@comment{{This file has been generated by bib2bib 1.91}}
@comment{{Command line: /usr/bin/bib2bib -ob keyword_accessibility.bib -c 'keywords: "accessibility"' ref.bib}}
@article{BerleC03,
author = {Luca Bertolini and Frank {le Clercq}},
title = {Urban development without more mobility by car? Lessons from
{A}msterdam, a multimodal urban region},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
year = 2003,
month = apr,
volume = 35,
number = 4,
pages = {575--589},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, accessibility},
status = {read},
abstract = {
The fundamental dilemma in attempts to make urban development less
dependent upon mobility by car is the inability of alternatives
to match the quality of accessibility provided by private
motorized transport. Failure to recognize this means that
bringing about environmentally more sustainable urban mobility
patterns is only possible at economic, social, and political
costs that are unacceptable in most societies. In this paper we
identify and discuss ways out of this dilemma, in the form of
solutions that pursue the goal of increasing both
sustainability and accessibility. We start by contending that
what people ask is not a generic mobility, but rather
opportunities to participate in spatially disjointed
activities. Accordingly, accessibility should be defined as the
amount and the diversity of 'spatial opportunities' that can be
reached within a certain amount of time. Solutions to the
accessibility - sustainability dilemma building upon this
perspective (that is, planning concepts, policy measures) have
been the object of recent research at the Universiteit van
Amsterdam and are discussed and we look for, and find, evidence
of the feasibility of these solutions in the actual trends in
the Amsterdam urban region. Some policy implications of the
findings are discussed.
},
annote = {
They define accessibility as the ``amount of `spatial opportunities'
that can be reached within a certain amount of time,'' an idea that
matches my intuition. They base this on three assumptions about
human behaviour: (a) For the most part people travel not just for
the sake of it, but in order to participate in spatially disjointed
activities (for example, living, working, shopping, visiting in
different places); (b) People want to have a choice among as large
a number and as diverse a range of activities as possible; (c)
Travel costs, and particularly travel time rather than travel
distance, set a limit to these possibilities (in the form of total
daily travel-time budgets, travel-to-work time budgets, etc.). They
also aim for a synergy with sustainability, and express their goal
as ``Developing conditions for as large as possible a share of the
more environmentally friendly modes in urban mobility, while at the
same time maintaining, and possible increasing, the amount and the
diversity of activity places that can be reached within an
acceptable travel time.'' They note that ``only activities with
middle to high spatial reach and low intensity of use (for example,
living, working, or recreating in low densities) are best served by
the car system''... which would include hiking, I suppose. ``[T]he
most significant policy dealing with car environments has been the
regulation of parking allowance, which has proved an invaluable
tool in managing the accessibility of locations, most notably
within the municipality of Amsterdam.'' They close with an
interesting note: they call the transport system the supply of
mobility, and land-use patterns are the origin of the demand for
mobility. It's an interesting and relevant labelling.
}
}
@book{Jac61,
author = {Jane Jacobs},
title = {The Death and Life of Great American Cities},
year = 1961,
publisher = {Vintage},
address = {New York City, NY, USA},
rating = 5,
keywords = {urban planning, equity, transport planning, general interest, sociology, streets, pedestrian planning, accessibility, urban design},
status = {read},
annoteurl = { http://davidpritchard.org/sustrans/Jac61/index.html }
}
@article{leCBer03,
author = {Frank {le Clercq} and Luca Bertolini},
title = {Achieving sustainable accessibility: an evaluation of policy
measures in the {A}msterdam area},
journal = {Built Environment},
year = 2003,
volume = 29,
number = 1,
pages = {36--47},
status = {read},
url = {https://www.extenza-eps.com/extenza/loadPDF?objectIDValue=53949},
keywords = {urban planning, transport planning, parking, accessibility},
annote = {
Some interesting thoughts. 1) Their ``compact city'' policy seems to
have led to a polycentric region, with the edge regions (at the
boundary of the dense inner city and the car-oriented outer world)
developing into subcentres. Most of this is due to earlier policies
of motorway expansion and subcentre promotion. However, public
transport patronage has risen. 2) Public transport expansion
has been less effective than changes in urban form. Expansion to
new developments has not proven feasible, due to chicken-and-egg
issues. 3) The a,b,c location policy aimed to force employers with
large numbers of employees/visitors to take class A sites, defined
as having good public transport facilities running in several
directions, and with very strict parking place supply. Class B and
C sites have softer parking regimes and siting requirements. It's a
national policy. While it has been evaluated as a failure (mostly
due to application to only 15\% of all locations, since it only
applies to new developments), it is continuing.
}
}
@techreport{LevGar00,
author = {Jonathan Levine and Yaakov Garb},
title = {Evaluating the Promise and Hazards of Congestion Pricing
Proposals; An Access Centered Approach},
year = 2000,
institution = {Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies},
address = {Jerusalem, Israel},
number = {2/11},
url = {http://vtpi.org/levgarb.pdf},
keywords = {congestion pricing, equity, accessibility},
status = {read}
}
@article{LevGar02,
author = {Jonathan Levine and Yaakov Garb},
title = {Congestion Pricing's Conditional Promise: Promotion of
Accessibility or Mobility?},
year = 2002,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 9,
number = 3,
pages = {179--188},
keywords = {congestion pricing, equity, accessibility},
status = {read},
url = {http://www.itdp.org/read/Levine\&Garb(2002).pdf}
}
@techreport{LitEnc,
author = {Todd A.~Litman},
title = {Online Transportation Demand Management Encylopedia},
year = 2005,
institution = {Victoria Transport Policy Institute},
address = {Victoria, BC, Canada},
url = {http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/index.php},
rating = 5,
status = {read},
keywords = {transportation demand management, bicycle planning, pedestrian planning, transit, urban form, parking, urban economics, finance, prioritisation, accessibility }
}
@article{AulRooBae97,
author = {Lisa Aultman-Hall and Matthew Roorda and B.W.~Baetz},
title = {Using {GIS} for evaluation of neighbourhood pedestrian
accessibility},
year = 1997,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 19,
pages = {53--66},
keywords = {pedestrian planning, accessibility}
}
@article{BerleCKap05,
author = {Luca Bertolini and Frank {le Clercq} and L.~Kapoen},
title = {Sustainable accessibility: a conceptual framework to integrate
transport and land use plan-making. Two test-applications in the
{N}etherlands and a reflection on the way forward},
journal = {Transport Policy},
year = 2005,
volume = 12,
number = 3,
pages = {207--220},
keywords = {accessibility, land use transport link}
}
@techreport{GeuRit02,
author = {K.T.~Geurs and Ritsema van Eck, J.R.},
title = {
Accessibility
measures: review and applications; Evaluation of
accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios,
and related social and economic impact)},
year = 2002,
month = jun,
institution = {National Institution for Public Health and the Environment},
address = {Bilthoven, The Netherlands},
number = 408505006,
abstract = {
This report describes an extensive literature study and three case
studies aimed at reviewing accessibility measures for their ability
to evaluate the accessibility impacts of national land-use and
transport scenarios, and related social and economic impacts.
Several activity- and utility-based accessibility measures were
computed to analyse job accessibility by car and public transport
in the Netherlands for: (1) the (base) year 1995, (2) a Trend, or
business-as-usual, scenario, representing the continuation of
(restrictive) Dutch land-use policies and historical land-use
trends for 1995-2020, (2) a Tolerant scenario, representing a
land-use scenario, in which consumers' housing preferences
determine land-use developments for 1995-2020. The scenarios are
based on calculations using national land-use models and a national
transport model. The main conclusion arising from this study is
that the current Dutch practice of evaluating the
(infrastructure-based) accessibility impacts of (land-use)
transport projects, plans or scenarios can be improved by
estimating activity-based accessibility measures, using existing
land-use and transport data, and/or models. Activity-based
accessibility measures are very well able to analyse accessibility
impacts, satisfactorily incorporate the different components of
accessibility (i.e. the transport, land-use, temporal and
individual components) and serve as a useful tool for analysing
social impacts. Utility-based accessibility measures may provide a
useful basis for economic evaluations of land-use transport
scenarios, but further research is necessary to analyse the added
value to existing evaluation methods.
},
url = {http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/408505006.html},
keywords = {transport modelling, accessibility}
}
@article{Hal02,
author = {Derek Halden},
title = {Using Accessibility Measures to Integrate Land Use and
Transport Policy In {E}dinburgh and {L}othians},
year = 2002,
month = oct,
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = 9,
number = 4,
pages = {313--324},
keywords = {transport modelling, accessibility}
}
@article{HanCli01,
author = {Susan L.~Handy and Kelly J.~Clifton},
title = {Evaluating Neighborhood Accessibility: Possibilities and
Practicalities},
year = 2001,
month = {September/December},
journal = {Journal of Transportation and Statistics},
volume = 4,
number = {2/3},
url = {http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_04_number_23/paper_05/index.html},
keywords = {transport modelling, accessibility},
abstract = {
Efforts to improve transportation choices and enhance accessibility
at the neighborhood level have been hampered by a lack of practical
planning tools. This paper identifies the factors that contribute
to accessibility at the neighborhood level and explores different
ways that planners can evaluate neighborhood accessibility. A gap
between the data needed to describe important accessibility factors
and the data readily available to local planning departments points
to two complementary strategies: a city-wide approach using
available data and geographic information systems to evaluate
accessibility for neighborhoods across the city, and a
neighborhood-specific approach to building a detailed accessibility
database. Examples of both are presented.
}
}
@article{Hoe97,
author = {K.~Hoeveler},
title = {Accessibility vs. Mobility: The Location Efficient Mortgage},
year = 1997,
journal = {Public Investment},
month = sep,
pages = {1--2},
keywords = {accessibility, finance}
}
@article{Kri03b,
author = {Kevin J.~Krizek},
title = {Operationalizing neighborhood accessibility for land
use-travel behavior research and modeling},
year = 2003,
journal = {Journal of Planning Education and Research},
volume = 22,
number = 3,
pages = {270--287},
keywords = {urban planning, accessibility}
}
@article{Ros00,
author = {William Ross},
title = {Mobility and Accessibility: The Yin and Yang of Planning},
year = 2000,
journal = {World Transport Policy and Practice},
volume = 6,
number = 2,
keywords = {transport modelling, accessibility},
url = {http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/wtpp06.2.pdf},
abstract = {
The concepts `accessibility' and `mobility' are central to urban
and transport planning, and although they are often used
interchangeably, they convey fundamentally different concepts. For
example, mobility, especially when excessive, can have a negative
connotation, whereas accessibility is always seen as making a
positive contribution to a community. In investigating the
relationship between mobility and accessibility it emerges that
planning policies which favour the one, act against the other, and
the two can be seen as opposites.
}
}
@article{RyaMcN95,
author = {S.~Ryan and M.G.~Mc{N}ally},
title = {Accessibility of neotraditional neighborhoods: a review of
design concepts, policies, and recent literature},
year = 1995,
journal = {Transportation Research A},
volume = 29,
number = 2,
pages = {87--105},
keywords = {land use transport link, accessibility}
}
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