title = {The Land-Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems},
year = 1996,
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
pages = {17--30},
status = {read},
quality = 4,
annote = {
A brief survey of literature on Toronto, San Francisco, Washington,
Boston, Cleveland, Atlanta, Calgary, Edmonton, Portland and San Diego.
Many, many good references.
},
keywords = {urban planning, transit, transport planning, land use transport link, urban form, canada}
}
@article{HunBroSte02,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and Alan T.~Brownlee and Kevin J.~Stefan},
title = {Response to {C}entre {S}treet {B}ridge closure: where the
``disappearing'' travellers went},
year = 2002,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1807,
keywords = {induced travel, canada, transport modelling, streets, roadspace reallocation },
url = {http://www.ucalgary.ca/\%7Ejabraham/Papers/centrest/TRB_CENT.pdf},
status = {read},
abstract = {
An ongoing topic of interest in urban transportation engineering is
the impact of changes in road network capacity upon the amount
of vehicle travel made in the urban area. In many cases the
debate focuses on the potential increases in vehicle travel
occurring with increases in road capacity - the phenomenon of
``induced demand''. Some studies have also looked at the effects
of reductions in roadway capacity, and found that in many of
these cases reductions in vehicle travel occur, generally
confirming that a relationship exists between roadway capacity
and vehicle travel.
This paper provides additional information on this subject, in
a North American context.
The City of Calgary, in Alberta, Canada is a thriving major
urban centre with a population of over 850,000, and a Downtown
employment of over 100,000. Centre Street Bridge is a major
road bridge across the Bow River connecting Downtown Calgary to
the residential area in the north part of the City. The bridge
carries over 34,000 vehicles per day, with heavy peak period
flows. In August of 1999 the Centre Street Bridge was closed to
car and truck traffic for a period of 14 months for major
repairs.
A detailed study was undertaken of changes in weekday traffic,
transit and pedestrian flows changes that took place in weekday
travel patterns during the closure. This included both analysis
of observed count data before and during the closure; and an
interview survey with over 1,300 car users of the Centre Street
Bridge and the other bridges serving the north side of the
Downtown.
This paper summarizes the major findings of this study.
Particular emphasis is placed on explaining what happened to
the vehicle trips that used the Bridge before the closure.
},
annote = {
While I'm not pleased with the results they report, I'm not too
surprised. I imagine some of this can be attributed to the fact
that it's car-addicted Calgary, but it's still a disappointing
result: very little mode shift (<10\%). On the upside, the city
didn't stop working during the bridge closure; drivers just had to
shift their travel times and routes. This isn't very politically
acceptable, though; many would feel hard done by if this occurred
during a Burrard Bridge lane closure.
}
}
@incollection{Jan04,
author = {Donald G.~Janelle},
title = {Impact of Information Technologies},
year = 2004,
booktitle = {The Geography of Urban Transportation},
editor = {Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano},
edition = {3rd},
chapter = 4,
publisher = {Guildford Press},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
pages = {86--112},
quality = 4,
keywords = { telecommuting, transport planning, canada },
status = {read},
annote = {
This was a first good discussion of telecommuting that I've seen.
It went into more detail on the types of work where telecommuting
might be a reasonable substitute, the possible effects on urban
form and exurbanisation, and the context of the changing structure
of work in North America. I found his discussion of Coppack quite
itneresting, talking about competition for ``natural'' amenities at
the urban fringe, and the leapfrogging and outwards movement that
can result when rural/natural amenities are considered valuable.
His discussion of the growing role of nonroutine activities in the
workplace was also valuable in a telecommuting context. The
discussion of Mokhtarian (1991) was also good, reducing some of my
concerns regarding telecommuting; overall, it seems like it
produces some benefits, although the impacts aren't likely to be
enormous; distance is by no meanby no means dead yet.
}
}
@incollection{KeiGra98,
author = {Roger Keil and John Graham},
title = {Reasserting Nature: Constructing urban environments after
{F}ordism},
year = {1998},
booktitle = {Remaking Reality: Nature at the Amillenium},
editor = {B.~Braun and N.~Casttree},
publisher = {Routledge},
address = {London, UK},
status = {read},
annote = {
Some interesting criticisms of New (Sub)urbanism as a rebranding of
older modes of subdivision building, in the context of Vaughan.
I didn't read the article very closely, and I'm not sure what the
overall thrust is. My sense is that it builds on a quote from Lef91
to explore the urbanisation of the rural and the ruralisation of
the urban.
},
keywords = {geography, canada, urban planning, new urbanism }
}
@article{Lim97,
author = {Clark C.~Lim},
title = {The status of {T}ransportation {D}emand {M}anagement in {G}reater
{V}ancouver and Energy Implications},
year = 1997,
journal = {Energy Policy},
volume = 25,
number = {14--15},
pages = {1193--1202},
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, canada, energy}
}
@mastersthesis{McM04,
author = {Sarah Mc{M}illan},
title = {Toward a {L}ivable {R}egion? {A}n Evaluation of Business Parks
in {G}reater {V}ancouver},
year = 2004,
school = {University of British Columbia, School of Community and
Regional Planning},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.urbanstudio.sala.ubc.ca/2005/3_resources/Toward_A_Livable_Region_SMcMillan.pdf},
keywords = { canada, firm behaviour, location choice, urban planning }
}
@incollection{Mil00,
author = {Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Transportation and Communication},
editor = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
booktitle = {{C}anadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century},
edition = {2nd},
year = 2000,
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, transport planning},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{Mil01,
author = {Eric J.~Miller},
title = {The {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea Travel Demand Modelling System
Version 2.0},
volume = {I: Model Overview},
year = 2001,
institution = {Joint Program in Transportation, University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport modelling, canada},
status = {read},
annote = {
A clear overview of the classic four-stage transport model, with
applications to Toronto, including more emphasis on multi-modal
trips etc.
}
}
@article{MilSha03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer S.~Shalaby},
title = {Evolution of Person Travel in the {T}oronto {A}rea and Policy
Implications},
year = 2003,
month = mar,
journal = {ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 129,
number = 1,
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit, urban form},
abstract = {
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the historical evolution
of personal travel behavior in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) over
the past 35 years. The analysis indicates that in many respects the
GTA taken as a whole is similar to other cities within North
America in terms of increasing auto ownership; increasing
individual auto-drive trip rates; increasing suburbanization of
population and employment into areas poorly served by transit;
increasingly complex travel patterns; and transit, at best, maintaining
a constant number of trips per capita but losing modal share. The
analysis also highlights ways in which the GTA, particularly the
city of Toronto, deviates from the North American ``norm.'' These
include transit per capita ridership, overall mode splits,
revenue-cost operating ratios are still extremely high by
North American standards; the regional commuter rail
system has been very successful in attracting
increasing numbers of commuters from outside Toronto
into the Toronto central area; the continuing strength
of the Toronto central area has provided a strong,
viable transit service; and more generally, the relatively
high density and transit orientation of development
throughout the city of Toronto is highly supportive of
transit.
},
annote = {
Some very useful background on the transportation context of
Toronto. While I grew up in that city, I actually knew fairly
little about the evolution of its transportation system, so this
was quite useful to me. Not very revolutionary in content (it's
just a basic historical review), but worthwhile; a few good
references (Mee02, Shi97, PucLef96, WriLov02).
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{MilSob03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {Travel Demand and Urban Form},
year = 2003,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
type = {Issue Paper},
number = 9,
url = { http://www.neptis.org/library/cf_download.cfm?file=travel_demand_nip9.pdf\&path=\\ },
keywords = {transport planning, canada, urban planning, transit, land use transport link, urban form},
status = {read},
annote = {
A good report, with a realistic and progressive vision for the
future. I found the maps comparing Toronto, Square One and Pearson
trip ends extremely interesting (figures II.7 - II.9).
}
}
@article{NewKen89b,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Comparison of {U.S.}~Cities
with a Global Survey},
year = 1989,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 55,
number = 1,
pages = {24--37},
status = {read},
keywords = { transport planning, urban planning, canada, energy, land use transport link, urban form, transit },
rating = 4,
annote = {
This was the first I read by these authors; this article and their
1989 book are classic texts in the field.
It's an ambitious and impressive effort, although I doubt that
anyone will ever completely believe either their data or their
results. Nevertheless, the data collection effort is laudable,
especially when they include information on parking and relative
speeds. Since reading this, I've improved my stats quite a bit, and
I'd like to revisit it (or their 1999 followup) and see if I buy
their results and conclusions. I'd also like to look into the
econometric models they criticised.
One choice quote: ``Toronto has a much stronger transit system
(50?? vehicle miles of service per capita) than do U.S. or
Australian cities, a feature with its dense land use; its provision
for automobiles is also much less than that in U.S. and Australian
cities. The diversity of its transit systems, which include
commuter rail, subway, modern trams on-street and new LRT on
separated tracks, electric trolleys, and diesel buses (as well as
comprehensive cycle ways), provides a powerful comparison to nearby
Detroit, which has an almost complete commitment to the automobile.
The per capita gasoline consmuption in Detroit is double that in
Toronto; transit use is 0.8 percent of total passenger miles in
Detroit, compared with 16.7 percent in Toronto. However, the
difference in gasoline consumption in Detroit and Toronto cannot be
explained simply by the difference in transit use. For example, if
all of Toronto's transit users transferred to car the per capita
use of gasoline would increase by 53 gallons, making Toronto's
usage still 184 gallons per capita lower than that of Detroit. The
Toronto transit system is part of an overall more energy-efficient
city, despite Toronto having lower gasoline prices in 1980 and less
fuel-efficient vehicles than the U.S. Indeed, Toronto is one of the
few cities in the world with well-developed policies for
transportation energy conservation based on land use strategies.''
}
}
@article{NewKen96,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use-transportation connection: an overview},
year = 1996,
month = jan,
journal = {Land Use Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 1,
pages = {1--22},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form},
abstract = {
There is a growing international movement, ``The New Urbanism'',
which seeks to reconnect transport with land use and in particular
to establish transit-oriented development where higher-density,
mixed-use areas built around high-quality transit systems provide a
focused urban structure that can help to loosen the grasp of
automobile dependence. There are many case studies around the
world of cities which demonstrate this process of reconnecting
land use and transport. The cases of Singapore, Hong Kong,
Zurich (Switzerland), Copenhagen (Denmark), Freiburg (Germany),
Toronto and Vancouver (Canada), Portland, Oregon (USA) and Perth
(Australia) are briefly described here to show the various
levels of achievement in very different environments around the
world.
},
rating = 4,
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/NewKen96/index.html }
}
@book{NewKen99,
author = {Peter W.G.~Newman and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence},
year = 1999,
publisher = {Island Press},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
status = {read},
rating = 5,
keywords = {general interest, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link, urban form, energy, sustainability},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/NewKen99/index.html }
}
@article{NorMacKen06,
author = {Jonathan Norman and Heather L.~Mac{L}ean and Christopher
A.~Kennedy},
title = {Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle
Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions},
year = 2006,
month = mar,
journal = {Journal of Urban Planning and Development},
volume = 132,
number = 1,
pages = {10--21},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10)},
keywords = {climate mitigation, urban form, canada, lifecycle analysis, toronto},
url = {http://www.growingsensibly.org/cmapdfs/Comparing%20High%20and%20Low%20Resedential%20Density%20-%20Life%20Cycly%20Analysis%20of%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emmissions.pdf},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{Por01,
author = {Andr{\'e} Porlier},
title = {Le stationnement comme outil de gestion des déplacements dans
la région métropolitaine de Montréal},
year = 2001,
month = may,
institution = {Conseil régional de l'environnement de Montréal},
address = {Montréal, QC, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {parking, canada, transportation demand management},
url = {http://www.transportdurable.qc.ca/documents/stationnement.pdf}
}
@article{PucBue05,
author = {John Pucher and Ralph Buehler},
title = {Cycling Trends and Policies in {C}anadian Cities},
year = 2005,
month = mar,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 11,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/pucher_canbike.pdf},
status = {read},
abstract = {
Bicycling accounted for an average of 1.2\% of work trips in Canada
in 2001, but with considerable
variation by province and metropolitan area. In this study, we
chose six Canadian cities for detailed
analysis of their cycling trends and policies: Montreal and
Quebec City in Quebec; Ottawa and
Toronto in Ontario; and Vancouver and Victoria in British
Columbia. All of these cities have made
impressive efforts to encourage more and safer cycling. Most of
the cities report increases in cycling
levels over the past two decades but appear to have reached a
limit due to lack of funding for
crucially needed cycling infrastructure (bike paths and lanes,
parking, intersection modifications, etc.).
In addition, the low-density, car-oriented suburban sprawl
spreading around most Canadian cities has
been increasing trip distances, thus making cycling
decreasingly feasible outside the urban core.
Finally, Canadian cities and provinces have not imposed any
significant restrictions on car use or
imposed increases in taxes, fees, and other charges for car
use, such as most European cities have
implemented to discourage driving and increase transit use,
walking, and cycling. If Canadian cities
really want to further increase cycling levels, they will have
to further expand cycling infrastructure,
curb low-density sprawl, and impose more restrictions and charges
on car use.
}
}
@article{PucBue06,
author = {John Pucher and Ralph Buehler},
title = {Why {C}anadians cycle more than {A}mericans: A comparative
analysis of bicycling trends and policies},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 13,
number = 3,
pages = {265--279},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
abstract = {
In spite of their colder climate, Canadians cycle about three times
more than Americans. The main reasons for this difference are Canada?s
higher urban densities and mixed-use development, shorter trip
distances, lower incomes, higher costs of owning, driving and parking a
car, safer cycling conditions, and more extensive cycling
infrastructure and training programs. Most of these factors result
from differences between Canada and the United States in their
transport and land-use policies, and not from intrinsic differences
in history, culture or resource availability. That is good news,
since it suggests the possibility of significantly increasing
cycling levels in the United States by adopting some of the
Canadian policies that have so effectively promoted cycling and
enhanced its safety.
},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/TransportPolicyArticle.pdf},
annote = {
Very interesting. They perform a regression on some fairly
aggregate data: provincial and state modal share and statistics.
They find that precipitation, gasoline price, cycling fatality
rates and temperature are the major factors determining mode share
when American and Canadian data are combined, with median work trip
distance almost as significant.
Some of the most interesting findings: average length of work trips
in similar-sized cities are twice as high in the US; cars are
really quite a bit more expensive in Canada: 33\% of income,
compared to 18\% in the U.S.
I'm curious to see their sources for Canadian cycling injury stats;
while I can see how they estimate total injuries, I can't imagine
how they convert that to injuries per 100 million kilometres.
I looked at the results a little more closely, and tried to
normalize the input variables prior to doing correlation, to give a
sense of their rank in affecting cycling mode share. (This
effectively just amounts to multiplying the regression parameter by
the standard deviation of the variable.) Using this approach, I
found the parameters to be, from most to least important: 1) gas
price, 0.30; 2) precipitation, -0.19; 3) work trip distance, -0.10;
4) temperature, 0.09; 5) fatality rate, -0.09.
I'd be curious to see a similar analysis done in a purely urban
Canadian context.
}
}
@book{Pun03,
author = {John V.~Punter},
title = {The {V}ancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and Design},
year = 2003,
publisher = {University of British Columbia Press},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
keywords = {history, canada, urban planning, urban politics, architecture, streets, urban design },
abstract = {
This book examines the development of Vancouver's unique approach
to zoning, planning, and urban design from the early 1970s to
the beginning of the twenty-first century. By the late 1990s,
Vancouver had established a reputation in North America for its
planning achievement, especially for its creation of a
participative, responsive, and design-led approach to urban
regeneration and redevelopment. This system has other important
features: an innovative approach to megaproject planning, a
system of cost and amenity levies on major schemes, a
participative process to underpin active neighbourhood
planning, and a sophisticated panoply of design guidelines.
These systems, processes, and their achievements place
Vancouver at the forefront of international planning practice.
The Vancouver Achievement explains the keys to its success, and
evaluates its approach to planning and design against
internationally accepted criteria. Generously illustrated with
over 160 photos and figures, this book - the first
comprehensive account of contemporary planning and urban design
practice in any Canadian city - will appeal to academic and
professional audiences, as well as the general public.
},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://www.davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Pun03/index.html }
}
@article{RooMohMil00,
author = {Matthew J.~Roorda and Abolfazl Mohammadian and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {{T}oronto {A}rea Car Ownership Study: A Retrospective Interview
and its Applications},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1719,
pages = {69--76},
abstract = {
Recent work in the area of comprehensive transportation modeling
systems in a microsimulation framework, more specifically auto
ownership modeling, has recognized the need for increased
experimentation with dynamic models. Implicitly, dynamic models
require longitudinal data. A Toronto area car ownership study
was conducted to design and administer a longitudinal survey to
fulfill the data requirements for such a dynamic model, to
validate the survey results, and to conduct preliminary
analysis on those results. An in-depth retrospective telephone
survey was conducted with the help of a computer aid in
Toronto, Canada. Simple univariate analyses were conducted on
the data to determine the relationship between characteristics
of the household and the occurrence of vehicle transactions,
the choice of vehicle type, the duration a vehicle is held, and the
degree of consumer loyalty to different types of vehicles.
},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada},
status = {read},
annote = {
I read this after Mohammadian's later papers. It looks like they
did collect home/employer locations during the surveys---why didn't
they use this information?
}
}
@unpublished{Sch97b,
author = {Paul Schimek},
title = {Understanding the Relatively Greater Use of Public Transit in
{C}anada Compared to the {USA}},
year = 1997,
institution = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of
Urban Studies and Planning},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
note = {Unpublished Ph.D. thesis},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Sob97,
author = {Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {The Track Ahead: Organization of the {TTC} under the new
amalgamated {C}ity of {T}oronto},
year = 1997,
month = sep,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering},
url = {http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/reports/track_ahead.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {transit, governance, canada}
}
@article{Tom02,
author = {Ray Tomalty},
title = {Growth Management in the {V}ancouver Region},
year = 2002,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 7,
number = 4,
pages = {431--445},
status = {read},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, smart growth, urban growth boundary},
annote = {
A good article summarizing the history of the GVRD and the
effectiveness of its growth management. Invaluable for anyone new
to the Vancouver planning scene, or for those who just want to step
back momentarily and look at the big picture.
}
}
@article{TomSka03,
author = {Ray Tomalty and Andrejs Skaburskis},
title = {Development Charges and City Planning Objectives: the
{O}ntario Disconnect},
year = 2003,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Urban Research},
volume = 12,
number = 1,
pages = {142--161},
abstract = {
In many provinces in Canada, development charges are collected by
municipal governments to help pay for the capital costs associated
with urban growth. Hardly anywhere, however, is there an attempt to
structure development charges so as to achieve planning goals. This
article examines the disconnect between fiscal and planning goals
by tracking the evolution of development charge regimes in a
particular urban region, namely the Greater Toronto Area in
Ontario, Canada. The authors pose the question: why do so many
municipalities adopt average cost approaches to calculating
development charges when it is widely assumed that a marginal cost
approach is superior from an infrastructure and land-use efficiency
(i.e., planning) perspective?
The typical explanations put forward to account for this preference
are examined and found wanting. A fuller explanation requires an
understanding of developer-municipal conflict over the principles
involved in the design of development charges. This leads us to an
account of the emergence of development charges in Ontario and the
evolving debate between municipalities and developers over who
should pay for the infrastructure needed to support growth. This
story reveals that there has been a gradual shift in municipal
infrastructure financing practices from a marginal cost or
``site-specific'' approach, favoured by developers, to an average
cost or ``municipal-wide'' approach, favoured by municipalities. In
the conclusions, a number of factors underlying this evolution are
identified.
},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban politics, finance}
}
@inproceedings{Tom00,
author = {David Tomlinson},
title = {Conflicts between Cyclists and Motorists in {T}oronto,
{C}anada},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/TOMLINSO.PDF},
annote = {
A good analysis of 2600 collisions over a two-year period. Valuable
insight in a typical Canadian context. See also full report (CT03).
}
}
@techreport{Tra03,
author = {TransLink},
title = {Sustainable Region Showcase for {G}reater {V}ancouver},
year = 2003,
month = may,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, transit}
}
@techreport{Tra04,
author = {TransLink},
title = {Cycling Performance Scorecard},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.translink.bc.ca/files/polls_surveys/cust_satisfaction/Cycling_PerfRep.pdf},
keywords = {canada, data, bicycle planning}
}
@techreport{TraBCA04,
author = {TransLink and {British Columbia Automobile Association}},
title = {Interest in Viable Transportation Options Among Private
Vehicle Drivers},
year = 2004,
month = jul,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.translink.bc.ca/files/polls_surveys/cust_satisfaction/Report_BCAA_GVTA_Travel_Choices_Quantitative_Nov2004.pdf},
keywords = {canada, data, transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{Urb99,
author = {{Urban Systems Inc.}},
title = {Parking Issues and Opportunities},
year = 1999,
institution = {University of British Columbia Properties Inc.},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.trek.ubc.ca/research/pdf/paper7.pdf},
keywords = {parking, transport planning, canada, transportation demand management},
annote = {
An interesting read. It has a lot of useful Vancouver context, in
more detail than other similar reports that I've read. That said,
it makes a classic planning mistake: they make some decisions by
surveying neighbouring jurisdictions and looking at averages.
},
status = {read}
}
@techreport{Urb04,
author = {Urban Systems Ltd.},
title = {Transportation Status Report: Fall 1997 to Fall 2003},
year = 2004,
institution = {University of British Columbia TREK Program Centre},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.trek.ubc.ca/research/pdf/Fall 2003 Transportation Status Report.pdf},
keywords = {transport planning, canada},
status = {read}
}
@article{Whe00,
author = {Stephen M.~Wheeler},
title = {Planning for Metropolitan Sustainability},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 20,
pages = {133--145},
status = {read},
quality = 3,
keywords = {sustainability, urban planning, governance, canada, public participation},
annote = {
Some interesting historical notes on regional government: the
abandonment of regional government in London, Barcelona and Copenhagen
in the 1980s, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul tax sharing arrangement.
He argues in favour of direct election of regional governments
(e.g., Portland) rather than selection from local government
officials (e.g., Vancouver, San Francisco) or appointment by state
(e.g., Minneapolis-St. Paul). The article also has a more realistic view
of governance and planning in the Greater Toronto Area than most
articles I've read.
}
}
@article{Whe03,
author = {Stephen M.~Wheeler},
title = {The Evolution of Urban Form in {P}ortland and {T}oronto:
implications for sustainability planning},
year = 2003,
month = jun,
journal = {Local Environment},
volume = 8,
number = 3,
pages = {317--336},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/1083947350-55615933/ftinterface~content=a713685047~fulltext=713240930},
keywords = {urban form, canada, streets, history, transport planning, urban planning, new urbanism},
abstract = {
This paper analyses the evolution of urban form in two North American
metropolitan regions (Portland and Toronto) and asks how more
sustainable regional form might come about in the future in these and
other urban areas. In the past, dominant patterns of urban form have
emerged in such regions at different historical periods. These
morphological phases include mid 19th-century grids, streetcar suburb
grids, garden suburbs, automobile suburbs and New Urbanist
neighbourhoods (which have only recently made an appearance and may or
may not become widespread). Judging by the performance of past types of
urban morphology, five design values appear particularly important for
more sustainable urban form in the future: compactness, contiguity,
connectivity, diversity and ecological integration. Although these
principles were not well supported by 20th-century development,
contemporary movements such as the New Urbanism and Smart Growth
re-emphasise them. The example of these two regions indicates that, in
the absence of new technological, economic or geographical forces,
public sector institutions and urban social movements represent the
most likely means to bring about new, more sustainable types of urban
form.
}
}
@article{AulAda98,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Michael F.~{Adams~Jr.}},
title = {Sidewalk Bicycling Safety Issues},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {71--76},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-011.pdf}
}
@article{AulHal98,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall},
title = {Research Design Insights from a Survey of Urban Bicycle
Commuters},
year = 1998,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1636,
pages = {21--28},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.enhancements.org/trb\%5C1636-004.pdf}
}
@article{AulHal98b,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Fred Hall},
title = {{O}ttawa-{C}arleton Commuter Cyclist on and off road
incident rates},
year = 1998,
journal = {Accident Analysis and Prevention},
volume = 30,
pages = {29--43},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada}
}
@phdthesis{Bad94,
author = {Daniel A.~Badoe},
title = {An Investigation into the Long Range Transferability of
Work-Trip Discrete Mode Choice Models},
year = 1994,
school = {University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport modelling, canada}
}
@article{BadMil95,
author = {Daniel A.~Badoe and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Analysis of Temporal Transferability of Disaggregate Work Trip
Mode Choice Models},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1493,
pages = {1--11},
keywords = {transport modelling, canada},
abstract = {
An empirical study is presented of the long-range temporal
transferability properties within a fixed geographic area of
disaggregate logit models of work trip mode choice. The study
area is the greater Toronto area, Ontario, Canada. The two
temporal contexts are 1964 and 1986, with models estimated from
1964 data being used to predict 1986 travel choices. In
addition to the very long transfer period (which does not
appear to have been previously examined), a major
feature of this study is that a wide variety of model
specifications, ranging from the simplest possible market share
model to a complex market segmentation model, are tested to
investigate the relationship between model specification and
transferability. Major findings of the study include (a) as in
most transferability studies, model parameters are not
temporally stable; (b) pragmatically the transferred models
provide considerable useful information about application
context travel behavior; (c) in general, improved model
specification improves the extent of the model's
transferability; (d) an important exception to Point c is the
complex market segment model, which appears to be
``overspecified'' and, in the face of changing contextual factors
during the 22-year period predicts 1986 conditions quite
poorly; (e) Point c notwithstanding, simple level-of-service
models perform very well in terms of their spatially aggregate
predictions (which are often of primary practical importance to
planners); (f) the models that best fit the estimation
context (1964) data do not always transfer the best to 1986
conditions; and (g) ``transfer scaling'', in which modal utility
constants and scales are updated, can significantly improve
model transferability.
}
}
@article{Baj83,
author = {Vladimir Bajic},
title = {The effects of a subway line on housing prices in
{M}etropolitan {T}oronto},
year = 1983,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 20,
number = 2,
pages = {147--158},
keywords = { transport planning, canada, land use transport link },
annote = {
Sounds interesting---looks at the impacts on real estate around the
Spadina line.
}
}
@techreport{BCT89,
author = {{BC~Transit}},
title = {Sky{T}rain: A Catalyst for Development},
year = 1989,
month = apr,
address = {Vancouver, BC, USA},
institution = {BC~Transit},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada}
}
@article{Ber98,
author = {Lance Berelowitz},
title = {Reinventing {V}ancouver's Waterfront, Projects for a New
Urban Mythology},
year = 1998,
journal = {Bauwelt},
volume = 89,
number = 12,
pages = {600--605},
note = {in German; author's original in English},
keywords = {sociology, canada}
}
@article{BloSut99,
author = {S.~Blore and J.~Sutherland},
title = {Building {S}mileyville},
year = 1999,
journal = {Vancouver Magazine},
volume = 32,
number = 9,
pages = {48--58, 105},
keywords = {sociology, canada}
}
@techreport{BonSta93,
author = {J.~Bonsall and R.~Stacey},
title = {A Rapid Transit Strategy into the Next Century},
year = 1993,
institution = {OC Transpo},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
type = {Mimeo},
keywords = { canada, transit, transport planning }
}
@article{Bri92,
author = {Ray E.~Brindle},
title = {{T}oronto---paradigm lost?},
year = 1992,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 30,
number = 3,
pages = {123--130},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada}
}
@article{BroLam72,
author = {S.A.~Brown and Thomas A.~Lambe},
title = {Parking Prices in the {C}entral {B}usiness {D}istrict},
year = 1972,
journal = {Socio-Economic Planning Sciences},
volume = 6,
pages = {133--144},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@incollection{BunFil96,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
title = {The dispersed city: its spatial and temporal dynamics},
pages = {9--54},
editor = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and K.~Curtis},
booktitle = {The Dynamics of the Dispersed City: Geographic and Planning
Perspective on {W}aterloo {R}egion},
year = 1996,
series = {Department of Geography Publication Series},
volume = 47,
publisher = {University of Waterloo},
address = {Waterloo, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{BunFil99,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
title = {Dispersed City Form in {C}anada: A {K}itchener {CMA} Case
Study},
year = 1999,
journal = {The Canadian Geographer},
volume = 43,
pages = {268--287},
keywords = {canada, urban planning}
}
@book{BunFil00,
editor = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
title = {{C}anadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century},
edition = {2nd},
year = 2000,
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, geography, transport planning, history, urban economics}
}
@article{BunFilPri02,
author = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion and H.~Priston},
title = {Density Gradients in {C}anadian Metropolititan Regions,
1971--96: Differential Patterns of Central Area and Suburban Growth and
Change},
year = 2002,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 39,
number = 13,
pages = {2531--2552},
abstract = {
This paper demonstrates that over the 25-year period, 1971-96, the
majority of Canadian cities have undergone transition towards an
increasingly decentralised urban form. The trends, however, are quite
diverse, pointing to fundamental differences in the respective
importance of growth in central and outer parts of the metropolitan
area. On the whole, the relatively high densities observed in Canadian
central cities, in comparison with US ones, appear to reflect residual
centralisation rather than continued growth in metropolitan regions'
innermost parts. Only Vancouver, and to a lesser extent Toronto and
Victoria, exhibit indisputable evidence of post-1971 central-area
growth. The predominant trend has been towards suburban-style,
low-density expansion, albeit with considerable intercity variation
regarding changes in central-area and suburban density. Findings
presented here point to previously unidentified trends towards
recentralisation in a few CMAs and, in about half of the surveyed
metropolitan areas, densification of suburban tracts.
},
keywords = {canada, urban planning, urban form }
}
@techreport{CIPGFG04,
author = {{Canadian Institute of Planners} and {Go For Green}},
title = {Community Cycling Manual: A Planning and Design Guide},
year = 2004,
month = jun,
institution = {Go For Green},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
url = {http://www.goforgreen.ca/at/Eng/PDF/CommunityCyclingManual-June2004.pdf},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@techreport{Can04,
author = {Jeffrey J.~Cantos},
title = {Parking Strategies and Affordable Housing: An Efficient and
Equitable Approach},
year = 2004,
institution = {School of Planning, University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, parking},
url = {http://www.geog.utoronto.ca/programs/planning/planning\%20new/recentwork/2003/CIP/parkingstrategiespdf.pdf}
}
@article{Cer85b,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {A tale of two cities: Light rail transit in {C}anada},
year = 1985,
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
volume = 111,
number = 6,
pages = {633--650},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Cer86,
author = {Robert Cervero},
title = {Urban Transit in {C}anada: Integration and Innovation at its
Best},
year = 1986,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 40,
number = 3,
pages = {293--316},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada, transit}
}
@article{Cod83,
author = {W.R.~Code},
title = {The strength of the centre: downtown offices and metropolitan
decentralization policy in {T}oronto},
year = 1983,
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
volume = 15,
pages = {1361--1380},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@techreport{Cof94,
author = {W.J.~Coffey},
title = {The evolution of {C}anada's metropolitan economies},
year = 1994,
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
institution = {Institute for Research on Public Policy},
keywords = { canada, history }
}
@unpublished{Cop85,
author = {P.M.~Coppack},
title = {An exploration of amenity and its role in the development of
the urban field},
year = 1985,
note = {Unpublished Ph.D. thesis},
institution = {University of Waterloo},
address = {Waterloo, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, geography, canada}
}
@techreport{CT04,
author = {{City of Toronto}},
title = {Toronto Official Plan},
year = 2004,
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {{City of Toronto}},
url = {http://toronto.ca/torontoplan/official_plan.htm},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@techreport{CV05,
author = {{City of Vancouver}},
title = {Zoning and Development By-law},
number = {3575},
type = {By-law},
year = 2005,
institution = {{City of Vancouver}},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
url = {http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/BYLAWS/zoning/zon&dev.htm},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@mastersthesis{Dav97b,
author = {Gavin Davidson},
title = {Area Wide Traffic Management: A Strategy for Improving the
Economic, Social and Environmental Health of Urban Centers},
year = 1997,
school = {Simon Fraser University, School of Resource and Environmental
Management},
address = {Burnaby, BC, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, traffic calming, canada}
}
@article{Dew76,
author = {Donald Dewees},
title = {The effect of a subway on residential property values in
{T}oronto},
year = 1976,
journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
volume = 3,
number = 4,
pages = {357--369},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{DohAulSwa00,
author = {Sean T.~Doherty and Lisa Aultman-Hall and Jill Swaynos},
title = {Commuter Cyclist Accident Patterns in {T}oronto and {O}ttawa},
year = 2000,
journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
month = {Jan/Feb},
volume = 126,
number = 1,
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
pages = {21--26},
abstract = {
In this study, self-reported cyclist collision and fall information
from a mail-back questionnaire was analyzed for a sample of
2,945 adult cyclists who commute to work/school in Toronto and
Ottawa. Analysis focused on incident frequencies by month, time
of day, location, road surface condition, and injury level.
These results are presented in order to provide a valuable
complement to other sources of bicycle incident data obtained
primarily from emergency room hospital records. Only a small
percentage of collision and fall incidents resulted in a major
injury and would therefore be found in a bicycle accident
database compiled from emergency room hospital records.
Slightly more, 19.2 and 11.7\% of the collisions in Ottawa and
Toronto, respectively, were reported to police. The results of
the study found that collisions were more sensitive to
automobile traffic, whereas falls were more sensitive to the
prevailing roadway surface conditions. There was a higher
proportion of falls than collisions during the winter months in
both cities. However, the severity of injuries from collisions
and falls were fairly consistent across time periods. Even when
the severity of collisions and falls were considered for
different roadway environmental conditions and between roads
and off-road, no difference was found. This analysis suggests
that minor collisions and falls should be considered in
accessing the safety experience of bicyclists.
}
}
@article{DohNemRooMil04,
author = {Sean T.~Doherty and Erika Nemeth and Matthew J.~Roorda and
Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Design and Assessment of the {T}oronto {A}rea Computerized
Household Activity Scheduling Survey},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1894,
pages = {140--149},
year = 2004,
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada, travel behaviour}
}
@article{Dow98,
author = {R.~Dowling},
title = {Neotraditionalism in the suburban landscape: Cultural
geographies of exclusion in {V}ancouver, {C}anada},
year = 1998,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 19,
number = 2,
pages = {105--122},
keywords = {geography, canada}
}
@incollection{Dun97,
author = {R.~Dunphy},
title = {Toronto: A Pioneering Transit Model in a Suburbanizing Future},
year = 1997,
booktitle = {Moving Beyond Gridlock: Traffic and Development},
publisher = {The Urban Land Institute},
pages = {109--124},
keywords = {canada, transit}
}
@techreport{Dur96,
author = {Alan Durning},
title = {The Car and the City},
year = 1996,
institution = {Northwest Environment Watch},
annote = {Comparison of Portland, Seattle and Vancouver},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, canada}
}
@article{ElmBadMil99,
author = {A.~Elmi and Daniel A.~Badoe and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Transferability Analysis of Work-Trip Distribution Models},
year = 1999,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1676,
pages = {169--176},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada},
abstract = {
An empirical study of the temporal transferability properties of
entropy-type trip-distribution models, applied within a fixed
geographic region, is presented. Data for the study were drawn
from three travel surveys conducted in 1964, 1986, and 1996 in
the Toronto region. Very long transfer periods were examined,
and a wide variety of model specifications were tested. These
specifications ranged from the simple proportional flow model
to an occupationally stratified, doubly constrained entropy
model, for which spatial separation was measured by highway
travel time. These models were estimated using data from 1964
and 1986. The estimated 1964 models were transferred to 1986
and 1996 to predict the distribution of travel. The 1986 models
also were transferred to 1996 to predict the distribution of
travel. Results showed that the travel-time parameter was not
temporally stable. However, pragmatically, the transferred
models were found to provide forecasts very comparable to those
generated by models estimated in the respective application
contexts. Improved model specification consistently resulted in
improved precision of the forecasts obtained. In particular,
stratification of the data by worker occupation category resulted
in models with the best fit to estimation data, as well as
forecasts. However, from a decision- oriented perspective, the
improvement in precision obtained from additional complexity in
specification did not warrant a recommendation for use of more
complex models. Thus, the simple, doubly constrained entropy
model with spatial separation measured by highway travel time
appears satisfactory for use in practical modeling efforts.
}
}
@article{Fil88,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {The Neighbourhood Improvement Plan, {M}ontreal and {T}oronto:
contrasts between a participatory and a centralized approach to urban
policy making},
journal = {Urban History Review},
year = 1988,
volume = 17,
pages = {16--28},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{Fil95,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Planning proposals and urban development trends: can the gap
be bridged?},
year = 1995,
journal = {Plan Canada},
volume = 35,
number = 5,
pages = {17--19},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{Fil99,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {Rupture or continuity? Modern and postmodern planning in
{T}oronto},
journal = {International Journal of Urban and Regional Research},
year = 1999,
volume = 23,
pages = {423--444},
url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-2427.00206},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@techreport{Fil07,
author = {Pierre Filion},
title = {The {U}rban {G}rowth {C}entres Strategy in the {G}reater
{G}olden {H}orseshoe: Lessons from Downtowns, Nodes, and Corridors},
year = 2007,
month = may,
series = {Neptis Studies on the Toronto Metropolitan Region},
institution = {The Neptis Foundation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban form, canada, toronto},
url = {http://www.neptis.org/library/cf_download.cfm?file=Filion_electronic_report_20070528.pdf}
}
@article{FilBun93,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting},
title = {Local power and its limits: Three decades of attempts to
revitalize {K}itchener's {CBD}},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban History Review},
volume = 12,
pages = {48--70},
keywords = {urban politics, canada, urban planning}
}
@techreport{FilBunCKPD98,
author = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and {City of Kitchener Planning
Department}},
title = {Housing Development Potential in {K}itchener's Core Area:
Markets and Recommendations},
year = 1998,
institution = {City of Kitchener},
address = {Kitchener, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@book{FilBunCur96,
editor = {Pierre Filion and Trudi Bunting and K.~Curtis},
title = {The Dynamics of the Dispersed City: Geographic and Planning
Perspective on {W}aterloo {R}egion},
year = 1996,
publisher = {University of Waterloo, Department of Geography},
address = {Waterloo, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@article{Gad85,
author = {Gunter Gad},
title = {Office location dynamics in {T}oronto: suburbanization and
central district specialization},
year = 1985,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 6,
pages = {331--351},
keywords = {location choice, urban planning, canada, geography}
}
@techreport{GraTasPog02,
author = {Fanis Grammenos and Julie Tasker-{B}rown and Soxag Pogharian},
title = {Residential Street Pattern Design},
year = 2002,
series = {Socio-economic Series},
number = 75,
institution = {Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
url = {http://kn.fcm.ca/file_download.php?URL_ID=3159&filename=10369596040socio75-e.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1350698&name=socio75-e.pdf&location=user-S/},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, pedestrian planning, bicycle planning}
}
@phdthesis{Hai03,
author = {Murtaza Haider},
title = {Spatio-temporal Modelling of Housing Starts in the {G}reater
{T}oronto {A}rea},
year = 2003,
school = {University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {spatial modelling, ilute, canada},
url = {http://www.regionomics.com/Research/Doctoral/Thesis.htm}
}
@article{HaiMil00,
author = {Murtaza Haider and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Effects of Infrastructure and Locational Elements on
Residential Real Estate Values: An Application of Autoregressive
Techniques},
year = 2000,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1722,
pages = {1--8},
abstract = {
Proximity to transportation infrastructure (highways and public
transit) influences residential real estate values. Housing
values also are influenced by propinquity to a shopping
facility or a recreational amenity. Spatial autoregressive
(SAR) models were used to estimate the impact of locational
elements on the price of residential properties sold during
1995 in the Greater Toronto Area. A large data set consisting
of 27,400 freehold sales was used in the study. Moran's I was
estimated to determine the effects of spatial autocorrelation
that existed in housing values. SAR models, using a combination
of locational influences, neighborhood characteristics, and
structural attributes, explained 83\% variance in housing
values. Using the ``comparable sales approach,'' a spatiotemporal
lag variable was estimated for every property in the database.
This research discovered that SAR models offered a better fit
than nonspatial models. This study also discovered that in the
presence of other explanatory variables, locational and
transportation factors were not strong determinants of housing
values. On the other hand, the number of washrooms and the
average household income in a neighborhood were found to be
significant determinants of housing values. Stepwise regression
techniques were used to determine reduced spatial hedonic
models.
},
keywords = {ilute, canada, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@article{HaiMil04,
author = {Murtaza Haider},
title = {Modeling Location Choices of Housing Builders in the {G}reater
{T}oronto, {C}anada, {A}rea},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1898,
pages = {148--156},
keywords = {spatial modelling, ilute, canada, urban planning}
}
@techreport{Har01b,
author = {Melanie Hare},
title = {Exploring Growth Management Roles in {O}ntario: Learning from
``Who Does What'' Elsewhere},
year = 2001,
month = sep,
institution = {Ontario Professional Planners Institute},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, smart growth, canada}
}
@article{Hee68,
author = {W.~Heenan},
title = {The Economic Effect of Rapid Transit on Real Estate
Development},
year = 1968,
journal = {The Appraisal Journal},
volume = 36,
pages = {212--224},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, canada}
}
@inproceedings{HelMcN03,
author = {Bruce Hellinga and Ryan Mc{N}ally},
title = {A Method for Quantitatively Prioritising Transportation
Projects on the Basis of Sustainability},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the
{T}ransportation {A}ssociation of {C}anada},
year = 2002,
keywords = {sustainability, canada},
url = {http://gorge.uwaterloo.ca/bhelling/Publications Page/Publications/TAC 2003 Quantifying Sustainability.pdf}
}
@article{Hop94,
author = {D.~Hope},
title = {Nonrecreational Cycling in {O}ttawa},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1441,
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@inproceedings{HunBro98,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and Alan T.~Brownlee},
title = {Design and Calibration of the {E}dmonton Transport Analysis
Model},
year = 1998,
booktitle = {Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {bicycle planning, transport modelling, canada}
}
@article{HunMcMAbr94,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and J.D.P.~Mc{M}illan and John Edward Abraham},
title = {Stated Preference Investigation of Influences on
Attractiveness of Residential Locations},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1466,
pages = {79--87},
keywords = {urban planning, urban economics, canada}
}
@article{HunTep93,
author = {John Douglas Hunt and S.~Tepley},
title = {A nested logit model of parking location choice},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research B},
volume = 27,
number = 4,
pages = {253--266},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{IBI07,
author = {{IBI Group}},
title = {Transportation Trends and Outlooks for the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea and {H}amilton: Strategic Transit Directions},
year = 2007,
month = jan,
address = {Toronto, ON},
institution = {IBI Group},
url = {http://www.gtta.com/en/news/Strategic%20Transit%20Directions_2007-01-29.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, toronto, transit, transport planning}
}
@techreport{IBI07b,
author = {{IBI Group}},
title = {Transportation Trends and Outlooks for the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea and {H}amilton: Needs and Opportunities},
year = 2007,
month = jan,
address = {Toronto, ON},
institution = {IBI Group},
url = {http://www.gtta.com/en/news/Strategic%20Transit%20Directions_2007-01-29.pdf},
status = {read},
keywords = {canada, toronto, transit, urban planning, urban form, transport planning}
}
@techreport{IsiTom93,
author = {E.~Isin and R.~Tomalty},
title = {Resettling cities: {C}anadian residential intensification
initiatives},
year = 1993,
institution = {Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@inproceedings{Jol00,
author = {Marc Jolicoeur},
title = {A Bicycle Network for a {N}orth {A}merican Metropolis: The Case of
{M}ontreal},
year = 2000,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondiale 2000},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/JOLICOEU.PDF}
}
@techreport{JolThiHuaBruFal01,
author = {Marc Jolicoeur and Guy Thibault and H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Huard and
Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Bruneau and Jean-S{\'e}bastien Fallu},
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
title = {L'état du v{\'e}lo au {Q}u{'e}bec en 2000 (Bicycling in
{Q}uebec in 2000)},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
address = {Montr\'{e}al, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/etat_velo/etateduvelo2001-c.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@article{Ken02,
author = {Christopher A.~Kennedy},
title = {A comparison of the sustainability of public and private
transportation systems: Study of the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
journal = {Transportation},
year = 2002,
volume = 29,
number = 4,
pages = {459--493},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, canada}
}
@article{Ken91,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The land use/transit connection in {T}oronto: Some lessons for
{A}ustralian cities},
year = 1991,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 29,
number = 3,
pages = {149--154},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link, transit}
}
@article{KenNew94,
author = {Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy and Peter W.G.~Newman},
title = {{T}oronto---paradigm regained},
year = 1994,
journal = {Australian Planner},
volume = 31,
number = 3,
pages = {137--147},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, transit, land use transport link}
}
@article{Kle07b,
author = {Christopher Klemek},
title = {Jane {J}acobs and the fall of urban renewal order in {N}ew
{Y}ork and {T}oronto},
year = 2007,
journal = {Journal of Urban History},
volume = 33,
number = 5,
keywords = {history, canada}
}
@article{Lam67,
author = {Thomas Lambe},
title = {The Choice of Parking Location by Workers in the {C}entral
{B}usiness {D}istrict},
year = 1967,
journal = {Traffic Quarterly},
volume = 23,
number = 3,
pages = {397--411},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@article{Lam96,
author = {Thomas Lambe},
title = {Driver Choice of Parking in the City},
year = 1996,
journal = {Socio-Economic Planning Sciences},
volume = 30,
number = 3,
pages = {207--219},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@article{LecNoeLee01,
author = {C.~Leclerc and N.~No{\"e}l and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Cyclisme et convivialité de la route: développement d'un outil
d'aide à la décision},
year = 2001,
journal = {Routes et transports},
volume = 30,
number = 1,
pages = {9--20},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@article{Lee98,
author = {Loretta Lees},
title = {Vancouver: A Portfolio},
year = 1998,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 19,
number = 4,
pages = {283--286},
keywords = {sociology, canada}
}
@techreport{Lem01,
author = {Andr{\'e} Lemelin},
title = {Calcul de l'impact sur la circulation automobile d'une taxe
sur le stationnement dans la grande région de {M}ontréal},
year = 2001,
month = nov,
type = {Inédits},
number = {2001-6},
address = {Montréal, QC, Canada},
institution = {Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique:
Urbanisation, Culture et Société},
url = {http://www.inrs-ucs.uquebec.ca/pdf/inedit2001_06.pdf},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{LemHamSte00,
author = {Andr{\'e} Lemelin and Pierre J.~Hamel and Alain Sterck},
title = {Étude sur la mise en place d'une taxe sur le stationnement
dans la grande région de {M}ontréal},
year = 2000,
address = {Montréal, QC, Canada},
institution = {Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique:
Urbanisation, Culture et Société},
url = {http://www.inrs-ucs.uquebec.ca/pdf/rap2000_01.pdf},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@article{Ley93,
author = {David Ley},
title = {Gentrification in Recession: Social Change in Six {C}anadian
Inner Cities},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban Geography},
volume = 13,
number = 3,
pages = {230--256},
keywords = {geography, canada, equity}
}
@inproceedings{LitMil04,
author = {Marek Litwin and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Agenda formation: evolution of activity sequencing within an
event-driven time-series based framework},
year = 2004,
month = may,
booktitle = {Presented at the EIRASS Conference on Progress in
Activity-Based Analysis},
address = {Maastricht, The Netherlands},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada, travel behaviour},
abstract = {
This paper provides a quantitative analysis and comparison between
the recent Toronto Activity Panel Survey CHASE (Computerized
Household Activity Scheduling Elicitor) dataset and a
previously collected Quebec City CHASE dataset with the focus
on household agenda formation.
The CHASE datasets were analyzed in the context of a newly
developed event-driven time-series based activity scheduling
framework that explicitly incorporates individuals' agenda
formation. The modelling framework, based on McTaggart's
concept of time, has two levels of agenda abstraction:
conceptual and perceptual, where the second level of
abstraction includes provisional sequences of activity
episodes. CHASE has been designed to provide detailed
observation of scheduling processes and agenda formation. In
particular it allows one to trace activity schedule evolution
from the planning phase, through modification phases to the
execution phase. An original computer algorithm has been
applied to the datasets to allow the analyst to visualize the
development of provisional activity sequences.
}
}
@techreport{Luc98,
author = {William J.~Lucas},
title = {A report on cycling fatalities in {T}oronto 1986--1996:
recommendations for reducing cycling injuries and death},
year = 1998,
month = jul,
institution = {Office of the Regional Coroner for Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {bicycle planning, bicycle collisions, canada},
url = {http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/cycling/coroner_index.htm}
}
@inproceedings{McA83,
author = {Ann Mc{A}fee},
title = {The Renewed Inner City: Is One Out of Three Sufficient?},
year = 1983,
month = jan,
booktitle = {New Neighbourhood International Forum},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {equity, canada}
}
@incollection{McA90,
author = {Ann Mc{A}fee},
title = {Four Decades of Geographical Impact by {C}anadian Social
Housing Policies},
year = 1990,
booktitle = {Studies in {C}anadian Regional Geography: Essay in Honour
of {J.~L}ewis {R}obinson},
editor = {B.M.~Barr},
series = {BC Geographical Series},
number = 37,
pages = {92--108},
publisher = {Tantalus Research},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
keywords = {equity, canada}
}
@inproceedings{McNHel02,
author = {Ryan Mc{N}ally and Bruce Hellinga},
title = {Estimating the Impact of Demographics and Automotive
Technologies on Greenhouse Gas Emissions},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the
{C}anadian {I}nstitution of {T}ransportation {E}ngineers},
year = 2002,
month = may,
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, canada, climate mitigation},
url = {http://gorge.uwaterloo.ca/bhelling/Publications Page/Publications/ITE 2002 GHG Emissions 2.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{McNHel02b,
author = {Ryan Mc{N}ally and Bruce Hellinga},
title = {The {K}yoto {GHG} Emissions Targets: What Can We Expect from
the Road Transportation Sector},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the
{T}ransportation {A}ssociation of {C}anada},
year = 2002,
keywords = {transport planning, canada, climate mitigation},
url = {http://gorge.uwaterloo.ca/bhelling/Publications Page/Publications/TAC 2002 GHG Emissions.pdf}
}
@article{Mat93,
author = {M.R.~Matthew},
title = {The suburbanization of {T}oronto offices},
year = 1993,
journal = {The Canadian Geographer},
volume = 37,
pages = {293--306},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@book{Mee00,
author = {Paul Mees},
title = {A very public solution: transport in the dispersed city},
year = 2000,
publisher = {Melbourne University Press},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, canada},
annote = { Comparison of Melbourne and Toronto transit performance.
Discusses the failure of privatization of bus services due to loss
seamless connections, etc. }
}
@incollection{Mer91b,
author = {J.~Mercer},
title = {The {C}anadian city in a continental context},
year = 1991,
editor = {Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion},
booktitle = {Canadian Cities in Transition},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
edition = {1st},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada}
}
@article{Mil93,
author = {Eric J.~Miller},
title = {{C}entral {A}rea Mode Choice and Parking Demand},
year = 1993,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1413,
pages = {60--69},
keywords = {parking, canada, transportation demand management}
}
@techreport{MilCheFan92,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and L.S.~Cheah and K.S.~Fan},
title = {Development of an operational peak-period mode split model for
{M}etropolitan {T}oronto},
volume = {III: Short-Run Improvements},
year = 1992,
month = mar,
institution = {Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, transport modelling}
}
@article{MilIbr98,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and A.~Ibrahim},
title = {Urban form and vehicular travel: some empirical findings},
year = 1998,
month = jan,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1617,
pages = {18--27},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, canada, urban form, land use transport link},
abstract = {
Some empirical findings are presented on the relationship between
urban form and work trip commuting efficiency, drawn from the
analysis of 1986 work trip commuting patterns in the greater
Toronto area. Work trip commuting efficiency is measured with
respect to the average number of vehicle kilometers traveled
(VKT) per worker in a given zone. Preliminary findings include
VKT per worker increases as one moves away from both the
central core of the city and from other high-density employment
centers within the region; job-housing balance, per se, shows
little impact on commuting VKT; and population density, in and
of itself, does not explain variations on commuting VKT once
other urban structure variables have been accounted for.
}
}
@techreport{MilLitRoo02,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Todd Litman and Matthew J.~Roorda},
title = {Study of the Environmental Benefits of an {I}ntegrated
{M}obility {S}ystem ({IMS}) in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
year = 2002,
month = nov,
institution = {Joint Program in Transportation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, transit, canada}
}
@article{MilRoo03,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Matthew J.~Roorda},
title = {A Prototype Model of 24-Hour Household Activity Scheduling for
the {T}oronto {A}rea},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
year = 2003,
volume = 1831,
pages = {114--121},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada, travel behaviour}
}
@article{MilRooHaiMoh04,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Matthew J.~Roorda and Murtaza Haider and
Abolfazl Mohammadian},
title = {An Empirical Analysis of Travel and Housing Expenditures in
the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
year = 2004,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = 1898,
pages = {191--201},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada, urban planning, transport planning}
}
@techreport{MilSha00,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and Amer Shalaby},
title = {Travel in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea: Past and Current
Behaviour and Relation to Urban Form},
year = 2000,
institution = {Neptis Foundation},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{MilSteJea90,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and G.N.~Steuart and D.~Jea},
title = {Understanding Urban Travel Growth in the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea},
volume = {III: Future Travel Trends and their Implications for
Transportation Policy in the Greater Toronto Area},
number = {TDS-90-07},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and
Development Branch},
year = 1990,
month = nov,
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning, urban planning, land use transport link, urban form}
}
@techreport{MilSteJeaHon90,
author = {Eric J.~Miller and G.N.~Steuart and D.~Jea and J.~Hong},
title = {Understanding Urban Travel Growth in the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea},
volume = {II: Trip Generation Relationships in the Greater Toronto Area},
number = {TDS-90-06},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
institution = {Ministry of Transportation Ontario, Research and
Development Branch},
year = 1990,
month = nov,
keywords = {canada, transport planning}
}
@unpublished{Mir03,
author = {J.~Miron},
title = {Urban Sprawl in {C}anada and {A}merica: Just How Dissimilar?},
year = 2003,
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban form, canada}
}
@article{MohShaMil06,
author = {Abolfazl Mohammadian and Amer S.~Shalaby and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {An Empirical Analysis of Transit Network Evolution: Case Study
of the {M}ississauga, {O}ntario Bus Network},
year = 2006,
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {forthcoming},
keywords = {transit, canada, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{MorBol96,
author = {J.~Morrall and D.~Bolger},
title = {Cost Effectiveness through Innovation},
year = 1996,
month = oct,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1996 Transportation Assocation of
Canada Annual Conference},
address = {Charlottetown, Canada},
abstract = {
This paper was presented at the 'Cost-Effective Traffic Operations
Through Innovation' session. The importance of parking policies
as complementary policies to an overall urban transportation
strategy has been acknowledged as a key component in
influencing both transit use and ridesharing. The main focus of
this article is the relationship between downtown long-stay
parking supply and transit use, and the implications of this
relationship for developing downtown parking policies. Based on
a survey of Canadian cities, it was determined that peak hour
transit modal split to downtown areas is inversely proportional
to the ratio of long-stay parking stalls per downtown employee.
The analysis indicated that this relationship is highly
statistically significant for Canadian and American cities. The
implication of the findings is that the main choice with
respect to establishing a long-stay parking policy is directly
linked to the modal split goal. Thus, policy makers should
first establish a desirable and achievable modal split goal and
then establish a long-stay parking strategy which would match
the supply of long-stay parking with the modal split goal.
},
keywords = {parking, transportation demand management, canada}
}
@article{MorBol96b,
author = {J.~Morrall and D.~Bolger},
title = {The relationship between Downtown Parking Supply and Transit
Use},
year = 1996,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
volume = 66,
number = 2,
abstract = {
Parking policies can complement an overall urban transportation
strategy by influencing both transit use and ridesharing. This
article presents a study of the downtown parking supply and
transportation policies of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in
relation to other Canadian cities. The focus of the study is
the relationship between downtown parking supply and transit
use. In a study survey, a strong relationship is found between
peak-period modal split to public transit and the supply of
downtown parking. Specifically, the proportion of downtown
commuters using public transportation is inversely proportional
to the ratio of parking stalls per downtown employee.
},
keywords = {parking, transportation demand management, canada}
}
@inproceedings{NoeLee00,
author = {N.~No{\"e}l and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Urban form, road network design and bicycle use: the case of
{Q}uebec {C}ity's metropolitan area.},
year = 2000,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/NOEL.PDF}
}
@article{NoeLee02,
author = {N.~No{\"e}l and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Mieux comprendre la pratique de la bicyclette: Enquête sur les
déplacements et les activités de cyclistes de la Région
métropolitaine de {Q}uébec.},
year = 2002,
journal = {Recherche - Transports - S{\'e}curit{\'e}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = 74,
pages = {26--49},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada}
}
@article{NoeVilLee01,
author = {N.~No{\"e}l and P.~Villeneuve and Martin E.H.~Lee-Gosselin},
title = {Aménagement du territoire et espaces d'action: identification
des déterminants des stratégies de déplacements de cyclistes de la
région de {Q}uébec à l'aide d'un {SIG}},
year = 2001,
journal = {Revue internationale de g{\'e}omatique},
volume = 11,
number = {3--4},
pages = {79--101},
keywords = {bicycle planning, geographic information systems, canada}
}
@book{NowNow70,
author = {D.~Nowlan and N.~Nowlan},
title = {The bad trip: the untold story of the {S}padina {E}xpressway},
year = 1970,
publisher = {Toronto New Press, House of Anansi},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, transport planning}
}
@article{NowSte92,
author = {D.M.~Nowlan and G.~Stewart},
title = {The effect of downtown population growth on commuting trips:
some recent {T}oronto experience},
year = 1992,
journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
volume = 57,
number = 2,
pages = {165--182},
keywords = { transport planning, canada }
}
@incollection{ObeSmi93,
author = {Peter H.~Oberlander and Patrick J.~Smith},
title = {Governing {M}etropolitan {V}ancouver: Regional
Intergovernmental Relations in {B}ritish {C}olumbia},
booktitle = {{A}merican/{C}anadian Metropolitan Intergovernmental
Governance Perspectives},
series = {The {N}orth {A}merican Federalism Project},
volume = 1,
year = 1993,
publisher = {Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of
California},
address = {Berkeley, CA, USA},
keywords = {canada, governance}
}
@techreport{ParCerHowZup96d,
author = {{Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade \& Douglas, Inc.} and
Robert Cervero and {Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc.} and
Jeffrey Zupan},
title = {Transit and Urban Form: Public Policy and Transit Oriented
Development: Six International Case Studies},
type = {Report},
number = {16 Volume 1 Part IV},
institution = {Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation
Research Board},
year = 1996,
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, urban planning, canada, land use transport link},
url = {http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_16-4.pdf},
annote = {
I found their description of Houston interesting. I'd heard a lot
about Houston's laissez-faire no-zoning policies, but I'd never
read anything about the details. It sounds like they still suffer
from the same social exclusion effects as many U.S. residential
areas, but they use deed restrictions to enforce the exclusion
instead of zoning laws. The authors give a surprisingly positive
review to the HOV system overall, quite different from what I'd
heard about HOV lanes in the present day context. Overall,
Houston sounds like a depressing place to live or work. The
complete rejection of land use control and the overwhelming
dominance of the automobile turn me off. The Washington, D.C. case
study wasn't very interesting to me, focusing mainly on
transit-oriented development plans. The Portland section was
slightly more interesting, again focusing on how land use goals
are achieved by the agencies involved. The Vancouver section was
mostly familiar, but did contain some interesting details that were
new to me. There are some strange comments, though---they
claim that the ``European and Asian heritage of the region has also
made the Vancouver community more accepting of transit'' and
characterise Vancouver as very unique within Canada. That's
total rubbish---Canadian cities generally have an accepting attitude
towards transit and a diverse cultural mix, and American cities
have as much of a ``European heritage'' as Canadian ones. Sure,
Vancouver is younger---but that should put it in the same boat as
other young west coast cities, like Seattle. Some of their
discussion regarding the history of SkyTrain is interesting,
however, especially the idea that the Expo line was deliberately
run through empty industrial areas to reduce NIMBY resistance and
to allow new, denser transit-oriented development. They also note
that TransLink does not own the land under the SkyTrain, allowing
existing owners to make good use of the land, building towers
around the tracks, etc. This is vastly better than the freeway
model, where the land underneath and nearby is just dead space.
Interestingly, they note that both Canadian and American government
agencies put out a Request For Proposals (RFP) for a low-cost site,
but only Canadian agencies can make location a requirement---i.e.,
requiring a site on the SkyTrain line.
I'm a bit dubious about their Ottawa section. They speak in glowing
terms about many of the details of the system, and it doesn't
always jibe with my experience when I lived there. Granted, I lived
in a lousy area (far from the transitway) with a poor commute
pattern. But there was a huge chunk of underserviced city where I
lived, and I did see how the policies were working out on the
ground. However, the policies sound like good ideas, at the least.
They started with a bizarre statistic to make Ottawa look good:
``Passengers per route mile in the first year,'' a statistic
biased towards bus systems, before development associated with a
fixed rail system is completed. It's nice that (like Vancouver)
they officially prioritise transit over road improvements, and that
they consider it an official service. Their policy of building
early in suburban areas is also an excellent idea, as is the policy
of forcing regional shopping centres to be within 5 minutes walk of
a transit station. (I have to wonder if that applies to big box
zones, though---they were certainly abundant in the Ottawa area
when I lived there. The abhorrent South Keys development all
happened under these policies.) The Transitway design is clever,
since they left enough room to allow later conversion to a
rail system. One telling quote: ``These services are adapted to,
and as a result, help reinforce, the region's suburban landscape.
In Ottawa-Carleton, it is accepted that low-density living
environments are preferred by most residents, and that transit
programs should in no way seek to alter this settlement
pattern, but rather to serve it.'' To be fair, that pattern
may be changing now---the condo boom has definitely hit Ottawa.
I suspect some of these sentences reflect the suburban American
audience of this report. Ottawa also has taken a serious attitude
towards directing job growth to transit corridors, in a manner
similar to the Dutch ABC system. They also route buses through
subdivision collector roads instead of arterial streets, to make
for easier pedestrian access and avoiding the fight to access
buses on arterials. (This may explain some of my confusion with
the bus system, since I was more accustomed to the Toronto
approach. It may also explain why buses were often poor choices
for reaching retail areas, usually located on the arterials. It
sounds like that was mostly political bad luck, though, not
design---developers have insisted on siting commercial development
on the arterials, not the planners' first choice.) Their reduction
in downtown parking is admirable, with a 15\% reduction from
1975 to 1984, a period of regression for most cities. They
don't really comment much on the fact that many Transitway stations
are built in parkland with no adjacent development, but they do
note that future stations are being built in advance of development,
with an aim to integrate better with mixed-use neighbourhoods. They
claim pessimistically that the high-density transit-oriented
residential demand had reached saturation point (!!) in Ottawa by
1993. At the end of the day, they've had difficulty achieving their
goals, with regional employment share near transit stations
remaining fairly static from 1986--1991. But they're still far
ahead of most of North America.
}
}
@article{PerPuc95,
author = {A.~Perl and John Pucher},
title = {Transit in trouble? The policy challenge posed by {C}anada's
changing urban mobility},
year = 1995,
journal = {Canadian Public Policy},
volume = 21,
number = 3,
pages = {261--283},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@book{Pil79,
author = {Juri Pill},
title = {Planning and Politics: The {M}etropolitan {T}oronto
{T}ransportation {R}eview},
year = 1979,
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {urban politics, canada, transport planning}
}
@incollection{Pil88,
author = {Juri Pill},
title = {Toronto: thirty years of transit development},
year = 1988,
editor = {W.~Attoe},
booktitle = {Transit, Land Use and Urban Form},
publisher = {Center for the Study of American Architecture},
address = {Austin, TX, USA},
pages = {57--62},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@article{Piv93,
author = {Gary Pivo},
title = {A Taxonomy of Suburban Office Clusters: The Case of
{T}oronto},
year = 1993,
journal = {Urban Studies},
volume = 30,
number = 1,
abstract = {
Metropolitan plans are commonly based on a system of suburban office
clusters. The large variation among recent plans suggests a poor
understanding of their nature and impacts. A taxonomy of office
clusters could provide a necessary framework. Six hypotheses on the
type, frequency, location, employment base and travel characteristics
of suburban clusters were tested in a case-study of the Toronto region.
Six physical types were identified and found to be associated with
certain locations, employment activities and travel mode
characteristics. The Toronto metropolitan plan was found to be
successful when it conformed with these findings and unsuccessful when
it did not. The results lead to provisional guidelines for future
metropolitan plans.
},
keywords = {canada, location choice, firm behaviour}
}
@article{Piv96,
author = {Gary Pivo},
title = {Towards Sustainable Urbanization in Mainstreet {C}ascadia},
year = 1996,
journal = {Cities},
volume = 13,
number = 5,
pages = {339--354},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@inproceedings{ProPan00,
author = {Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Pronovost and Marc Panneton},
title = {La {R}oute {V}erte: A cycling challenge, a planning
challenge},
year = 2000,
month = jun,
booktitle = {Proceedings of Velo Mondial Conference},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bicycle planning, canada},
url = {http://www.velomondial.net/velomondiall2000/PDF/PRONOVOS.PDF}
}
@article{Puc94,
author = {John Pucher},
title = {Public Transport Developments: {C}anada vs. The {U}nited
{S}tates},
year = 1994,
journal = {Transportation Quarterly},
volume = 48,
number = 1,
pages = {65--78},
keywords = {canada, transit, transport planning}
}
@article{Puc98b,
author = {John Pucher},
title = {Back on track: eight steps to rejuvenate public transport in
{C}anada},
year = 1998,
journal = {Alternatives Journal},
volume = 24,
number = 1,
pages = {26--34},
keywords = {canada, transport planning}
}
@article{Pun99b,
author = {John V.~Punter},
title = {The {V}ancouver Experience},
year = 1999,
journal = {Urban Design Quarterly},
volume = 70,
pages = {33--37},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@mastersthesis{Raa98,
author = {Tamim Raad},
title = {The Car in {C}anada: A Study of Factors Influencing Automobile
Dependence in {C}anada's Seven Largest Cities, 1961--1991},
year = 1998,
school = {University of British Columbia, School of Community and
Regional Planning},
keywords = {transport planning, canada},
url = {http://www.cstctd.org/CSTadobefiles/carincanada.pdf}
}
@article{RaaKen98,
author = {Tamim Raad and Jeffrey R.~Kenworthy},
title = {The {US} and us},
year = 1998,
journal = {Alternatives},
volume = 24,
number = 1,
pages = {14--22},
keywords = {canada, transport planning, urban planning}
}
@article{Rel91,
author = {E.~Relph},
title = {Suburban downtowns of the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea},
journal = {The Canadian Geographer},
year = 1991,
volume = 35,
pages = {421--425},
keywords = {geography, canada}
}
@mastersthesis{Roo98,
author = {Matthew J.~Roorda},
title = {{T}oronto {A}rea Car Ownership Study: A Retrospective
Interview and its Applications},
year = 1998,
school = {University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada}
}
@inproceedings{RooMil04,
author = {Matthew J.~Roorda and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Toronto Activity Panel Survey: Demonstrating the Benefits of
a Multiple Instrument Panel Survey},
year = 2004,
month = aug,
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on
Travel Survey Methods},
address = {Costa Rica},
keywords = {transport modelling, ilute, canada}
}
@article{SeeSee97,
author = {M.~Seelig and J.~Seelig},
title = {{C}ity{P}lan: Participation or Abdication?},
year = 1997,
journal = {Plan Canada},
volume = 37,
number = 5,
pages = {18--22},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
@book{Sew72,
author = {John Sewell},
title = {Against City Hall},
year = 1972,
publisher = {James Lorimer},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {canada, urban politics}
}
@article{Sew77,
author = {John Sewell},
title = {{D}on {M}ills: {E.P.~T}aylor and {C}anada's first corporate
suburb},
year = 1977,
journal = {City Magazine},
volume = 21,
number = 2,
pages = {28--38},
keywords = {canada, urban planning}
}
@book{Sew93,
author = {John Sewell},
title = {The Shape of the City: {T}oronto Struggles with Modern
Planning},
year = 1993,
publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
priority = 4,
keywords = {canada, urban planning},
annote = {
This looks like a great book, with some fascinating examples of bad
ideas from a former mayor of Toronto.
}
}
@techreport{ShaMil00,
author = {Amer S.~Shalaby and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Travel in the {G}reater {T}oronto {A}rea: Past and current
behaviour and relation to urban form},
year = 2000,
month = jan,
type = {The {N}eptis {F}oundation Study},
institution = {University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {transport planning, urban planning, ilute, canada, urban form, land use transport link}
}
@phdthesis{Shi97,
author = {P.~Shim{\'e}k},
title = {Understanding the relatively greater use of public transit in
{C}anada compared to the {USA}},
year = 1997,
school = {Massachussets Institute of Technology, Department of Urban
Studies and Planning},
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
keywords = {transit, canada}
}
@article{Smi86,
author = {P.~Smith},
title = {Regional governance in {B}ritish {C}olumbia},
year = 1986,
journal = {Planning and Administration},
volume = 13,
pages = {7--20},
keywords = {governance, urban politics, canada}
}
@article{Smi96,
author = {P.~Smith},
title = {Restructuring metropolitan governance: {V}ancouver and {BC}
reforms},
year = 1996,
journal = {Policy Options},
volume = 17,
number = 2,
pages = {7--11},
keywords = {urban politics, canada, governance}
}
@article{Sob83,
author = {Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {Comparative Review of Transportation Planning in {C}anada and
the {U}nited {S}tates},
year = 1983,
journal = {Transport Logistics and Review},
volume = 19,
number = 2,
pages = {99--109},
keywords = {canada, transport planning}
}
@inproceedings{Sob02,
author = {Richard M.~Soberman},
title = {'Smart' Transportation for sustainable development: a case
study of {T}oronto},
year = 2002,
month = apr,
editor = {W.~Kulyk},
booktitle = {Urban Transportation System: Ensuring Sustainability
Through Mass Transit},
address = {Alexandra, VA, USA},
keywords = {canada, transport planning}
}
@article{SobMil99,
author = {Richard M.~Soberman and Eric J.~Miller},
title = {Impacts of full cost pricing on the sustainability of urban
transportation: towards {C}anada's {K}yoto commitment},
year = 1999,
month = jun,
journal = {Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering},
volume = 26,
number = 3,
pages = {345--354},
keywords = {transport planning, canada, congestion pricing, energy, climate mitigation}
}
@techreport{SteArmBaySteDelGiuGauGiuLavLevPucReiScoTarZup01,
author = {Les Sterman and David J.~Armijo and David Bayliss and Stephen
J.~{Del Giudice} and Helen E.~Gault and Genevieve Giuliano and Charles
A.~Lave and Herbert S.~Levinson and John R.~Pucher and Jack M.~Reilly and
Beverly A.~Scott and Joel A.~Tarr and Jeffrey M.~Zupan},
title = {Making Transit Work: Insight from {W}estern {E}urope,
{C}anada, and the {U}nited {S}tates},
year = 2001,
institution = {Transportation Research Board},
address = {Washington, D.C., USA},
type = {Special Report},
number = 257,
keywords = {transit, urban form, land use transport link, canada, history},
priority = 5,
quality = 5,
url = {http://trb.org/publications/sr/sr257.pdf},
annote = {
Some excellent insights into the reasons why transit ridership is
so low in the United States. A particularly interesting note
regards the historical growth in Europe and the US: European
cities have experienced relatively little growth during the age of
the automobile, which goes a long way towards explaining their
limited suburbanisation. The comparison between Canada and US is
more apt, since both have experienced similar growth levels during
the automobile age.
}
}
@article{Str82,
author = {M.~Stringham},
title = {Travel Behavior Associated with Land Uses Adjacent to Rapid
Transit Stations},
year = 1982,
journal = {Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal},
volume = 52,
number = 4,
pages = {18--22},
keywords = {transit, transport planning, canada}
}
@book{Tom97,
author = {Ray Tomalty},
title = {The compact metropolis: Growth management and intensification
in {V}ancouver, {T}oronto, and {M}ontreal},
year = 1997,
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
publisher = {ICANN Publications},
keywords = {urban planning, canada, smart growth}
}
@techreport{TraCF99,
author = {TransLink and {Canadian Facts}},
title = {Regional Travel Survey: {GVRD} Residents Age 16+},
number = {R0500/R0838},
year = 1999,
institution = {TransLink},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.translink.bc.ca/files/polls_surveys/regtravel.pdf},
keywords = {canada, data, transport planning}
}
@techreport{TC78,
author = {{Transport Canada}},
title = {The Effects of the Imposition of Parking Charges on Urban
Travel in {C}anada},
year = 1978,
type = {Summary Report},
number = {TP-291},
institution = {Transport Canada},
address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada},
keywords = {parking, canada}
}
@techreport{UTJPT03,
author = {{U}niversity of {T}oronto
{J}oint {P}rogram in {T}ransportation
{D}ata {M}anagement {G}roup},
title = {2001 Transportation Tomorrow Survey},
year = 2003,
institution = {University of Toronto},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
url = {http://www.jpint.utoronto.ca/dmg},
annote = {
There are many parts to this document on the JPinT DMG website.
Full data is available through their Internet Data Retrieval
System (iDRS).
},
keywords = {canada, data}
}
@techreport{VQ01,
author = {{V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec}},
title = {L'état du v{\'e}lo au {Q}u{'e}bec en 2000 ({B}icycling in
{Q}uebec in 2000)},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/etat_velo/Etat-velo-2000.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@techreport{VQ01b,
author = {{V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec}},
title = {Bicycling in {Q}uebec in 2000},
year = 2001,
month = oct,
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/etat_velo/bicycling-quebec-2000.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@techreport{VQ04,
author = {{V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec}},
title = {Le v{\'e}lo au centre-ville: le cas de dix villes in {E}urope
et en {A}m{\'e}rique},
year = 2004,
month = mar,
institution = {V{\'e}lo Qu{\'e}bec},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
url = {http://www.velo.qc.ca/velo_quebec/Documents/exp_etrangeres.pdf},
keywords = { bicycle planning, canada }
}
@techreport{WriLov02,
author = {R.M.~Wright and R.~Loveridge},
title = {The evolving physical condition of the {G}reater {T}oronto
{A}rea: Space, form, change},
year = 2002,
type = {The {N}eptis {F}oundation Study},
institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Geography},
address = {Toronto, ON, Canada},
keywords = {urban planning, canada}
}
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